한중 잉여부정의 형태와 의미

김용군 중국인문학회 2016 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.64

The purpose of this study is to examine the redundant negation expressed in various forms in Korean and Chinese, and to identify commonalities and differences in the use of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese according to the structural and semantic characteristics of redundant negation. Redundant negation is a sentence in which a negative sign is used to represent an equivalent meaning to the affirmative statement, without expressing any negative meaning. The negative marker of redundant negation, which is a semantic redundant expression, is not a necessary condition of sentence semantic expression in the surface structure, but it is a necessary component in terms of phonetics or cognition because it expresses the subjective attitude or intention of the speaker by using negative form in the deep structure. Although there have been many studies on redundant negation in each language, the comparative study of the redundant negation in Korean and Chinese is still insufficient and it is merely mentioned in some discussions. Since the redundant negation is greatly influenced by the use of phonetic factors in use, the implementation method of Korean and Chinese is often different even if the same semantic expression is used in the same situation. Therefore, in order to accurately grasp the redundant negation, it is necessary to examine how the redundant negation appears in different languages. This paper examines the forms of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese according to their structural and semantic characteristics and analyzes their common and differences, and summarizes the characteristics of the use of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese. The research on the redundant negation is not only a part of the study on the negation category of Korean and Chinese, but it also has a significance in that it can provide the theoretical basis for the accurate use and understanding of the redundant negation to Chinese and Korean learners.

중국어 잉여부정 현상에 관한 고찰 -‘小心別+VP’의 의미분석과 주관화 현상 중심으로

임난영 ( Lin Lanying ) 한국중국언어학회 2022 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.102

本文主要阐述‘小心别摔跤’类句子即‘小心2别2 + VP’所表达的语义和它的语用 (pragmatic)机制。这里的‘x小心2’可以理解为自身就蕴含否定义(implicit negation)的动词(verb)带有‘当心!注意!’类似警告意思。‘别2’虽仍被看作为否定副词(negativity abverb, 但己经失去了否定副词该有的语法功能, 所以被论为redundant negativity ingredient(冗余否定成分)。首先根据有关‘小心(别))+VP’的早期研宄资料进行语义分析, 接着探讨为什么redundant negation这一现象经常会在口语中出现。对此主要在认知语言学(cogritive linguistics)层面上试说明汉语中redundant negation这一现象的形成动机。 This paper aims to demonstrate the use of ‘xiaoxin bie shuaijiao’, subsection of ‘xiaoxin2bie2+VP’’, in its semantic and pragmatic mechanism. “xiaoxin2” itself contains the meaning of implicit negation such as “Watch out! Be careful!”. Though “bie2” is usually categorized as a negativity adverb, for this specific sentence type, we treat it as a redundant negativity ingredient due to its loss of function in negativity adverb. First of all, we conducted the semantic analysis based on the literature review of “xiaoxin(bie)+VP”. Next, we further discussed the possible mechanisms to explain such phenomenon (frequent use of redundant negation in spoken language). Overall, our paper mainly focuses on the investigation in redundant negation from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.

“差点儿没VP”的句法语义与韩译法硏究

尹玉 한국중국어교육학회 2013 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.18

Redundant negation is one kind of peculiar language phenomenon in the modern Chinese, and it has been widely used in spoken language and written language. The pioneers have paid more attention to research and exploration on the typical constructions of redundant negation phenomenon, but it was hardly discussed at macro perspective as a whole. Therefore, based on the pioneers’ study, re-definition and re-classification of redundant negation was done in this study. Furthermore, the distributional characteristics, origin, pragmatic meaning and standardization of the redundant negation were also investigated via linguistic theory including typical example, subjectivity, and grammaticalization. Then from the perspective of a second language teaching, we discuss the problem of “ChadianermeVP” translated into Korean language, its structure is the “하마터면/거의/자칫 ...... - 르 뻔하다” connected to the part of the verb. Preceding clause usually appears “하마터면” and other assumptions, followed by the past endings. Therefore, when translated into Korean language semantics “VP” is unmarked, and certainly proforma negative sense, meaning definitely negative form table; “VP” is marked, whether affirmative or negative form of the form, its semantics is negative. Its structure is “adverb (하마터면/거의/자칫) + verb + past suffix (- 르뻔 했다)”, the same as its word order and Chinese. Finally, grasp and use “ChadianermeVP” this sentence, and try to solve these problem. We hope that it can be benefit to the second language teaching.

중국어 술어 내포절 허사부정 연구 ― 韓日越언어와의 비교 및 諸가설 검증을 중심으로

박혁재 ( Park¸ Hyukjae ) 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.107

The aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of expletive negation(EN) in embeded clauses in Chinese through comparison with Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese languages and through testing of hypothesises about EN. In Korean, the EN word ‘-chi anh-’ appears in the embedded clauses of negative cognition predicates, positive cognition predicates, and thought-perception predicates(Cha 2019). In Japanese, the EN words ‘nai’, ‘masen’ appear in the embedded clauses of negative and positive cognition predicates(Yoon 2013). In Vietnamese, the EN word ‘khȏng’ appears in the embedded clauses of negative cognition predicates and thought-perception predicates(Liu 2015). According to my research, in Chinese, the EN words ‘Bu’, ‘Mei(you)’ appear in the embedded clauses of negative cognition predicates and thought-perception predicates. There are several approaches on Chinese expletive negation words: contextoffset negator approach, neative polarity item approach, sequence of negation approach and evaluation marker approach. The context- offset negator approach regards ‘Bu’ and ‘Mei(you)’ as redundant negator. However, if the redundant ‘Bu’ and ‘Mei(you)’ are negators, they should be compatible with the adverb ‘Bing’ or ‘Jue’, but they are not. Both the neative polarity item approach and sequence of negation approach presuppose that the predicate of the main clause forms a negative context. However, in Chinese, it can’t be said that thought-perception predicates such as ‘Nanmian’, ‘Buyoude’, ‘Baobuding’ form a negative context. The Chinese negation words ‘Bu’ or ‘Mei(you)’ in the embedded clauses should be seen as evaluation markers that reflect the speaker’s evaluation and attitude towards the proposition. This argument aligns with Yoon’s (2009, 2013) that claim that the expletive negators in Korean and Japanese are evaluation markers. The Vietnamese negation word ‘khȏng’ can also be seen as an evaluation marker.

중국어에 나타나는 잉여부정 현상에 대한 유형학적 해석

김혜경 ( Kim Hyekyung ) 한국중국언어학회 2024 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.113

羡余否定是指不改变句子真值的否定。此现象存在于世界许多语言之中, 也出现在汉语的各种句法结构之内。交际时, 否定属于必须明确转达的核心信息, 因此说话人可以通过反复标记否定, 来确保否定义被明确传达, 与此同时也可以强调否定义。当句子中的某些词暗示否定意义时, 这种隐性否定可以通过羡余否定转化为显性否定。 然而, 羡余否定违背语言的经济性塬则, 并具有颠倒整个句子命题意义的风险。因此, 羡余否定仅在由此可以得到的的交际上的的精确性过于从而被损害的语言经济性时, 并且能够确保意义不会被误解时才能使用。换句话说, 羡余否定仅在羡余否定的范围与整个句子传达的命题不会相互干扰的时候才能发生。 在汉语中, 如果否定词表示时态或情态、或者主句的谓语使后续内容解释为引述句的话, 否定词的范围与主句将被分开, 从而互不干涉, 这时就会发生羡余否定。汉语中可以观察到的羡余否定触发词有命题态度及引述性触发词、时间性触发词、和逻辑性触发词。大多数的羡余否定发生在句法层次上。然而, 也有一些羡余否定发生在词汇层次上, 例如“不+一会儿”。此外, 汉语还存在一些特殊的羡余否定现象, 例如根据说话人对后续内容的态度及意义与羡余否定形式会发生变化的“差点儿”、否定动机与其他羡于否定现象不同的“好不+A”等。 Expletive negation refers to a type of negation that does not alter the truth value of a sentence. This phenomenon is found cross-linguistically and is extensively observed in various syntactic structures in Chinese. Since negation conveys critical information in communication, it can be marked multiple times to increase accuracy, with the additional effect of emphasis. When certain words in a sentence imply a negative meaning, expletive negators can be used to explicitly convey the implicit negation, thus emphasizing it. However, expletive negation contradicts the principle of linguistic economy and risks reversing the propositional meaning of the entire sentence. Therefore, expletive negators are only used when the communicative precision they provide outweighs the loss of linguistic economy and when it is guaranteed that the meaning will be not misconveyed. In other words, expletive negation occurs only when the scope of the expletive negator is separate from the proposition conveyed by the entire sentence. This condition for expletive negation is realized differently depending on the typological characteristics of each language. In Chinese, expletive negation can occur when the negator marks tense or modality, or when the predicate of the main clause leads the subsequent content to be interpreted as a reporting clause, thereby separating the scope of the negator from the main clause. In Chinese, the observed are propositional attitude and speech report triggers, temporal operator triggers, and logical operator triggers. Most instances of expletive negation occur at the syntactic level. However, some cases occur at the lexical level, such as ‘不+一會兒’ (not for a while). Additionally, specific instances of expletive negation have been identified in Chinese, including cases where the interpretation of ‘差點兒’ (almost/nearly) varies depending on context and the use of ‘好不+A’(vary), which exhibits an atypical motivation for negation.

학교 경영의 가외성(加外性)탐색

이경순 ( Kyoung Soon Le ),신상명 ( Sang Myong Shin ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2012 중등교육연구 Vol.60 No.4

본 연구에서는 학교 경영에서 가외성이 주는 함의를 탐색해 보기 위하여 학교 경영에서 나타난 가외성의 형태,기능,영향에 대하여 살펴보았다.학교경영에서의 가외성은 제로 가외성,총체적 부의 가외성,부분적 가외성,총체적 정의 가외성 형태들이 있었다.연구 대상은 시내 중심지에 위치한 Y초등학교이고,분석 자료는 Y 초등학교에서 학교 교직원을 통하여 얻은 면담 자료 및 문서 자료이다.분석 방법은 학교 경영의 영역별로 가외성과 관련된 내용으로 범주화하여 분석 단위를 결정하였고,분석의 비신뢰성,비타당성,비객관성을 극복하기 위하여 유목화,서열화,평정화 하는 내용 분석법(content analysis)을 사용하였다.범주화된 문서 자료와 면담 자료 중 내용이 일치되는 공통 요인만을 채택하여 해석의 대상으로 삼았다.연구의 결과,제로 가외성과 총체적 부의 가외성은 학교 경영에 부정적인 영향을 주었고,부분적 가외성과 총체적 정의 가외성은 긍정적인 효과를 주었다. This study surveyed the forms, functions, and effects of redundancy to examine the implications of redundancy in school management. There are four types of redundancy in school management: totally positive redundancy, partial redundancy, totally negative redundancy, and zero redundancy. The subject school of study is Y Elementary School. The research was done through the analysis of interviews and document papers. The units of analysis were subject to categorizing the school management fields related to redundancy contents. And the method of content analysis was used in rating, ranking, listing materials The objects of interpretation were chosen from among the overlapping factors between contents of interviews and documents in the categorized fields. Consequently, we conclude that partial redundancy or totally positive redundancy can be used as a basis for improving the structure of school management and as a way for effective school management.

韩汉语羡余否定“-잖아”和“不是嘛”的交互主观性类型

魏雪娇,(Wei, Xue-Jiao) 대한중국학회 2021 중국학 Vol.76 No.-

韩汉语都有羡余否定表达方式,但其表现手段各有不同。本文以“-잖아”和“不是嘛”为例,试从交互主观性类型上做以对比。首先,界定了羡余否定的概念及其研究范围,然后以韩中电视剧剧本为依据,从句法位置、情感指向及交互主观性的角度,对比了韩国语“-잖아”和汉语“不是嘛”羡余否定表达的异同。通过语料的对比分析,我们认为韩国语是以对方(第二人)视角为参照的语言,相较汉语的自我视角,具有更强的交互主观性。这一判断也给韩国语更加倾向于交互主观性,汉语倾向主观性和交互主观性并重提供了一种旁证。本文的结论对于把握韩汉语羡余否定的特点具有一定的参考价值。 Korean and Chinese have different ways of expressing redundant negation. This paper takes “-잖아” and “不是嘛” as an example, and tries to make a comparison of the different types of interactive subjectivity between Korean and Chinese redundant negation. Firstly, this paper defines the concept of redundant negation and its research scope. Then, based on Korean and Chinese TV dramas, this paper compares the similarities and differences between Korean “-잖아” and Chinese “不是嘛” from the perspectives of syntactic position, emotional orientation and interactive subjectivity. Through the comparative analysis of the corpus, we believe that Korean is a language with the perspective of the other (second person) as the reference, and has stronger interactive subjectivity compared with the self-perspective of Chinese. This judgment also provides a circumstantial evidence that Korean language is more inclined to interactive subjectivity, while Chinese language is both inclined to interactive subjectivity and reciprocal subjectivity. The conclusion has certain reference value for grasping the characteristics of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese.

부정어의 잉여성

윤재학(Jae-Hak Yoon) 한국중원언어학회 2011 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.21

Redundancy in negation has been widely attested in natural language. Many in compositional semantics tradition have regarded this as posing a particular challenge to a semantic theory because one or more negative markers are interpreted vacuously without making polarity contributions. After examining various types of redundancy in negation mostly in English and Korean, we propose a thesis that (i) the redundant (or expletive) negation is essentially the same in nature as the redundancy in lexical and grammatical categories that is found in words such as ATM machine and past experience and also that (ii) these devices of redundancy are motivated as attempts to counter the cognitive constraints of information encapsulation imposed upon inter-categorical information processing in natural language.

한영 번역에서 부정 표현의 긍정 표현화 양상

이현주 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2022 인문사회과학연구 Vol.23 No.2

이 논문은 부정소 안, 못, 말이 포함된 한국어 부정문이 영어 긍정문으로 번역되는 현상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 『엄마를 부탁해『엄마를 부탁해』는 ‘엄마’, 『엄마의 말뚝1』은 ‘말뚝’, 『삼포 가는 길』은 ‘삼포’로 예문에 표기하였다. 』, 『엄마의 말뚝1』, 『삼포 가는 길』의 한국어 본과 각 번역본 『Please Look After Mom』, 『Mother's Stake I』, 『The Road to Sampo』를 한영 병렬 번역 연구 자료로 선택하여 분석하였다. 부정문이 긍정문으로 번역되는 예를 한국어 부정문에 포함된 부정소가 부정의 의미가 없는 경우와 부정의 의미는 지속되지만 긍정으로 번역되는 두 경우로 나누어 살펴보았다. 부정소가 부정의 의미를 잃는 경우는 부정확인 의문문, 잉여적 부정, 상위 언어적 부정에서 살펴보았다. 부정확인 의문문에서 부정소는 부정의 의미 없이 확인을 위해 사용된다. 또한 한국어의 잉여적 부정은 사고의 서술을 포함한 사유구문에 나타난 경우를 살펴보았다. 그리고 상위 언어적 부정은 부정의 의미를 갖기 보다는 차후에 나오는 발화의 의미를 증폭시키기 위해 사용 된 것이다. 다음으로, 부정소의 의미는 유지되지만 결과를 명시하려는 한국어의 특성 때문에 결과구문이 추가되거나 중복 표현의 추가 및 선행 문맥의 추가로 등장한 부정소는 번역과정에서 생략되어 긍정문으로 나타난다. 이러한 원인으로는 화자는 문맥을 고려하면서 관련성 이론에 근거해 최소한의 노력으로 청자에게 최대의 문맥적 효과가 발휘되어 의사소통을 원활히 하려고 노력하며 이는 번역에도 반영되기 때문이다. 이에 한국어에 부정소가 추가되는 이유는 첫째, 결과의 명시화를 선호하는 한국어의 특성이 반영되어 결과를 추가하는 과정에서 부정소가 등장하고, 이는 한국어 화자에게 좀 더 자연스럽게 인식된다는 점에서 추가된 결과인데, 번역에서는 결과보다는 영어의 행위자나 원인에 중점을 둔 표현의 선호로 생략되는 것이다. 둘째, 중복 표현을 추가하는 것은 명확하고 분명한 의미 확보와 의미 강조를 위해 사용될 수 있는데 문맥이나 문맥외의 상황을 통해 추론 및 복원성이 있을 때는 번역에서 생략한다. 셋째, 선행절의 내용이 후행절에 나열되어 추가된 경우는 선행 문맥을 통해 유추가 가능한 경우에는 생략하여 간결하게 번역함으로써 긍정문으로 나타남을 볼 수 있었다.

INTELLIGENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TRANSPORT PNEUMATIC SUSPENSIONS WITH EXTREME CHARACTERISTICS

Chang-Myung Lee,Vladimir Goverdovskiy 한국자동차공학회 2019 International journal of automotive technology Vol.20 No.1

The efficiency of transport pneumatic suspensions can be drastically increased in a range including near-zero frequencies by joining redundant mechanisms that provide extreme characteristics of stiffness (control from “negative” to near-zero values). However, such structural redundancy can result in worse efficiency, and the suspension could become the vibration amplifier rather than the isolator. This paper presents an approach to avoid the influence of the structural redundancy and fundamentally increase the efficiency in topmost frequency ranges. The approach includes a theory of structural design and practical schemes of viable redundant mechanisms. An atlas of new candidates of perfectly structured suspensions with extreme characteristics is elaborated. All the structures appear in the atlas as result of enumeration by avoiding empiricism. The utility of the approach is demonstrated in terms of the design and comparative testing of seat pneumatic suspensions.