Polyploidization and Ornamental Trait Enhancement in Allium Species Native to Korea: A Novel Method for Plant Breeding

Eun-Jae Seo,Yoon-Jung Hwang,Ji-Yun Kang,Moon-Seok Kang,MiJeong Yoon,Bo-Kook Jang,Wonwoo Cho,Ki-Byung Lim,Yun-Jae Ahn 한국화훼학회 2024 화훼연구 Vol.32 No.3

Polyploidization, or genome doubling, has a significant impact on plant speciation and adaptation, and it is commonly used in agriculture to improve crop traits. In this study, we investigated the induction of polyploidy in three wild Allium species native to Korea: A. senescens and A. spirale Willd. and A. taquetii, using colchicine treatments tailored to meet specific experimental requirements. By avoiding tissue culture methods, we developed a more accessible, cost-effective, and scalable approach to polyploidization. Our research demonstrated that polyploid Allium plants exhibit distinct phenotypic changes, such as reduced growth rates and increased stomatal size. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting confirmed the successful induction of polyploidy, with clear peaks indicating double DNA content and stable chromosome numbers in polyploid plants. The presence of B chromosomes in A. spirale Willd. following polyploidization suggest interesting genetic dynamics. Despite the initial growth lags, polyploid plants may offer enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and resilience under optimal conditions. This study highlights the potential of polyploidization to improve ornamental traits in Allium species, thereby contributing to the diversification and sustainability of ornamental plant offerings. Future research should focus on the long-term performance and ecological adaptability of polyploid Allium species to fully harness their horticultural potential.

Polyploidization of Hepatocytes: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases

Kim Ju-Yeon,Choi Haena,Kim Hyeon-Ji,Jee Yelin,Noh Minsoo,Lee Mi-Ock 한국응용약물학회 2022 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.30 No.5

Polyploidization is a process by which cells are induced to possess more than two sets of chromosomes. Although polyploidization is not frequent in mammals, it is closely associated with development and differentiation of specific tissues and organs. The liver is one of the mammalian organs that displays ploidy dynamics in physiological homeostasis during its development. The ratio of polyploid hepatocytes increases significantly in response to hepatic injury from aging, viral infection, iron overload, surgical resection, or metabolic overload, such as that from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). One of the unique features of NAFLD is the marked heterogeneity of hepatocyte nuclear size, which is strongly associated with an adverse liver-related outcome, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and liver-related death. Thus, hepatic polyploidization has been suggested as a potential driver in the progression of NAFLDs that are involved in the control of the multiple pathogenicity of the diseases. However, the importance of polyploidy in diverse pathophysiological contexts remains elusive. Recently, several studies reported successful improvement of symptoms of NAFLDs by reducing pathological polyploidy or by controlling cell cycle progression in animal models, suggesting that better understanding the mechanisms of pathological hepatic polyploidy may provide insights into the treatment of hepatic disorders.

Differential expression of photosynthesis-related genes in pentaploid interspecific hybrid and its decaploid of Fragaria spp.

Tao Wang,Dongya Huang,Baoyu Chen,Nini Mao,Yu-Shan Qiao,Muxiang Ji 한국유전학회 2018 Genes & Genomics Vol.40 No.3

Polyploidization always induces a series of changes in genome, transcriptome and epigenetics, of which changes in gene expression are the immediate causes of genotype alterations of polyploid plants. In our previous study on strawberry polyploidization, genes related to photosynthesis were found to undergo changes in gene expression and DNA methylation. Therefore, we chose 11 genes that were closely related to plant photosynthesis and analysed their expression during strawberry hybridization and chromosome doubling. Most genes of pentaploids showed expression levels between parents and were more similar to F. × ananassa. Gene expression levels of decaploids were higher than those of pentaploids and F. × ananassa. Different types of photosynthesis-related genes responded differently to hybridization and chromosome doubling. Chloroplast genes and regulatory genes showed complex responses. Structural genes of the photosynthetic system were expressed at a constant level and displayed a clear dosage effect. The methylation levels of one CG site on SIGE, which regulates expression of chloroplast genes, were negatively correlated with gene expression. In pentaploids and decaploids, more transcripts were from F. × ananassa than from F. viridis. The ratio of transcripts from from F. × ananassa to those from F. viridis was close to the ratio (4:1) of the genome of F. × ananassa to that of F. viridis in pentaploids and decaploids, but there were also some exceptions with obvious deviation.

Nuclear DNA content variation of three Miscanthus species in China

Xi Li,Die Hu,Manman Luo,Ming Zhu,Xinwei Li,Fan Luo,Jianqiang Li,Juan Yan 한국유전학회 2013 Genes & Genomics Vol.35 No.1

In order to estimate the variation in nuclear genome size in Miscanthus, flow cytometry of nuclei stained by propidium iodide was carried out using 36 populations of three Miscanthus species: M. lutarioriparius, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis, which were sampled from cold northern to warm and humid southern and central China, as well as near the sea level in eastern China to mountains in western China. The DNA content of diploid was 4.37 ±0.02 pg/2C in M. lutarioriparius, 4.37 ± 0.01 pg/2C in M. sacchariflorus, and 5.37 ± 0.03 pg/2C in M. sinensis,respectively. There was no intraspecific variation in the three Miscanthus species at the diploid level, suggesting that the genome size was stable within species and the diverse environments did not induce variation in genome size at the diploid level. However, tetraploid populations were found in M. lutarioriparius and M. sacchariflorus, and their genome sizes were 8.56 and 8.54 pg, respectively, which are lower than expected values (8.74 pg), indicating the genome downsizing after polyploidization in the genus. Our results showed that the plant height of M. lutarioriparius was the highest one among the three species and the species was more closely related to M. sacchariflorus than M. sinensis. The intra-species genomic variation and inter-species differentiation in Miscanthus species provide important genetic and genomic information for the development of Miscanthus,especially for the endemic species, M. lutarioriparius,(together with Miscanthus 9 giganteus) which are now emerging as a key bio-energy crop because of their high yields and strong adaptability.

Chromosome number of Carex siderosticta in Korea (Cyperaceae)

정경숙 한국식물분류학회 2024 식물 분류학회지 Vol.54 No.2

Carex siderosticta Hance is characterized by long rhizomes, broad leaves, and wide distribution in East Asia; it is a member of the Siderostictae clade, which is the basal group in the genus. Among the species, diploids (2n = 2x = 12) and tetraploids (2n = 4x = 24) have been reported from Korea (2x), China (4x), Japan (2x and 4x), and Russia (4x). To clarify the ploidy levels in Korean C. siderosticta, 17 populations were sampled and analyzed. Among the 17 populations, diploids (2n = 2x = 12) were observed in 16, and one population counted triploids (2n = 3x = 18). For the first time, triploidy in the species was observed. It can be hypothesized that the triploids are derived by the fertilization of reduced and unreduced gametes of diploids or reduced gametes of diploids and tetraploids. Further investigations of the molecular and cytological characters should be conducted to understand polyploidization in this species.

An Integrated Approach to Overcome Crossing Incongruity in Woody Ornamentals

Johan Van Huylenbroeck,Katrijn Van Laere,Tom Eeckhaut 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

Crossing of Allotriploid LLO Hybrid and Asiatic Lilies (Lilium)

Jitlam Natenapit,Shin Taketa,Takako Narumi,Seiichi Fukai 한국원예학회 2010 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.51 No.5

Triploid LLO hybrids were crossed with Asiatic hybrids. The triploid was derived by crossing somatic chromosome doubled LO hybrid (Longiflorum × Oriental) backcrossed with L. Genomic in situ hybridization showed that the LLO hybrid had 24 L chromosomes and 12 O chromosomes with no recombination. Crossing of the allotriploid LLO as the ovary parent with diploid Asiatic hybrid (A) produced some progenies, which were aneuploid, near-diploid, or -triploid containing L, O, and A chromosomes. Numbers of L and A chromosomes were stable (12 chromosomes) with one exception, which had 14A chromosomes. The number of O chromosomes varied from 3 to 10. One progeny (LLO × A) exhibited a chromosome recombination of L and O, indicating that recombination can occur in meiosis of an allotriploid (LLO) ovule.

Moscatilin Induces Apoptosis and Mitotic Catastrophe in Human Esophageal Cancer Cells

Chien-An Chen,Chien-Chih Chen,Chien-Chang Shen,Hen-Hong Chang,Yu-Jen Chen 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.10

Moscatilin, a bibenzyl derivative from the orchid Dendrobium loddigesii, has been shown to possess anticancer activity. We examined the effect of moscatilin on human esophageal cancer cells, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) cells and its possible mechanisms. Moscatilin suppressed the growth of both the histological cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Morphological changes indicative of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe were observed following moscatilin treatment. The population of cells in the sub-G1 phase and polyploidy phase significantly increased after treatment. Immunofluorescence revealed multipolar mitosis and subsequent multinucleation in moscatilin-treated cells, indicating the development of mitotic catastrophe. Western blot showed a marked increase in expressions of polo-like kinase 1 and cyclin B1 after exposure to moscatilin. In conclusion, moscatilin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe in human esophageal SCC- and ADC-derived cell lines, indicating that moscatilin has broad potential against esophageal cancer

N2O Gas를 이용한 Oriental 백합 ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’의 2n Gametes 형성

박송경,안윤재,황윤정,임기병 한국화훼학회 2023 화훼연구 Vol.31 No.4

백합 종간 교잡종은 다양한 교배 방법에 의해 생산되어지고 있다. 그러나 이들 종간 교잡종은 대부분 불임이다. 2n gametes는 백합에서 종간 교잡종 F1의 불임을 극복할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 우수한 유전형질을 지닌 2n과의 교배에 이용할수 있고 후대 다양한 유전형질을 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 본실험에서는 가장 효과적으로 2n gametes를 생산할 수 있는방법을 구축하기 위하여 백합 Oriental hybrids ‘Medusa’와‘Marco Polo’에 N2O를 처리하였다. 같은 Oriental 그룹 내에서도 ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’는 화뢰 크기별 감수분열시기가 달랐다. 감수분열 tetrad 시기에 염색체를 관찰한 결과 sequential spindles, tripolar spindles에 의해 2가지다른 형태가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’에서 2atm의 N2O를 처리한 화뢰 길이 10~15mm와 20~25mm에서 monad, dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰되었다. 그러나 4atm에서는 tetrad 이외에는 검경 되지 않았다. ‘Marco polo’의 경우 화뢰 길이 10~15mm, 25~30mm 시기에 2, 4atm의 N2O를 12, 24 시간 동안 처리한 구에서 모두 dyad, triad가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’, ‘Marco Polo’ 모두 dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰된 시기는 대조구에서 interphase와 metaphase Ⅰ에 해당하는 시기이다. 화분의 모양은 타원형으로 처리 전·후 변화가없었으며 처리 후 화분의 크기는 n 보다 큰 화분뿐 아니라 작은 화분도 관찰되어 전체적으로 다양했다. 화분의 임성과 발아율은 처리구별로 차이가 없었으나 평균적으로 처리 후가무처리구보다 임성은 약 10%, 발아는 약 20% 정도 떨어졌다. ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’를 이용하여 N2O를 처리한 것과처리하지 않은 것을 정역 교배하였을 때 자방이 비대 되는 형태가 2가지이었으나 처리 별 차이는 아니었다. 획득된 식물체를 Flow cytometry로 검정한 결과, 무처리 ‘Marco Polo’와2atm 24시간 32mm에 처리한 ‘Medusa’의 교배를 통해 하나의 식물체에서 2배체와 3배체가 모두 나오는 mixoploid를확인할 수 있었다. 그 외 실험을 통해 얻은 식물체 중에서 이수체가 4개 발견되었다. 확실한 3배체를 가진 식물체는 관찰할 수 없었다.

Research Paper : Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences

( Daisuke Aoki ),( Hirofumi Yamaguchi ) 한국잡초학회 2008 Weed Biology and Management Vol.8 No.4