Study of V/Q Non-Linearity in Scientific CMOS Sensor

Jun-Lin Li,Yong-Fei Guo,Tai-Ji Lan 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.9 No.6

Scientific CMOS sensor usually manifests V/Q non-linearity in charge-to-voltage conversion. Starting from the mechanism underlying this non-linearity, we build the V/Q non-linearity model to study the influence of modulation transfer function (MTF) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Meanwhile, simulation verification is carried out. The results show that V/Q non-linearity improves SNR but causes the decrease of MTF of the electronic device. We propose the combination of video response curve with photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) noise curve to locate V/Q non-linearity. The validity of this method is proved by simulation verification and physical experiment. The present study provides reference for design optimization and compensation for non-linearity in scientific CMOS sensor.

Delamination of non-linear viscoelastic beams under bending in the plane of layers

Victor I. Rizov Techno-Press 2023 Coupled systems mechanics Vol.12 No.4

This paper deals with delamination analysis of non-linear viscoelastic multilayered beam subjected to bending in the plane of the layers. For this purpose, first, a non-linear viscoelastic model is presented. In order to take into account the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour, a non-linear spring and a non-linear dashpot are assembled in series with a linear spring connected in parallel to a linear dashpot. The behaviours of the non-linear spring and dashpot are described by applying non-linear stress-strain and stress-rate of strain relationships, respectively. The constitutive law of the model is derived. Due to the non-linear spring and dashpot, the constitutive law is non-linear. This law is used for describing the time-dependent mechanical behaviour of the beam under consideration. The material properties involved in the constitutive law vary along the beam length due to the continuous material inhomogeneity of the layers. Solution of the strain energy release rate for the delamination is obtained by analyzing the balance of the energy with considering of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour. The strain energy release rate is found also by using the complementary strain energy for verification. A parametric study is carried-out by using the solution obtained. The solutions derived and the results obtained help to understand the time-dependent delamination of non-linear viscoelastic beams under loading in the plane of layers.

비선형 패러다임 시대의 동양예술 창의성 고찰 -지(知)·호(好)·악(樂)·광(狂)과 능(能)·묘(妙)·신(神)·일(逸)을 중심으로-

김규철 ( Kim Kyu Cheul ) 한국동양예술학회 2020 동양예술 Vol.46 No.-

Today, the age of linear thinking, when we could predict outcomes from causes, has ended, and we are facing an age of non-linear thinking in which causes are not the basis for predicting the outcomes. Non-linearity has become the norm. Understanding the creative aspects of Eastern art must also be approached from this paradigm shift. The main purpose of this study is to review the creative nature of Eastern art in the age of non-linearity. Its order is as follows: (1) gain a basic understanding of linearity and non-linearity; (2) identify the Ji(知, know-how), Ho(好, liking), and Lac(樂, enjoying) of the linear creative attitude, and the Neong(能, skillful), Meo(妙, beguiling), and Shin(神, divine) of the creative result; (3) study the Gwang(狂, crazy) of non-linear creative attitude and the Il(逸, masterpiece) of the creative result; and (4) combine the two in (3) to understand the importance and role of Gwang(狂) and Il(逸) as the creative attitude in the age of non-linearity. The meaning of linear creative attitude was identified in the Ji(知), Ho (好), and Lac(樂) in The Analects of Confucius Yongye Chapter 20, which states, “To know is not as good as liking, and liking is not as good as enjoying.” There search results identified the Ji(知) stage to be the point in time techniques are faithfully acquired and then creation occurs, the Ho(好) stage as where one surpasses simply knowing techniques and likes the act itself of creating, and the Lac(樂) stage as where one, surpassing knowing and liking techniques, enjoys creating. Gwang(狂) as a non-linear creative attitude was identified as a return to one’s own innocent nature through different thoughts, actions, and immersion―or the bridge to reclaim one’s nature. Linear creative results were identified as the Neong(能), Meo(妙), and Shin(神) from the four classes of Neong(能), Meo(妙), Shin(神), and Il(逸) described in 『Yi zhou Minghuala』 by Huang Xiufu(黃休復) of the Northern Song Dynasty (北宋). The research results identified skilled pieces(能品) as those that wholly express the image of the subject that is painted, and beguiling pieces(妙 品) as those where the character, spirit, and intent of the artist is conveyed in addition to the whole image. Divine pieces(神品), on the other hand, were found to be those that not only had the form of the subject and the spirit of the artist but also were of an exceptionally high level. Il(逸) as a non-linear creative result was a masterpiece(逸品) that had form even though the strokes were simple, was gained from nature, could not be imitated, and had surpassed laws to come from the unexpected. Ultimately, the creative attitudes of Ji(知), Ho(好), and Lac(樂) complete the laws, and the creative result of Il(逸) is achieved through the bridge of Gwang(狂)―that is, the creative result of Il(逸) goes through a non-linear process where the cause cannot predict the outcome. Therefore, Gwang(狂) is a bridge to arrive at Il(逸), and Il(逸) can be said to be the result of the attitude of Gwang(狂). Today, when non-linear situations have become the norm, the progressiveness of Gwang(狂) that artists can reproduce is an important element of creative arts.

Identification of Anisotropic Bearing Non-linearity

Dong-Ju Han 한국항공우주학회 2004 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.5 No.2

Among other critical conditions in rotor systems the large non-linear vibration excited by bearing non-linearity causes the rotor failure. For reducing this catastrophic failure and predictive analysis of this phenomena the identification analysis of bearing non-linearity in an anisotropic rotor system using the higher order dFRFs are developed and are shown to be theoretically feasible as in non-rotating structures. For the identification of the anisotropic rotor with anisotropic bearing non-linearity expressed by the displacement in polynomial form, the higher order dFRFs based upon the Volterra series are investigated and depict their features by using the simple forms of the normal and reverse dFRFs. They produce additional sub-harmonic resonant peaks, which indicate the existence of higher order non-linearties, and show the energy transfer such that the modes for normal and reverse dFRFs are exchanged, which are the fundamental differences from what we can expect in linear ones.

ON ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF NON LINEAR ROLL EQUATION OF SHlPS

S. Rao TATA,Kuniaki SHOJI,Shigeo MITA,Kiyokazu MINAMI 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

Out of all types of motions the critical motions leading to capsize is roll. The dynamic amplification in case of roll motion may be large for ships as roll natural frequency generally falls within the frequency range of wave energy spectrum typical used for estimation of motion spectrum. Roll motion is highly non-linear in nature. There are various representations of non-linear damping and restoring available in literature. In this paper an uncoupled non-linear roll equations with three representation of damping and cubic restoring term is solved using a perturbation technique. Damping moment representations are linear plus quadratic velocity damping, angle dependant damping and linear plus cubic velocity dependant damping. Numerical value of linear damping coefficient is almost same for all types but non-linear damping is different. Linear and non-linear damping coefficients are obtained form free roll decay tests. External rolling moment is assumed as deterministic with sinusoidal form. Maximum roll amplitude of non-linear roll equation with various representations of damping is calculated using analytical procedure and compared with experimental results, which are obtained from forced tests in regular waves by varying frequency with three wave heights. Experiments indicate influence of non-linearity at resonance frequency. Both experiment and analytical results indicates increase in maximum roll amplitude with wave slope at resonance. Analytical results are composed with experiment results which indicate maximum roll amplitude analytically obtained with angle dependent and cubic velocity damping are equal and difference from experiments with these damping are less compared to non-linear equation with quadratic velocity damping.

비선형 공간의 조형언어와 표현특성 분석에 관한 연구

한영호 ( Young Ho Han ),이은정 ( Eun Jung Lee ) 상명대학교 디자인硏究所 2006 디자인硏究 Vol.18 No.-

The concept of non-linearity, which has been derived from a scientific paradigm, has generated new discourse in formative arts. The Non-Linearity enables various new possibilities such as, generation of diverse and dynamic space, creation of Non-Geometric form and space, and the shape in the space as it is in nature. This study percepts and explains the concepts of Non-Linearity and their principles in space modeling in the field of interior design, in terms of the philosophy of fractal geometry. We also analyze cases, which shows trends and specific embodiments of non-linear space modeling. This study will provide perspectives on the non-linearity as a new methods in the space modeling. For the study, we review the concept and characteristics of Non-Linearity, by examining various literatures, and developed an analyzing tool which was used to study various cases of Western and Korean interior design.

한국경제에서 필립스 곡선의 안정성 및 비선형성에 관한 연구

주동헌 한국금융학회 2019 금융연구 Vol.33 No.2

This study investigates whether the Phillips curve in the Korean economy is flattening. This issue has an important meaning in the implementation of monetary policy. When the Phillips curve is flattening, the amount of output sacrificed to achieve the lower inflation rate becomes large, while the policy of boosting the output will induce the smaller rise of inflation. However, such expectations can be wrong if the cause of flattening is due to the non-linearity of the curve, not due to the instability of the curve. Hence, the test of Phillips curve flattening should be implemented on both aspects of instability and non-linearity of the curve. The time varying smooth transition (TV-STR) model employed in this paper provides the way of testing both of them in one model. After the tests, the model that reflects the instability or the non-linearity is estimated according to the test results. The Phillips curve used for the test and estimation is the triangular Phillips curve which reflects the effects of the past inflation and cost factors as well as the effect of demand factor represented by the output gap. The tests are first implemented for the period of 2000~2018 as the recent contentions about the flattening Phillips curve are focused on this period. And then, the tests are implemented for the period of 1992~2018 as the period of 2000-2018 may not be long enough for deciding the structural change of the curve considering the results of previous literatures. The tests of stability are implemented for the level and persistence of inflation as well as the slope of the curve to investigate overall structural change of the Phillips curve in the Korean economy. The test of linearity is implemented only for the slope of the curve. For the period of 2000-2018, the stabilities are not rejected in all three aspects. The linearity of the curve is not rejected either. For the period of 1992-2018, the stabilities are rejected in all three aspects, The linearity is also partly rejected. Based on these test results, various types of model are estimated for the period of 1992~2018 to investigate the instability and non-linearity of the Phillips curve in Korea. The noteworthy results of the estimation are as following. First, the long term inflation level dropped from 4.8% to 2.2% before and after the currency crisis of 1997. The result does not change regardless of considering the instability of inflation level only or the instabilities of inflation level and slope of the curve together. Second, the slope of the curve was negative before the currency crisis, which contradicts the prediction of the theory, but it evidently turned into positive after the crisis. Third, the slope of the curve kinked at the output gap of -0.16%. The shape of non-linearity was not convex but concave, which contradicts to the usual expectation. The interpretation of non-linearity of the curve needs to be cautious as the statistical significance levels of some coefficients in the model are somewhat low. For the Korean economy, assuming the structural change in the relationship between the output and inflation after the year of 2000 seems to be not persuasive. Intuitively, however, it is hard to deny that dynamics of inflation in Korea has been changed recently. The candidates for the cause of such changes might be sought at the supply side of the economy such and the structural change in the labor market or the intense competition in the global markets. 본 연구는 필립스 곡선의 평탄화 현상에 대하여 검정하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 모형의 안정성과 선형성을 검정하고 검정 결과에 따라 불안정성 및 비선형성을 반영한 모형의 추정이 가능한 TV-STR 모형을 활용하였다. 필립스 곡선의 안정성 및 선형성에 대한 검정은 최근 필립스 곡선 평탄화 논란의 대상이 되고 있는 2000-2018년 기간에 대해 우선 실시하고 동 기간이 필립스 곡선의 구조적 변화를 판단하는 데 충분히 긴 기간이 아닐 수도 있다는 점을 감안하여 1992~2018년으로 확장된 기간에 대해서도 검정을 실시하였다. 먼저 2000~2018년 기간에 대하여는 인플레이션의 수준, 지속성 및 생산갭에 대한 반응 계수에서 안정성이 기각되지 않았다. 또 필립스 곡선의 선형성도 기각되지 않았다. 반면 1992~2018년으로 확장된 기간에 대하여는 인플레이션의 수준, 지속성 및 생산갭에 대한 반응 계수에서 안정성이 모두 기각되었다. 필립스 곡선의 선형성은 일부 기각되는 결과를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 검정 결과에 따라 1992~2018년 기간을 대상으로 TV-STR 모형을 활용하여 모수의 불안정성 및 비선형성이 반영된 필립스 곡선을 추정하였다. 추정결과 첫째, 인플레이션의 생산갭에 대한 반응 계수는 외환위기 이전에는 음(-)의 값을 가져 이론적 예측과 배치되는 결과를 나타내었으나 외환위기 이후 뚜렷한 양의 관계를 보였다. 둘째, 인플레이션의 생산갭에 대한 반응 계수는 비선형성을 가지는 것으로 보이며 비선형성의 형태가 볼록이 아니라 오목의 형태를 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

Fracture analysis of functionally graded beams with considering material non-linearity

Victor I. Rizov 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.64 No.4

The present paper deals with a theoretical study of delamination fracture in the Crack Lap Shear (CLS) functionally graded beam configuration. The basic purpose is to analyze the fracture with taking into account the material non-linearity. The mechanical behavior of CLS was described by using a non-linear stress-strain relation. It was assumed that the material is functionally graded along the beam height. The fracture was analyzed by applying the J-integral approach. The curvature and neutral axis coordinate of CLS beam were derived in order to solve analytically the J-integral. The non-linear solution of Jintegral obtained was verified by analyzing the strain energy release rate with considering material non-linearity. The effects of material gradient, crack location along the beam height and material non-linearity on fracture behavior were evaluated. The Jintegral non-linear solution derived is very suitable for parametric studies of longitudinal fracture in the CLS beam. The results obtained can be used to optimize the functionally graded beam structure with respect to the fracture performance. The analytical approach developed in the present paper contributes for the understanding of delamination fracture in functionally graded beams exhibiting material non-linearity.

비선형 인과의 불교철학적 이해

김종욱(Kim, Jong-Wook) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2016 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.77

실체론에서 관계론으로의 전환을 지향하는 현대 과학의 대표인 시스템 이론과 복잡계 과학에서 관계론은 인과 관계의 비선형성으로 특징지어진다. 비선형 인과란 원인이 결과를 향해 일방향적으로 영향을 미친다는 선형 인과에 대한 거부로서, 결과가 다시 자신의 원인에게 영향을 주어 그 원인을 재구조화한다는 인과의 양방향성을 가리킨다. 그런데 기존의 대다수 학문에서 인과율은 원인에서 결과로 일방적으로 영향을 미친다는 선형 인과로 인식되어왔다. 고대의 이데아론과 중세의 창조론과 근대의 기계론은 모두 인과가 선형적으로 원인에서 결과로 일방향으로만 간다고 본다는 점에서 공통되는데, 이런 선형 인과는 그 일방향성으로 인해 사물과 인간을 위계화하고 도구화하는 데 훌륭한 수단이 될 수 있었다. 그러나 현대의 복잡계 과학에선 이런 인과의 일방향성을 거부하고, 결과도 원인에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 양방향성의 비선형 인과를 주장한다. 복잡계 과학에서 나타나는 비선형 인과의 방식은 불교 교학의 핵심 개념인 연기와 공에서도 발견된다. 무명과 행, 행과 식, 식과 명색 등 십이연기의 각 관계 항목들에서 결과가 거꾸로 원인에게 그 영향을 피드백하는 비선형적 현상이 나타난다. 그리고 원인과 결과 사이의 비선형적 상호의존성은 인과의 성격이 비실체적 공성임을 함축하고, 이런 인과의 공성은 인선과후(因先果後)의 선형성뿐만 아니라 과선인후(果先因後)의 비선형성도 가능함을 보여준다. 더욱이 인선과후의 선형성과 과선인후의 비선형성 간의 중도적 균형은 정신과 물질, 몸과 마음 혹은 뇌와 마음의 관계에서 균형 잡힌 시각을 제공해준다. 이런 시각은 뇌가 마음을 일으키고 형성하지만, 마음이 변화하면 뇌 역시도 변화한다는 뇌 가소성에서 분명하게 드러난다. 마음의 변화로 뇌의 변화가 일어난다는 비선형적 가소성을 가장 잘 보여주는 것이 불교의 명상 수행인데, 명상을 통한 마음의 변화는 뇌파의 변화와 아울러 뇌구조에 상당한 변화를 가져온다. Representative of contemporary science, systems theory and complexity science aim at the transition from substance theory to relational theory. In complexity science, relational theory is characterized by the non-linearity of causation. Linear causality holds that a cause influences an effect unilaterally, while non-linear causality posits that an effect influences its cause in reverse, and thus restructures the cause. The bilateralness of cause and effect characterizes non-linear causality. The majority of the existing sciences have historically supported linear causality. The idea of theory in ancient philosophy, the doctrine of creation in the Middle Ages, and mechanical philosophy in the modern era all have the unilateralness of linear causality as a common denominator. Their unilateralization brought about the hierarchy between the human and nature, and hence the instrumentalization of nature. However, contemporary complexity science rejects the unilateralness of linear causality in favor of the bilateralness of -non-linear causality. The non-linear causality style of complexity science can be found in pratītyasamutpāda and śūnyatā, core constructs of Buddhist doctrine. Avidyā and saṃskāra, saṃskāra and vijñāna, vijñāna and namarūpa, and so on, in twelve links of dependent origination represent the feedback phenomenon of non-linear causality. The non-linear interdependence between cause and effect implies the non-substantial śūnyatā in causality. This śūnya causation admits not only the linearity of cause first and effect last, but also the non-linearity of effect first and cause last. The middle way between the linearity of cause coming first and effect last, and the non-linearity of effect first and cause last provides a well-balanced perspective of the relation of mind - matter, mind - body, and mind - brain. - This vision comes out in the plasticity of the brain, which can make alterations in its structure and function through experience and practice, or through thinking and acting by itself. The continuous practice of meditation activates theta and gamma brain waves; strengthens the left prefrontal lobe, related to positive feeling; enlarges the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex related to memory and emotion control; activates the parasympathetic nervous system, related to inhibitory and relaxant actions.

Non linear soil structure interaction of space frame-pile foundation-soil system

H.S. Chore,R.K. Ingle,V.A. Sawant 국제구조공학회 2014 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.49 No.1

The study deals with physical modeling of space frame- pile foundation and soil system using finite element models. The superstructure frame is analyzed using complete three -dimensional finite element method where the component of the frame such as slab, beam and columns are descretized using 20 node isoparametric continuum elements. Initially, the frame is analyzed assuming the fixed column bases. Later the pile foundation is worked out separately wherein the simplified models of finite elements such as beam and plate element are used for pile and pile cap, respectively. The non-linear behaviour of soil mass is incorporated by idealizing the soil as non-linear springs using p-y curve along the lines similar to that by Georgiadis et al. (1992). For analysis of pile foundation, the non-linearity of soil via p-y curve approach is incorporated using the incremental approach. The interaction analysis is conducted for the parametric study. The non-linearity of soil is further incorporated using iterative approach, i.e., secant modulus approach, in the interaction analysis. The effect the various parameters of the pile foundation such as spacing in a group and configuration of the pile group is evaluated on the response of superstructure owing to non-linearity of the soil. The response included the displacement at the top of the frame and bending moment in columns. The non-linearity of soil increases the top displacement in the range of 7.8 %- 16.7%. However, its effect is found very marginal on the absolute maximum moment in columns. The hogging moment decreases by 0.005% while sagging moment increases by 0.02%.