한국재래산양 혀에 관한 형태학적 연구

이흥식,이인세,강태천,Lee, Heungshik S.,Lee, In-se,Kang, Tae-cheon 대한수의학회 1996 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

This studies were carried out to identify the characteristics of the tongue of Korean native goat(Capra hircus) by macroscopy, microscopy and scanning microscopy. Korean native goat had torus linguae, median lingual sulcus, lingual fossa and ventral median fissure but did not have glossoepiglottic fold and terminal sulcus in the tongue. The whole length of tongue was $11.51{\pm}0.76cm$. The length of tongue apex, tongue body, tongue root and the torus linguae were $2.62{\pm}0.28$, $7.39{\pm}0.27$, $1.56{\pm}0.26$ and $6.37{\pm}0.29cm$, respectively. The width of tongue apex, torus linguae and tongue root were $3.41{\pm}0.24$, $3.74{\pm}0.29$ and $3.68{\pm}0.11$, respectively. The thickness of tongue apex was $1.60{\pm}0.10$, and the height of torus linguae was $1.52{\pm}0.15cm$. Filiform papillae were present at the tongue apex and the tongue body rostral to torus linguae. Fungiform papillae were scattered from tongue apex to rostral portion of torus linguae, being in abundance at the tongue apex. Vallate papillae were showed at the lateral portion of torus linguae, while lentiform papillae were present at its central portion. Conical papillae were located between vallate and lentiform papillae. The numbers of filiform, fungiform, conical, vallate and lentiform papillae were $46,980{\pm}1070.98$, $446.8{\pm}36.97$, $818.4{\pm}43.99$, $34.8{\pm}2.77$, and $255.6{\pm}39.30$, respectively. The average numbers of taste bud were $8.3{\pm}2.04$ in a fungiform papilla and $247.3{\pm}37.44$ in a vallate papilla. The filiform papilla had secondary and tertiary papillae. The height of filiform papilla was about $150{\mu}m$ and the diameter was $100{\mu}m$. The diameters of fungiform papillae were 350 to $550{\mu}m$. The long and short diameters of maximum-sized lentiform papilla were 4000 and $3000{\mu}m$, respectively, while those of minimum-sized papilla were 700 and $600{\mu}m$, respectively. The height of conical papillae was 450 to $600{\mu}m$ and diameter was 250 to $450{\mu}m$. The vallate papilla was round or oval in shape and its diameter was 500 to $850{\mu}m$. It had well-developed papillary groove around itself. The modified conical papillae were not observed in the tongue of Korean native goat.

박목월 시어의 현대성

김용희 ( Yong Hee Kim ) 한국언어문화학회 2008 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.36

Mokwol tried to find modern daily life through poem language in the reality of post-war full of nihilism, excessive existence and intellectual humanism. A poet tries to make experiment of the modernity of poem language in the rivalry between tradition and modern. The meaning of `tradition` to Mokwol is `how to survive the modern time` and the recognition of modern subject is the road to realization of concrete experience world after making every day of modern times to be recovered from abstraction. When the member of 〈The latter half of the year〉 showed the self-shutting up, Mokwol created modern sensitivity by `translating` a native tongue of traditional food into poem language. He suggested the issue of `personal taste` by concretization of `collective native tongue` into `sensuous` thing. By making `what is trivial`, `what is vulgar` and `subjective experience of person` concrete, the traditional aesthetics works as `a modern subjective personal signature`. By reproducing `colloquial style` and `oral situation`, he tried to show `the feeling` and `sympathy` of our language as a native tongue. However the sensuous `dialect` is awakening the sense of modernity, an ear for music and the sense of sound symbol. Finally the poet reveals aesthetic self-consciousness with modern subject as searching for identity and self-reflection as a poet. He makes experiment of his meta method by calling his own name as a common noun and showing his writing. The symbolizing of tradition food symbol, colloquial style and dialect means the birth of strange native tongue against literary style. It is `the native tongue` and `collectively colloquial style` found out just by the birth of modern language and cultural language. The method of `symbolizing in a strange way what is familiar` is the one which reveals aesthetic autonomy of modern poem language. Additionally it reveals modern retrospective self-consciousness and crock by calling the name of poet out of text as a poem language inside text. It can be considered to be a modern experiment of self-consciousness. Eliot said that modernity is `the present of the past` and can be said to be the process in which tradition and modernity interfere together in the most organic way. On the basis of it, `the modernity of poem` can jump out of the schematism and limit of tradition severance theory and tradition absence theory. It is, the fact the tradition language is called as a modern strange poem language and the process to find `native tongue` composed of new the other through the other called modern times, can be shown. Mokwol tried to express in a creative way that modern poem language is the process of symbolization of language, creative individuality and sensational process of ego.

A light microscopic study on tongue development in Korean native goats (Capra hircus)

김문기,조규현,김종섭,김곤섭,원청길 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2013 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.14 No.4

The purpose of this study was to identify the composition and organization of lingual tissues underlying the histo-structural change of developing tongue in Korean native goats by light microscopy (LM). Tongues of the fetuses on days 60, 90, 120 and neonate were examined for the morphological development. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the tongue tissues were differentiated into epithelium, lamina propria and muscle layer. Primordia of filiform, conical, lentiform, fungiform and vallate papillae appeared and rudiments of taste bud were observed in the epithelia of the primordia of the gustatory papillae. The dorsal surface of the lingual epithelia showed a weak PAS positive reaction. Collagenous fibers and small blood vessels were shown in the connective tissues. In the 90-day-old fetuses, Von Ebner’s glands were moderately PAS positive while the muscle fibers and connective tissue were strongly positive for PAS. The collagenous fibers increased and came to have a more complex arrangement in the tongue. The muscle fibers were spread out at various directions and developed in striated muscle bundles. In the 120-day-old fetuses, taste buds were observed in the epithelia of the gustatory papillae, and several well-developed tissues visible such as blood vessels, collagenous fibers, muscle fiber bundles and Von Ebner’s glands. In the neonates, many taste buds were found in a transverse section of the vallate papilla. The muscle layers, Von Ebner’s glands, collagenous fibers and blood vessels were more developed than those of the 120-day old fetuses. These findings indicate that goat tongues have a variety of different shapes during prenatal development.

A light microscopic study on tongue development in Korean native goats (Capra hircus)

Chungkil Won, Munki Kim. Gyu-Hyen Cho, Chong-Sup Kim, Gon-Sup Kim 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2013 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.14 No.4

The purpose of this study was to identify the composition and organization of lingual tissues underlying the histo-structural change of developing tongue in Korean native goats by light microscopy (LM). Tongues of the fetuses on days 60, 90, 120 and neonate were examined for the morphological development. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the tongue tissues were differentiated into epithelium, lamina propria and muscle layer. Primordia of filiform, conical, lentiform, fungiform and vallate papillae appeared and rudiments of taste bud were observed in the epithelia of the primordia of the gustatory papillae. The dorsal surface of the lingual epithelia showed a weak PAS positive reaction. Collagenous fibers and small blood vessels were shown in the connective tissues. In the 90-day-old fetuses, Von Ebner’s glands were moderately PAS positive while the muscle fibers and connective tissue were strongly positive for PAS. The collagenous fibers increased and came to have a more complex arrangement in the tongue. The muscle fibers were spread out at various directions and developed in striated muscle bundles. In the 120-day-old fetuses, taste buds were observed in the epithelia of the gustatory papillae, and several well-developed tissues visible such as blood vessels, collagenous fibers, muscle fiber bundles and Von Ebner’s glands. In the neonates, many taste buds were found in a transverse section of the vallate papilla. The muscle layers, Von Ebner’s glands, collagenous fibers and blood vessels were more developed than those of the 120-day old fetuses. These findings indicate that goat tongues have a variety of different shapes during prenatal development

영어 원어민 · 비원어민 교사의 영어 말하기 평가 시 모국어 변인이 채점 수행에 미치는 영향

최윤희 ( Choe Yoonhee ) 글로벌영어교육학회(구 호남영어교육학회) 2018 Studies in English education Vol.23 No.1

This study investigates the current issues of English speaking assessment in Korean secondary schools and the effects of raters’ mother tongues on the raters’ performance in English speaking assessment. The participants were eight Korean English teachers in secondary schools and three native English speaking instructors in a private university located in Seoul. To examine the current issues, the focus group interview with Korean teachers of English was conducted. Additionally, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were conducted. to investigate how differently participants rated test-takers’ speaking skills according to their mother tongues. The results showed that Korean teachers of English had some challenges in assessing their students’ English speaking skills due to several reasons, including not having enough knowledge of speaking assessment rubrics. Additionally, raters according to their mother tongues performed differently in assessing the test-takers’ speaking skills, especially test-takers’ grammatical accuracy. These results provide some pedagogical implications for developing in-service English teachers’ training programs to enhance their speaking assessment skills.

재일 조선인 여성 작가의 존재 방식에 대한 연구

박죽심(Park, Juksim) 중앙어문학회 2018 語文論集 Vol.73 No.-

이양지(1955~1992)와 유미리(1968~)는 재일 2(3)세대로 일본에서 태어나 일본 교육을 받으며 ‘모어’와 ‘모국어’가 불일치한 환경에서 성장했다. 두 사람은 재일 한국인(조선인) 여성으로는 최초로 일본 순문학상인 아쿠타가와 상을 수상하며 새로운 재일여성의 존재방식(정체성)을 문학으로 형상화했다. 두 작가의 작품에는 정체성과 관련해 민족 · 가족 · 성(性) · 가부장제 · 언어 등 어느 한가지로 수렴되지 않는 중층의 문제가 깔려있다. 일본지향적이며 식민지배 논리가 내면화된 가장(「나비타령」)과 모국지향적이며 일본어에 문맹인 가장(『돌에서 헤엄치는 물고기』)은 공통적으로 가부장제의 논리에 포섭되어 가족에게 폭력을 행사한다. 이로 인해 가족들은 불화하고, 일본어에 문맹인 여성은 이혼으로(「나비타령」), 일본 교육을 받은 여성은 외도와 별거로 (『돌에서 헤엄치는 물고기』) 대응하며 가부장제에 균열을 낸다. 두 작품에서 화자는 양친의 세계에 거리를 유지하며 새로운 세대의 정체성을 보여준다. 여기에는 일본어인 ‘모어’의 세계에서 성장한 두 사람의 언어적 환경이 개입돼 있다. 이양지와 유미리는 작품을 통해 ‘모어’와 ‘모국어’의 불일치에서 오는 모국에 대한 동경과 반감을 형상화하였다. 두 여성작가의 내면에는 식민본국의 언어(일본어)에 대한 무의식적 동경과 모국어에 대한 무의식적인 반감이 혼재되어 있다. 이것은 어디에도 정착할 수 없는 재일 조선인(한국인) 여성 2(3)세대의 정체성을 보여주는 것이다. Lee Yang-ji (1955-1992) and Yu Mi-ri (1968-) were born in Japan as second (or third) generation Korean residents and grew up with Japanese education in an environment where their “mother tongue” was not identical to their “native language.” They became the first Korean women residing in Japan to be awarded the Akutagawa Prize, which is a Japanese literary award, and they embodied a new existential mode (identity) of Korean women residents in Japanese literature. These two writers’ works are based on multi-layered identity issues, which do not converge on any of the issues related to nation, family, gender, patriarchy, and languages. Both the head of a family, who is Japan-oriented and has internalized the logic of the colonizer (Butterfly Ballad), and the one who is homeland-oriented and illiterate in Japanese (A Fish Swimming on a Rock) are caught by the logic of patriarchy and use violence on their families. This leads to family discord, with women causing a crack in patriarchy; the one who is illiterate in Japanese gets a divorce (Butterfly Ballad), and the one getting a Japanese education cheats on her husband and separates from him (A Fish Swimming on a Rock). In both works, the narrators keep a distance from their parents’ world and show the identity of a new generation. Here is the linguistic environment of two persons who have grown up in the world of the “mother tongue”- Japanese. Lee Yangji and Yu Mi-ri’s works embodied longing for and antipathy toward their native country due to the disagreement between the “mother tongue” and the “native language.” Inside the two women authors is an unconscious admiration for the colonial language (Japanese) and an unconscious antipathy toward their mother tongue. This shows the identity of the second (and third) generation Korean women residing in Japan, who cannot settle down anywhere.

중국어권 한국어 학습자의 어휘 오류 연구 -원인 분석을 중심으로-

이정희 국제한국어교육학회 2008 한국어 교육 Vol.19 No.3

Research on error analysis in Korean language education focuses on the judging and recording of manifested errors within learners’ written works. For assessing error frequency, error analysis targets ‘local errors (errors that are “understandable” or “anticipatory” from students of various levels while learning to write).’ However, in foreign or second language education, where achieving communicative competence is the primary goal, unveiling those factors that “minimize” proper communication is of utmost importance. From Chinese learners, for instance, we are discovering global errors. These errors are committed by learners due to differences in the basic understanding and use of words that are based on the fundamentally different etymology of Chinese characters. For this paper some 500 written works by Chinese students were analyzed and compared. Assessed errors were divided into spelling errors and content-based errors; the latter category was then divided further into native tongue-interference assisted errors and developmental errors. In short, classifications of error ratios according to levels were as follows: 1) Spelling errors to content-based errors Beginners: 78%:23%, Intermediate: 20%:80%, Advanced: 36%:64% 2) Native tongue-interference assisted errors to developmental errors to unique error Beginners: 11%:87%:2%, Intermediate: 21%:69%:10%, Advanced: 29%:71%:1%.

식민 초기 국어(コクゴ) 교육이 드러내는 ‘(모)국어’ 관념의 문제 : 『普通學校國語讀本』(1912-1915)을 중심으로

김수안 동악어문학회 2022 동악어문학 Vol.86 No.-

This study focuses on the first “Kokugo” textbook compiled by the Government-General of Korea, “Hutsuugakkou Kokugo-Tokuhon” (1912-1915), and analyzes the aspects of Japanese language education in the early days of colonization. In order to understand the composition and teaching method of the “Hutsuugakkou Kokugo-Tokuhon”, it investigates the method by which Japanese was introduced as a “foreign language” in Korea. The “Kokugo” discourse that occurred in Japan at that time was deeply intervened in the logic that Japanese language is supposed to be an educational object in Korea. The “national language” which was considered as the carrier of the national spirit overlapped with the image of “mother tongue” on the one hand, and was based on de-Sinocentrism on the other hand. This effect of imperialism, the dichotomy of civilization and barbarism, and the unity of the national language, the state and the people, was also found in the national language discourse of the Modern Enlightenment period in Chosun, when the preservation of the national language was recognized as the way to protect the sovereignty. The logic that emphasizes “national language” education based on “practical use” was also to suggest “Mun” into an the old and the useless, and re-localize it into “Chinese language”, as the way Japanese would be presented, which is “foreign language”. However, after the compulsory merger, the Japanese language began to spread in Chosun, and it became a material for serious recognition of the situation where the native language of the colonists did not match the national language. The direct method emphasized in the “Hutsuugakkou Kokugo-Tokuhon” was a measure to embody the “national language” by imitating which is supposed to be how to learn the “mother tongue”. An analysis of the “Hutsuugakkou Kokugo-Tokuhon”―its notation, the teaching policy that progresses by reading and writing from listening and speaking, and the nature of the segmental information delivered by spacing words―shows the problematic situation. To educate the national language, the model was designed like to teach children their own mother tongue. In the result it has moved colonial children away from linguistic comprehension. The “national language” of the empire was imprinted on the body with a national character that adapted to the discipline, which was not translated into the colonial “mother tongue”. 이 글에서는 조선총독부에서 편찬한 첫 ‘국어(コクゴ)’ 교과서인 『보통학교 국어 독본』(1912-1915)에 주목하여, 식민 초기 국어 교육의 양상을 분석했다. 『보통학교 국어 독본』의 구성 방식과 교수 방법의 성격을 파악하기 위해, 먼저 조선에 일본어가 ‘외국어’로서 도입된 방법을 살폈다. 조선에서 일본어가 ‘외국어’라는 교육 대상으로 상정되는 논리에는 당시 일본에서 일었던 ‘국어’ 담론이 깊이 개입되어 있었다. 국민정신의 담지체로 설정된 ‘국어’는 한편으로 ‘모어’의 상과 중첩되어 있었고, 또 다른 한편으로는 탈 중화적 내셔널리즘을 바탕으로 하고 있었다. 문명론적 이분법과 국어-국가-국민의 일치 속에 자국어의 보존이 곧 자주 국권을 수호하는 길로 인식되었던 근대 계몽기 조선의 국문, 국어 담론에서 역시 이러한 제국주의의 효과가 발견된다. ‘실용’에 기반한 ‘국어’ 교육이 강조된 논리는 ‘문’을 쓸모없는 옛것이자 ‘지나어’로 분리하여, ‘일본어’와 마찬가지로 ‘외국어’로 다시 배치하는 논리이기도 했다. 그러나 제국의 국어관은 강제 병합 이후 일본어가 조선에 국어로 보급되기 시작하면서, 피식민자의 모어와 국어가 일치하지 않는 상황을 심각하게 인지하도록 하는 원인이 된다. 『보통학교 국어 독본』에서 강조된 직접법은 ‘모어’를 학습하는 것처럼 ‘국어’를 체화시키기 위한 방책이었다. 『보통학교 국어 독본』에서 채택한 표기법과 듣기, 말하기에서 읽기, 쓰기로 진행하는 교수 방침, 모어가 다른 조선인 아동에게 띄어쓰기로 전달한 분절적 정보의 성격을 고려했을 때, 피식민자에게 국어를 모어처럼 교육하는 일은 결과적으로 교육 대상을 언어적 이해로부터 멀어지게 했다. 제국의 ‘국어’는 식민자의 ‘모어’로는 번역되지 않는, 규율 공간의 규칙과 위계 구도에 순응하는 국민 성격으로 신체에 각인되었다.

기획 1 : 중세 라틴어 문화권과 한자 문화권의 이중 언어와 문화 ; 우리나라 중세 사인(士人)의 "우리말"에 대한 인식

강민구 ( Min Gu Kang ) 동방한문학회 2007 東方漢文學 Vol.0 No.33

중세 한자문화권내에 속하였던 한국에서는 漢語와 상대적인 차원에서 우리의 고유어를 ``方言``으로 인식하였다. 고려 시대의 士人들은 전형적인 한문으로 작성된 글만이 광범위하게 전파되고 장구하게 유전될 수 있다고 믿었다. 한문에 대한 우리말의 간섭현상은 조선 초기에 좀 더 심각하게 생각되었다. 우리말로는 哲理의 탐구에 한계가 있다고 생각하는가 하면, 公用文에서 우리말식 한문표현과 우리나라에서 만들어진 한자의 사용을 배제하자고 주장하였다. 조선 중기 이후로는 한문학 작가를 중심으로 우리말과 한문의 모순 현상에 대한 고민이 한층 심각해졌다. 조선 후기의 역사가들은 우리 고유의 지명을 속되다고 卑下하였으니, 이는 제도적 측면에서 중국을 따라야 한다는 의식의 단적 반영이다. 한편 중세 사인들의 우리고유어의 가치에 대한 긍정적 인식은 두 가지 측면에서 발견된다. 하나는 실용적 차원에서 우리고유어를 긍정적으로 인식한 것이다. 우리나라의 중세 지식인들은 법률이나 기술서적, 정치적 교화와 학습을 위해 필요한 서적은 우리말식의 한문, 혹은 훈민정음으로 번역해야 한다는 주장을 개진하였다. 또 다른 하나는 우리 고유 문화의 우수성에 대한 자긍심과 관련이 있다. 더욱이 조선 후기에 우리나라의 문화가 중국보다 우월하다는 자긍심이 강하게 형성되면서 제도적 측면과 문화적 측면을 분리하려는 의식이 강화되었다. 한편 박지원·홍대용과 같은 작가들은 한자를 공통의 형식으로 사용하는 한자 문화권에서 우리민족의 독자적 문학을 성취하기 위한 돌파구로 우리 고유어의 사용을 제시하였다. In Choson which belongs to a Chinese character cultural area in the Middle ages, literati`s recognize a language of our own as a dialect word which relative to Chinese. Koryo literati`s believe that only Chinese writing is widely spread abroad and is eternally transmitted. An interference phenomenon of the Korean language towards Chinese writing assumes serious aspect in the early years of the Choson dynasty. Choson literati`s give a thought to impossible about the philosophy studying which using the Korean language, insist that excluded Korean-style Chinese writing expression and Korean-style Chinese character`s practical use in an official document. After the middle Years of the Choson dynasty, literati`s are more worried about the contradictoriness of the Korean language and Chinese. In the latter period of the Choson dynasty, some historians belittle my country`s own geographical name. This directly reflects a truckling attitude towards China. On the one hand, Choson literati`s affirmative attitude of the Korean language is found out in two sides. To begin with, they have an affirmative attitude towards the Korean language under an applicatory circumstances. Choson literati`s express that books like that a lawbook, a technology book, a book of education and teaching, and etc. was translated into the Korean language or the Korean-style Chinese writing. The second, they have a self-conceit on the superiority over our traditional culture. Forming a self-conceit on a traditional culture, institutional side and cultural side was separated in the later period of the Choson dynasty. For example, Park Ji-won and Hong Dae-yong insist a native tongue`s use as a breach for a Korean-style literature`s realization in a Chinese character cultural area.

日本語·中國語 外來語表記法의 廢棄 必要性

김창진 한국어문교육연구회 2011 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.39 No.4

A loanword is to be read according to the pronunciation norms of the concerned nation in case of proper nouns. It must be treated in duality of Chinese character cultural areas and non-Chinese character cultural areas. In case of the loanword of the latter, the fittest pronunciation method is to be sought in the future. On the contrary, because the sound of Chinese character as a Korean style has already been established, the proper noun of Chinese character cultural area must be written according to it. It is wrong to conform the principle of original sound on a local basis only in Korea. It must be conform the native tongue-centrism. The words in Chinese character were written in Chinese character and then read in Korean in the past, and such a method was used to achieve the best method of communication. The current method where letters are written in Korean and pronounced in loanword pronunciation, disrupts the communication of meaning or intention doubly. As Chinese characters are not loanwords, so it can not be a subject of loanword orthography. Choi Hyun Bae, ideologist of exclusive use of Hangeul, devised loanword orthography of Japanese in order to promote the exclusive use of Hangeul, but it is none other than a vestige of Japanese colonial imperialism. The same fallacy is true of loanword orthography of Chinese. Consequently, the current loanword orthography of Chinese character cultural area must be discarded. 外來語는 주로 글로 적힌 固有名詞를 자기 民族의 發音 方式에 따라서 읽는다. 外來語는 漢字文化圈과 非漢字文化圈으로 二元化해서 다루어야 한다. 漢字文化圈의 고유명사는 韓國式 漢字音이 確立되어 있으므로 一貫性을 유지해야 한다. 반면에 非漢字文化圈 外來語는 앞으로 最適의 發音法을 摸索해야 한다. 전 世界에서 韓國만 唯一하게 채택하고 있는 現地 原音主義는 잘못이다. 自國語 中心主義로 外來語를 使用해야 한다. 과거에 漢字語는 漢字로 적고 韓國語로 읽었는데, 最上의 意味 傳達 방식이었다. 그런데 現行法은 文字는 한글로 적고 發音은 外國語 發音으로 하게 하여 意味 傳達을 二重으로 妨害하고 있다. 漢字語는 外來語가 아니므로 원래 外來語表記法의 對象이 아니다. 日本語 外來語表記法은 日帝 식민지 殘滓로서, 한글전용파 崔鉉培가 한글專用을 추진하려고 만들었다. 中國語 外來語表記法은 그것을 踏襲했다. 잘못된 現行 漢字文化圈 外來語表記法을 廢棄해야 한다.