중국인 학습자의 인과관계 연결어미 습득 양상 연구 -‘-아서’, ‘-니까’, ‘-느라고’, ‘-므로’를 중심으로-

홍소영 ( Hong So Young ) 숙명여자대학교 한국어문화연구소 2020 한국어와 문화 Vol.28 No.-

본 연구는 중국인 학습자를 대상으로 한국어 인과관계 연결어미 ‘-아서, -니까, -느라고, -므로’의 통사적 특성과 의미·화용적 특성에 대한 습득 양상을 확인하고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 중국인 중급 학습자 30명, 고급 학습자 30명을 대상으로 문법성 판단 테스트를 실시하였으며 실험 후에는 참여를 원하는 학습자에 한하여 사후 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 첫째로, 인과관계 연결어미의 통사적 특성에 대한 학습자들의 습득 양상을 살펴보았다. 먼저 숙달도 간의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 연결어미 ‘-아서, -느라고, -므로’에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 드러났다. 다음으로 동일 숙달도 내에서의 습득 양상을 살펴본 결과 중급과 고급 학습자 집단 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 중급 집단에서의 인과관계 연결어미 통사적 특성의 정답률은 ‘-니까>-느라고>-아서>-므로’의 순서로 나타났으며, 통계적으로는 ‘-아서vs-니까’, ‘-니까 vs-느라고’, ‘-니까vs-므로’에서 세부 제약별 차이가 드러났다. 고급 집단에서의 통사적 특성 정답률은 ‘-니까>-아서>-느라고>-므로’ 순서로 나타났으며, 세부 제약별 차이는 ‘-니까vs-므로’에서 통계적 유의성을 보였다. 둘째로, 인과관계 연결어미의 의미·화용적 특성에 대한 학습자들의 습득 양상을 살펴보았다. 숙달도 간 습득 양상의 차이를 살펴본 결과 모든 인과관계 연결어미에서 통계적 유의성이 드러났다. 다음으로 동일 숙달도 내에서의 습득 양상을 살펴본 결과, 중급 집단에서는 ‘-아서vs-느라고’, ‘-아서vs-므로’에서 통계적 차이성이 드러났으며 고급 집단에서 ‘-아서vs-니까’, ‘-아서vs-느라고’, ‘-아서vs-므로’에서 통계적 차이성이 드러났다. 셋째로, 앞서 살펴본 통사적, 의미·화용적 특성들을 전체적으로 살펴보았다. 먼저, 전체적인 통사적, 의미·화용적 특성에 대한 숙달도 간 차이를 살펴본 결과, 고급 집단이 중급 집단에 비하여 연결어미의 통사적, 의미·화용적 특성 모두를 유의하게 잘 습득하였다는 결과를 알 수 있었다. 다음으로, 동일 숙달도 내에서의 ‘통사적 특성 vs 의미·화용적 특성’의 습득 양상을 살펴보았을 때 중급집단에서 유의한 차이성이 드러났다. 즉, 중급 학습자들이 통사적 특성에 비하여 의미·화용적 특성을 균형 있게 습득하지 못하고 있다는 것이다. 본 연구는 중국인 학습자의 한국어 인과관계 연결어미에 대한 습득 양상을 다양한 관점으로 살펴보았다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 이번 연구에 이어서, 향후 다양한 한국어 연결어미를 대상으로 한 습득 양상 연구가 활발히 지속되기를 바란다. This study aims to analyze the acquisition patterns of the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of the Korean causal connective endings like ‘-aseo’, ‘-nikka’, ‘-neurago’, ‘-meuro’ for Chinese learners. In this study, 30 intermediate learners and 30 advanced learners of Chinese nationality took a grammaticality judgment test, and after the experiment, the researcher interviewed those who wish to join the interviews. First of all, the acquisition patterns about the syntactic characteristics of causal connective endings were investigated. By exploring the differences of proficiency between the learners, a statistically significant difference was found in the connective endings ‘-aseo’, ‘-neurago’, and ‘-meuro’. Next, a statistically significant difference in both intermediate and advanced learner groups was discovered, when the acquisition patterns in the same level of language proficiency were researched. In the intermediate group, the highest percentage of correct answers of causal connective endings’ syntactic characteristics was appeared in ‘-nikka’, followed by ‘-neurago’, -‘aseo’, and then ‘-meuro’. From a statistical perspective, differences were seen from ‘-aseo vs -nikka’, ‘-nikka vs -neurago’, and ‘-nikka vs -meuro’ by detailed constraints. In the advanced group, the highest percentage of correct answers of syntactic characteristics was identified in ‘-nikka’, followed by ‘-aseo’, ‘-neurago’, and then ‘-meuro’. Also, a difference was captured from ‘-nikka vs -meuro’ by detailed constraints, showing statistical significance. Secondly, the acquisition patterns on the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of causal connective endings were studied. By comparing the acquisition patterns between different levels of proficiency, it is found out that all causal connective endings show statistical significance. Moreover, when the acquisition patterns of the same level of proficiency were analyzed, a statistical difference was observed from ‘-aseo vs -neurago’ and ‘-aseo vs -meuro’ in the intermediate group. In the advanced group, the difference was seen from ‘-aseo vs -nikka’, ‘-aseo vs -neurago’, and ‘-aseo vs -meuro’. Third, the overall syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics were studied. By observing the difference between proficiency on overall syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics, it is found out that the advanced group showed superior stance for learning all syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of connective endings when compared to the intermediate group. Moreover, a significant difference was observed from the intermediate group, when the acquisition patterns of ‘syntactic vs semantic, pragmatic’ characteristics were studied in the same level of proficiency. This means that the learners from the intermediate group are not learning semantic and pragmatic characteristics in as balanced manner as syntactic characteristics. This study is significant in that it studies the acquisition patterns of Korean causal connective endings of Chinese learners from diverse perspectives. Based on these findings, it is hoped that more studies will continue on the acquisition patterns of more various Korean connective endings in the future.

한국어 형용사의 의미 유형과 통사적 특성의 상관관계

이민아 사단법인 한국언어학회 2019 언어학 Vol.0 No.83

This study aims to reveal the correlation between the semantic types and syntactic characteristics of Korean adjectives. For this, it observed how Korean adjectives appear in accordance with research results in the field of typology. For this, some Korean adjectives were selected and categorized by type according to the semantic types of Dixon (2004) and their syntactic characteristics were observed in Corpus data. After the syntactic characteristic result values were compared according to semantic type, similar results were shown regardless of semantic type but in the case of several types, tendencies that differ from other types were discovered in particular syntactic characteristics. In particular, adjectives that belong to the semantic types of human propensity, speed, and difficulty showed similar result values in several syntactic characteristics. To verify whether these result values were properly analyzed, cluster analysis was conducted on several syntactic characteristic values and they were reconfirmed after being schematized into a graph. By observing which semantic types were closer and which were farther on the graph, it was easy to figure out the similarities of the syntactic characteristics between each semantic type. The types of human propensity, speed, and difficulty in which syntactic characteristics were shown to be similar were located closer on the graph. It is predicted that much more distinct tendencies will be discovered showing how the relationship between meanings and syntactic characteristics appears by type if the sample is made larger and syntactic characteristics are subdivided more elaborately in future work.

군집분석을 이용한 하이브리드 클라우드 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 시맨틱 클라우드 자원 추천 서비스 기법

안윤선 ( Youn Sun Ahn ),김윤희 ( Yoon Hee Kim ) 한국정보처리학회 2015 정보처리학회논문지. 컴퓨터 및 통신시스템 Vol.4 No.9

Scientists gain benefits from on-demand scalable resource provisioning, and various computing environments by using cloud computing resources for their applications. However, many cloud computing service providers offer their cloud resources according to their own policies. The descriptions of resource specification are diverse among vendors. Subsequently, it becomes difficult to find suitable cloud resources according to the characteristics of an application. Due to limited understanding of resource availability, scientists tend to choose resources used in previous experiments or over-performed resources without considering the characteristics of their applications. The need for standardized notations on diverse cloud resources without the constraints of complicated specification given by providers leads to active studies on intercloud to support interoperability in hybrid cloud environments. However, projects related to intercloud studies are limited as they are short of expertise in application characteristics. We define an intercloud resource classification and propose semantic resource recommendation based on statistical analysis to provide semantic cloud resource services for an application in hybrid cloud computing environments. The scheme proves benefits on resource availability and cost-efficiency with choosing semantically similar cloud resources using cluster analysis while considering application characteristics.

금지부사의 의미적 특성과 한국어교육

이은희 한국어의미학회 2013 한국어 의미학 Vol.41 No.-

The prohibitive intensity of prohibitive adverbs is so high and the politeness of them is so low that we it is necessary for us to be careful when we use or teach them. If foreigners learning Korean express them without carefulness, they may ruin the relationship between them and the hearers. That is the reason why we have hardly taught them to foreigners. But they may confront situations where they must understand or express prohibitive adverbs. This means that we should study their characteristics and prepare teaching and learning methods of them. Because 'Prohibition' has traditionally been regarded as only a part of 'Negation,' it is almost impossible for us to find such studies that revealed enough information of prohibitive adverbs. In this paper, I tried to make a list of them and revealed their semantic characteristics. Then I conducted a DCT(Discourse Completion Test) on 210 Korean native speakers to study how they use the prohibitive adverbs. Finally, on the basis of all the consideration, I proposed the teaching and learning methods of them. Namely I selected 'kuman' for the education of expression and 'cakcak' for the education of understanding. I also selected 'cektanghi' even though we cannot define it as a prohibitive adverb, because we need it for controlling the intensity of prohibition and politeness. Furthermore, on the basis of the semantic features of the words, I proposed the details of educational contents.

신어의 [+사람] 어휘의 형태·의미적 특성 -2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2012년 신어를 중심으로-

김정아 ( Jung A Kim ),김예니 ( Ye Ni Kim ),이수진 ( Soo Jin Lee ) 한국문학언어학회(구 경북어문학회) 2013 어문론총 Vol.58 No.-

This study examines that new words related to [+person] appeared from 2002 to 2012. The [+person] new words is analyzed separately based on morphological and semantic characteristics. The morphological characteristics are more use of suffix derivatives and less use of native Korean words. New words related to females are more than those related to males. And more and more new words characterizing appearance are being used throughout that period. This study is worth conducting in the point that new words reflect not only linguistic but also socio-cultural characteristics.

고맥락 문화 차원에서 한자 의미의 심미적 특징 연구

치야쉔(Qi, Ya Xuan),장주영(Chang, Ju Young) 한국디자인문화학회 2021 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.27 No.2

중국은 전형적인 고맥락 문화 국가로서, 이러한 측면에서 중국인의 표현 방식에는 중국만의 고유한 특징이 있습니다. 한자는 중국 문명의 전승과 사상의 전파, 그리고 일상의 교류를 위한 중요한 매개체이자 언어 환경의 중요한 구성부분으로서, 독특한 구조와 표현체계가 존재합니다. 특히, 의미에 있어서 저맥락 문화 국가의 문자와는 확연히 다른 성질을 지니고 있는데, 내포된 의미의 다양성과 그 의미의 변화가능성 등이 그 특징이다. 한편, 중국의 예술 디자인 분야에서는 한자를 핵심디자인 요소로 활용한 작품들이 늘어나는 추세이다. 이러한 작품들은 한자의 형태, 구조, 의미, 매개 등 서로 다른 측면을 통해 한자의 아름다움을 보여주고 있다. 그 중에서도 한자 의미의 특징을 응용한 작품들은 특히 그 함의가 풍부하다. 그렇다면 한자는 고맥락 언어적 관점에서 어떤 특징을 지니고 있으며, 이러한 특징들은 어떻게 현대 디자인 작품에 적용되고 있는지를 고찰하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구는 관련 문헌의 수집과 정리를 통해 위에서 제기한 문제에 대한 분석을 진행하였다. 우선 고맥락문화의 개념 및 특징을 정리하고 고맥락 문화 차원에서 한자의 철학과 사회적 요소에 대해 고찰한다. 이어서 한자의 의미가 가지는 심미적 특징을 고맥락 문화의 관점에서 종합적으로 개괄함으로써 한자 의미의 심미적 특징인 ‘함축’, ‘허실’, ‘은유’의 3가지 핵심요소를 도출하였다. 마지막으로 한자의 의미를 주제로 한 시각디자인 작품을 선별하여 한자 의미의 심미적 특징 3요소가 현대 디자인에서 어떻게 활용되고 있는지 분석하였다. 이상의 방법을 통해 본 연구는 한자의 의미를 주제로 하여 그 심미적 특징을 표현하는 디자인 응용에 참고 자료를 제공하고자 한다. China is a typical country with high-context culture, so the way Chinese people express themselves at this level is unique. Chinese characters inherit civilization, record ideas, and serve as an important medium for daily communication. Especially in the semantic sense, it shows a completely different temperament from the countries that use characters in the low-context culture, because the contents contained in Chinese characters are richer, more changeable, and more possible. In various design fields, works with Chinese characters as the core design elements are common. These works show the beauty of Chinese characters through different aspects such as the form, structure, semantics, and media of Chinese characters, among which the semantic features of Chinese characters are especially rich. Then, what are the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese characters in the context of high-context cultural linguistics? In addition, the purpose of this study is to observe how these characteristics are applied to design works. Through collecting and sorting out relevant literature, this paper will analyze and study the above problems. Firstly, the concept and characteristics of contextual culture are summarized, and the philosophical and social factors that form high-context culture are observed from the dimension of high-context culture. Secondly, it generalizes the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese characters from the perspective of high-context culture. By sorting out the relevant literature views of “high-context and Chinese character semantics”, it is concluded that the beauty of Chinese character semantics in high-context culture is mainly reflected in its artistic conception. Besides, it also gets three core elements from the literature. Finally, the visual design works with the meaning of Chinese characters as the theme are selected to observe the application of semantic aesthetic characteristics of Chinese characters in the design. Thus, it provides some reference for the application of Chinese character semantical aesthetics in design.

2013년 신어의 추출 방법론과 형태ㆍ의미적 특성

이수진(Lee, Soojin),김예니(Kim, Yeni) 한국사전학회 2014 한국사전학 Vol.- No.23

New words reflect clearly the social and cultural interests of the public of the time they are produced that are worthy of research. This research looked at new words extracted and selected through new-words research projects of 2013 to examine new-words extraction methods and their morphological and semantic characteristics. The new words of 2013 were selected out of words that first appeared from July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013. A new-words extraction tool was used for the research which was a departure from the previous new-words extraction methods. Even when the subject of the new words changed, the extraction methods and objects remained consistent to stably provide a list of new-words candidates. There was an advantage of saving the time and energy spent in obtaining the initial candidate group of new words compared to the preexisting manual extraction method for the previous new-word research projects. The new words of 2013 were mostly compound words, and the most frequently used word-formation method is ‘suffix derivation’. The suffixes such as ‘-jok(tribe)’, ‘-nyo(woman)’ and ’-nam(man)’ were often used to coin new words. Words related to smart phones, skincare and beauty were created the most in 2013 and words associated with cooking shows emerged and were widely used. The study of new-words formation methods and their morphological and semantic characteristics to examine the trend of changes in new words are closely related to capturing the changes in Korean words. This research is valuable in revealing the current social and cultural interests of the public.

함북 육진방언의 평서형 종결어미

남명옥 한국방언학회 2011 방언학 Vol.0 No.14

This study aims to analyse lists and usage of declarative endings in the Yookjin dialects of Hambuk and their syntactic and semantic characteristics. The endings have features of local dialects as they have had a variety of changes according to ages and areas. Endings of Yookjin dialects have also preserved peculiar forms and developed complicated alternant. The study divided declarative endings in the Yookjin dialects into honorification, usual treatment and disrespectful treatment according to hearer-honorification and examined the syntactic and semantic characteristics of endings. A representative ending of honorification is ‘-guma’. ‘-guma’ is combined with both predicates and substantive, and it is actually pronounced as ‘-kkuma’. When ‘-eup-’ and ‘-seup-’ are placed before ‘-guma’, it is designed to show more respect. Usually, ‘-eupguma(eukkuma)’ follows vowels and ‘-seupkuma (sekkuma)’ follows consonants. ‘eu’ of ‘-eupguma’ is completely associated with a previous vowel or sometimes drops off. When ‘-deo-’ is combined between ‘-eup-’ and ‘guma’ , and between ‘-seup-’ and ‘guma’, forms of ‘-eupdeoguma’ and ‘-seupdeoguma’ appear, which means communication. In addition, ‘-kwai/kai’ are used to be more polite to close acquaintance. Endings of usual treatment include ‘-o, -so’ and ‘-eupde, -seupde’, and ‘-yo’ as a variant of ‘-o’. The forms and usuage of ‘-o’ and ‘-so’ are like those of the standard language. ‘-eupde’ and ‘-seupde’ are forms with a meaning of ‘-deora’ and ‘-eupde’ is used after a vowel and ‘-sepde’ is used after consonants except . Endings of disrespectful treatment include ‘-da’ and ‘-deora’ and their forms and usage are the same as those of the standard language. 이 연구는 육진방언의 평서형 종결어미의 목록과 용법을 밝히고 그의 통사, 의미적 특성을 살피는 것을 목적으로 한다. 문법 형태 가운데 종결어미는 시대나 지역에 따라 다양한 변화를 겪으면서 지역 방언의 특색을 잘 나타내고 있다. 육진방언의 종결어미 역시 특이한 형태를 많이 보존하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 변이형도 복잡하게 발달되어 있다. 이 연구에서는 육진방언의 평서형 종결어미를 상대높임법에 따라 존대, 평대, 하대로 나누어 그 목록을 제시하고 이들 어미의 통사적, 의미적 특성에 대해 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 존대를 나타내는 대표적인 종결어미로는 ‘-읍구마/습구마’가 있다. 모음 뒤에서는 ‘-읍구마(으꾸마)’가 쓰이고 자음 뒤에서는 ‘-습구마(스꾸마)’가 쓰이는데 ‘-읍구마’의 ‘으’는 앞모음에 완전동화 되면서 때론 탈락하기도 한다. 또한 ‘-읍-’과 ‘구마’ 사이, ‘-습-’과 ‘구마’ 사이에 회상법의 선어말어미 ‘-더-’가 결합되어 ‘-읍더구마’, ‘-습더구마’의 형태로도 나타난다. 그 외에 ‘-읍구마/습구마’보다 좀 더 공손한 표현인 ‘-꽈이(까이)’가 있다. 평대를 나타내는 종결어미에는 ‘-오/소’와 ‘-읍데/습데’가 있으며 그 외에도 ‘-오’의 변종인 ‘-요’가 있다. ‘-오/소’는 그 형태나 쓰임이 표준어와 거의 비슷하다. ‘-읍데/습데’는 ‘-더라’는 의미를 나타내는 말로서 모음 뒤에서는 ‘-읍데’가 쓰이고 ‘ㄹ’을 제외한 자음 뒤에서는 ‘-습데’가 쓰인다. 하대를 나타내는 종결어미에는 ‘-는다/ㄴ다/다’, ‘-더라’가 있는데 이들의 형태와 쓰임은 표준어와 같다.

한국어와 미얀마어의 조어법 대비 연구

이표뚜 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.5

A Comparison Study on Korean Word Formationand Myanmar Word FormationEi Phyo Thu Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find the similarities and differences between Korean and Myanmar word formation using comparative and contrastive methods. The comparative analysis was conducted by applying the contrasting linguistic method to the researches related to Korean and Myanmar word formation. The principles of word formation, morphological characteristics, and semantic-combination characteristics were conducted as analysis criteria in analyzing two languages’ synthetic words and derivative, and the similarities and differences between the two languages ​​were extracted and presented by comparing those things of two languages. Especially, the difference in the part of speech combination of synthetic words and combined morphemes of derivative words is the largest, and this is specifically presented. Since Korean and Myanmar Language have different linguistic systems, there are many differences in the principle, form, and combination of meanings of compound words and derivatives. However, since there are many agglutinative features in Myanmar Language, it can be confirmed that there are also a number of commonalities. These commonalities and differences can be utilized in the field of teaching and learning the other language as a foreign language. Key Words: Synthetic words, Derivative words, Word principles, Morphological characteristics, Semantic-combination characteristics 한국어와 미얀마어의 조어법 대비 연구이 표 뚜* 연구 목적: 이 연구는 한국어와 미얀마어의 조어법을 대조・비교하여 공통점과 차이점을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 방법: 한국어 조어법과 미얀마어 조어법 관련 연구를 대상으로 하여 대조언어학적 방법을 적용하여 비교 분석하였다. 연구 내용: 조어 원리, 형태적 특징, 의미결합적 특징을 분석 기준으로 하여 한국어와 미얀마어의 합성어와 파생어를 정리한 후에 이를 비교하여 양 언어 사이에 나타나는 공통점과 차이점을 추출하여 제시하였다. 특히 합성어의 품사 결합, 파생어의 결합 형태소에서 나타나는 차이가 가장 크기에 이를 구체적으로 제시하였다. 결론 및 제언: 한국어와 미얀마어 사이에 조어 원리, 합성어와 파생어의 형태, 의미결합에서 많은 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 미얀마어에 교착어적인 특징이 다수 존재하기 때문에 공통점도 적지 않게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 공통점과 차이점은 외국어로서 상대 언어를 교수학습하는 현장에서 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 핵심어: 합성어, 파생어, 조어 원리, 형태적 특성, 의미결합 특징 □ 접수일: 2022년 9월 29일, 수정일: 2022년 10월 16일, 게재확정일: 2022년 10월 20일* 상명대학교 한국학과 박사과정 수료(Completion of Doctoral Course, Sangmyung Univ., Email: eiphyosmu34035@gmail.com)

강조어 ‘완전’의 사용에 대한 고찰 -구어와 통신언어를 중심으로-

엽영임,양명희 한국어의미학회 2016 한국어 의미학 Vol.52 No.-

In the Korean dictionary, ‘wanjeon’(완전) is described as a noun, however in the internet language and spoken language it is often used as an intensifier which means ‘very or quite’. So far, research about ‘wanjeon’ was mainly focused on its syntactic and semantic characteristics. However, there are few research that is concerned about wanjeon’s characteristics as an intensifier. Therefore, this research aims to study ‘wanjeon’ as an intensifier and how its usage transformed in parts of speech and the semantic characteristics. Moreover, the paper will compare the differences of syntactic and semantic features between ‘wanjeonhi’(완전히) in internet language and spoken language. According to Sejong Spoken Corpus, we can clearly observe the manifestations of wanjeon when it was used as an intensifier in definite sentences. Meanwhile, we can find wanjeon’s semantic prosodic characteristics when it was used as an intensifier, and how gender-difference and hierarchy affect the usage of wanjeon.