1910~1920년대 전력산업정책과 전력업계의 동향

오진석 한국근현대사학회 2012 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.63 No.-

This paper examines the electricity industry policy of the Government-General of Joseon and the movement of companies in the electricity industry during the 1910’s and the 1920’s. The Government-General of Joseon implemented the license system about establishment and management of electric company and overall price of electricity by Jeongi Saeop Chuiche Gyuchik[electricity business regulation rule]. The Government-General of Joseon regulated the electricity industry by administrative guidance without the enactment of Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act]. The Government-General of Joseon had guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies by the principle that a single region is one electric company. The electric companies with the local monopoly earned high return during 1920’s thanks to rapid increase of demand of electric lamps and electric power. But general industrial capitalists expressed dissatisfaction over the electric companies for higher price of electricity, lack of electric facilities, frequent blackout and unkind service. They commenced the movement of reducement of overall price of electricity and municipalization movement. The Government-General of Joseon must settle this conflict. The Government-General of Joseon induced electric companies to reduce overall price of electricity, and guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies. Ultimately the Government-General of Joseon made plan of hydroelectric power plants for reducement of overall price of electricity. Against this backdrop, the Government-General of Joseon needed to enact Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act] and establish the electricity control policy. This paper examines the electricity industry policy of the Government-General of Joseon and the movement of companies in the electricity industry during the 1910’s and the 1920’s. The Government-General of Joseon implemented the license system about establishment and management of electric company and overall price of electricity by Jeongi Saeop Chuiche Gyuchik[electricity business regulation rule]. The Government-General of Joseon regulated the electricity industry by administrative guidance without the enactment of Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act]. The Government-General of Joseon had guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies by the principle that a single region is one electric company. The electric companies with the local monopoly earned high return during 1920’s thanks to rapid increase of demand of electric lamps and electric power. But general industrial capitalists expressed dissatisfaction over the electric companies for higher price of electricity, lack of electric facilities, frequent blackout and unkind service. They commenced the movement of reducement of overall price of electricity and municipalization movement. The Government-General of Joseon must settle this conflict. The Government-General of Joseon induced electric companies to reduce overall price of electricity, and guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies. Ultimately the Government-General of Joseon made plan of hydroelectric power plants for reducement of overall price of electricity. Against this backdrop, the Government-General of Joseon needed to enact Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act] and establish the electricity control policy.

민주화과정에 대한 비판적 성찰 ; 1980년대 민주화운동에서의 학원민주화 쟁취 사례 연구 -인천대 학생운동의 시각에서 본 선인학원 시,공립화 과정

정태헌 ( Tae Hern Jung ) 민주화운동기념사업회 2013 기억과 전망 Vol.0 No.28

When examining the South Korea democratization movement of the 1980s university democratization was a measure of the contents of larger reform. Since 1980, a year after its opening, Incheon University`s “Struggle for the Normalization of the University Foundation-University Autonomy Movement” would be done away with the inconsistent and make-shift management of the of the Ministry of Education. And the owner of the university who donated the university foundation to the state returned and led the school to a catastrophe. However, an unprecedented victory for the 1980s` struggle for democratization of the university, came at the end of a journey lasting 14 years in the form of Municipalization · Publicization of Seonin School Foundation in March of 1994. This was facilitated by a unique reason. Consistent struggle, popularization of Incheon University`s student movement whose target had been a “foundation without conditions” from beginning to end, made it possible a collective combination of most faculties and the power of the citizenry, and their harmonical role allotment.

지체장애인을 위한 대구시립도서관의 무장애 공간 평가 연구

서희숙(Seo, Hee-Sook) 대한건축학회 2012 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.28 No.6

This study aims to evaluate the barrier-free degree of a library, an information services institution which provides intellectual satisfaction to the disabled with restriction on movement. Thus, it intends to provide basic data to a plan for a new space to build or supplement convenient facilities of a library to be utilized as a place for information use and cultural activities by the disabled as equally as the non-disabled. Analysis was made on 8 municipal libraries in Daegu which had been built prior to implementation of the Convenience Improvement Assurance Act by classifying inside, outside facilities and others based on such items as compliance with facilities installation standard availability for a rehabilitation aids user to move to a reference room, reading room, lounge, cafeteria, and a room for the disabled reception counter, carrel and the disabled’ room of a reference room with 2 points allotment. The evaluation result was as follows; 1.53 points for adequate facilities installation; 1.5 points for availability to move; 0.88 points for reception counter and carrel; 1.63 points for the disabled’ room; and, average evaluation point for all the subjects was 1.35. It was discovered that following items were insufficient indication of guidance/lead, handle, non-slip of outside stairs, slope of inside ramp, height of elevator manipulator, size of counter for wheelchair users, preparation of carrel. Accordingly, it would be necessary to observe the installation standards of convenient facilities, to install an elevator for free movement, to separate the desk for search information and carrel, to furnish a reference room with them.

1920∼1930년대 초 電力統制政策의 수립과정

吳鎭錫(Oh, Jinseok) 한국사학회 2012 史學硏究 Vol.- No.108

본 연구는 1930년대 초에 수립되어 이후 한국의 전력공급시스템을 획기적으로 변모시킨 분수령으로 평가되는 電力統制政策의 수립과정에 대해서 상세하게 검토한 글이다. 경제정책에서 전력이 차지하는 비중을 감안할 때 전력통제정책 연구는 일제하 공업화의 성격과 경제체제의 특질을 해명하는 단초를 제공하기 때문에 중요한 연구사적 의의를 가지고 있다. 전력통제정책은 기존의 연구에서 지적하듯이 1930년대 초 宇垣一成의 총독 부임에 따라 급작스럽게 실시된 정책이 아니었다. 1920년대부터 수력전원의 효율적인 개발을 위해 전력통제정책의 필요성이 대두하고 있었고, 그 근간이 될 朝鮮電氣事業令의 제정이 여러 차례 시도되고 있었지만, 업계의 협조를 얻지 못해 법안의 제정에는 성공하지 못하고 있었다. 1930년 11월에는 민관합동으로 朝鮮電氣事業調査會제1회의가 조직되어 전력통제정책의 주요 내용이 논의되기에 이르렀지만, 전력회사의 기업형태를 둘러싸고 ‘국영론’과 ‘민영론’의 심각한 대립으로 인하여 합의를 이루지 못했다. 그러나 각지에서 전기요금인하운동이 공영화운동으로 확대되면서 전력업계의 위기의식은 증폭되었다. 업계는 공영화운동을 저지하기 위해서는 총독부의 전력통제정책 수립에 협조하여 지역별 배전통합에 따른 지역 독점과 민영 유지를 확보해야 한다고 생각했던 것으로 보인다. 한편, 1931년에는 일선만블록체제 구축과 ‘산업개발정치’를 표방하던 宇垣一成이 총독에 부임하고, 그의 전폭적인 지지를 받은 今井田淸德정무총감이 전권을 가지고 전력정책을 주도하면서 분위기는 급변하였다. 今井田은 대표적인 ‘민영우위론자’였으므로 총독부는 발송전 합동사업은 복수의 민영회사에 맡기고 배전은 수 개의 지역으로 나누어 통합하여 민영을 유지하는 방안을 마련하고 있었다. 이러한 변화된 분위기 아래에서 1931년 10월 朝鮮電氣事業調査會 제2회의가 개최되었다. 그러나 국영론자의 세력도 만만치 않았다. 결국 조사회의 답신안에는 ‘송전간선 국영’을 기본 원칙으로 제시하고 ‘발전?배전?송전지선은 민영’으로 경영하기로 하여 양측의 합의를 이끌어 냈다. 다만, 발송배전을 일체로 경영하는 것이 적당할 경우에는 이를 민영에 맡길 수 있도록 예외조항을 추가하였다. 그러나 총독부의 원래 정책 구상에 ‘송전간선 국영’원칙이 없었던 데에서 드러나듯이 총독부는 ‘송전간선 국영’원칙을 지키고자 하는 의지가 전혀 없었다. 사실상 ‘발송배전 민영’이 기본 원칙이고 ‘송전간선 국영’은 부수적 원칙이라고 해도 과언이 아니었다. 이런 점에서 볼 때 기존 연구에서 “송전간선은 국영, 발전?배전?송전지선은 민영”이라는 기업형태 원칙을 지나치게 강조해 왔던 사실은 재검토할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. This paper examines the establishment process of the electric power control policy(hereafter EPC policy) during the 1920’s and the early 1930"s. The research about EPC policy has the important significance for ascertaining the characteristics of the industrialization and economic system during the Japanese rule. EPC policy was not suddenly enforced by inauguration of the Governor-General of Joseon of Ugaki Kazushige [宇垣一成] during the early 1930’s. The necessity of EPC policy had been indicated for the efficient development of hydro-electric power, and the enactment of Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act] had been repeatedly tried to realize from 1920’s, but was not succeeded in. The sense of crisis of the business world of electricity was amplified as the movement of reducement of overall price of electricity was magnified to the municipalization movement. The business world of electricity thought that it must cooperate to establish the EPC policy and be guaranteed the local monopoly and the maintenance of private management by the Government-General of Joseon for the prevention of the municipalization movement. But government management theorists and private management theorists of electric power industry was conflicted. Finally both sides agreed to determine the basic principle that electric transmission mainline is government management, and the production of electric power, distribution of electricity and electric transmission branch line are private management. Exceptively appropriate cases are granted that integrated business of the production, transmission and distribution of electric power is managed by private companies. As a matter of fact, the primary principle is that the production, transmission and distribution of electric power is private management, and the secondary principle is that electric transmission mainline is government management. In this respect, existing researches have been emphasized that electric transmission mainline is government management, and the production of electric power, distribution of electricity and electric transmission branch line are private management, but this stand needs to be reconsidered.

작은도서관에 관한 법제적 고찰

김유승 한국문헌정보학회 2014 한국문헌정보학회지 Vol.48 No.3

This study aims to discuss issues related to small libraries by analyzing laws and municipal ordinances. It conducts an extensive literature review on the history and present conditions of small libraries and explores the characteristics of small libraries as a social movement. Based on the analysis of the Libraries Act, the legal status of small libraries are argued and other related regulation are also discussed. 114 municipal regulations which are related to small libraries are analyzed into five categories including general conditions, related laws, definitions, facilities, and workforce. As a result, the alternative strategies for legal issues on small libraries are provided in the three different aspects. 본 연구는 작은도서관 관련 법령과 조례를 통해 작은도서관의 양적 팽창과 그에 따르는 문제들을 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 선행연구와 문헌 분석을 통해 작은도서관의 연혁과 현황을 조사하고 사회운동으로서의 작은도서관이 지니는 성격을 논하였다. 법령 분석을 통해, 「도서관법」에 나타난 작은도서관의 법적 지위의 변화와 의의를 살피고, 「작은도서관 진흥법」을 비롯한 작은도서관 관련 법령의 내용을 정리하였으며, 자치법규시스템과 국가법령정보시스템을 통해 추출한 114건의 자치법규를 일반현황, 상위 법령, 정의, 시설 및 장서 기준, 운영 인력의 자격요건 등으로 나누어 분석하였다. 결론에 갈음하여 작은도서관 관련 법제도의 당면 과제를 시설 및 자료 기준, 운영 인력, 지원 및 관리의 세 가지 측면으로 제시하였다.

식민지 시기 부산의 일본 기업인 사카타 분키치[坂田文吉]의 사회활동과 전기부영운동

김예주(Kim Yejoo) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2020 인문사회과학연구 Vol.21 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the perception about Joseon of Sakata Bunkici, a Japanese businessman who moved from Japan to Busan in 1905 and settled in Busan. Also, with examining the nature of the electrical municipalization movement that he led, examine the hierarchical distinction of the interior of the Japanese in colonial Joseon. Sakata Bunkici, a representative Japanese businessman in Busan, was born in May 1876 in Fukuoka. He traveled to Busan in 1905 to follow his father Sakata Yoichi, who operated a Sakata shop for grain products in Busan. Sakata Bunkici, who was in charge of the store following his father, worked for the Busan Grain Market, Gyeongnam Grain Improving Union, Busan Fisheries Company and etc. to pursue the profit of the store operation and the interests of the localities he had settled. Among the social and political activities of Sakata Bunkici, who emphasizes the interests of the region, the Electrical Municipalization Movement is the activity which shows show well about his recognition of Joseon. He aimed at regional standard based Joseon Gas and Electric Corporation (hereinafter referred to as G&E). However, in the process of establishing the company with the influx of Japanese capital, G & E has become a profit-oriented management company. Because of this, Sakata Bunkici hoped that operating just the streetcar by the city office and benefits the region. Also, as a chairman of the Association for the Realization of a Plan for Electrical Municipalization, he led the people s movement and actively involved in the negotiation process of the purchasing cost of the G&E. Negotiations on the price of buying G&E, through the intervention of Sudo Gyeongnam Governor, the governor s adjustment bill, which paid a purchase price of 6,420,000 yen and a bonus of 300,000 yen, was accepted. Sakata Bunkici tried to accept the June 19th Adjustment Plan but it faced opposition from the citizens. However, he had already found that there was a lot of confrontation over the price of the purchase, so that it was impossible to make further adjustments. It can be said that these activities of Sakata Bunkici in Joseon, were for the interests of Busan and himself. He also cooperated with the Koreans in the process of the electrical municipalization movement for the benefit of Busan. However, when it comes to acceptance of the June 19 Adjustment Plan , he was confronted with the citizens. In other words, the Sakata Bunkici is a colonial man who places great importance on the interests of the region, and can be regarded as a representative of the colonial power that considers only the interests of the Japanese in Busan. 본 연구는 1905년 일본에서 부산으로 건너와 정착한 일본인 기업인 사카타 분키치의 조선 인식과 그가 주도한 전기부영운동의 성격을 파악함으로써 재조일본인 내부의 계층적 구별을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 부산의 대표적인 일본 기업인 사카타 분키치는 1876년 5월 후쿠오카현에서 태어났다. 그는 부산에서 곡물상 사카타상점을 운영하고 있던 아버지 사카타 요이치의 뒤를 잇기 위해 1905년 부산으로 도항하였다. 상점을 일임 받은 사카타 분키치는 이를 바탕으로 부산곡물시장, 경남미곡개량조합, 부산수산주식회사 등에서 요직을 맡아 상점 운영상의 이익과 자신이 정주하고 있는 지역의 이익을 추구하였다. 지역의 이익을 중시한 사카타 분키치의 사회·정치활동 중 그의 조선인식이 잘 드러나는 활동은 전기부영운동이다. 그는 지역 본위의 조선와사전기주식회사(이하 와전)를 지향하였다. 그러나 회사의 설립과정에서 일본 자본이 유입되면서 와전은 ‘사익(社益 )’중심의 경영을 하게 되었다. 이에 사카타 분키치는 전차만이라도 부(府)에서 운영하여 지역에 이익이 되었으면 하였다. 전기부영기성동맹회 회장으로서 부민운동을 주도하며 와전 매수 가격 협상 과정에 적극적으로 관여하였다. 와전 매수 가격 협상이 난항 끝에 매수가격 642만 엔에 위로금 30만 엔을 지급하는 도지사 조정안으로 타결되었다. 사카타 분키치는 ‘6월 19일 조정안’을 수용하고자 하였으나, 부민들의 반발에 부딪혔다. 그러나 그는 이미 매수 가격을 놓고 많은 대립이 있었기 때문에 더 이상의 조정은 불가능하다고 판단하였다. 이러한 사카타 분키치의 조선에서의 활동은 자신이 정주하고 있는 부산의 이익 및 개인의 이익을 위한 것이었다고 할 수 있다. 그는 부산의 이익을 위해서 전기부영운동 과정에서 조선인과 협력하기도 하지만 ‘6월 19일 조정안’ 수용 문제에 있어서는 부민과 대립한다. 즉 사카타 분키치는 지역의 이익을 중시한 식민지민이면서, 부산 내 일본인들의 이익만을 생각한 식민 권력의 대리자라고 할 수 있다.

1927년 평양전기 부영화와 조선인 주도 부 예산정치로의 전환

주동빈 역사문제연구소 2023 역사문제연구 Vol.27 No.3

본고는 1927년 평양전기 부영화의 성격을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 1921~1922년이 운동은 동양척식 계 전기회사의 재조일본인 군소 독점사업(평양전기)과의 병존으로 인해 일본인 간 분규로 시작되었다. 반면 1925~1926년의 운동은 조선인 전력수요자 증가에 따라 동우회가 주도하게 되었다. 둘째, 평양부윤은 재원 확보와 산업개발, 조선인 불만 해결을 위해 부영을 추진했다. 부영 첫해 요금은 일괄 약 20% 인하되었다. 셋째, 평양부윤은 고밀도의 인구밀도 해결을 위해 전기 적립금을 일부 전용하여 조선인 시가인 북부 평양 개발(서평양시가계획)을 결정했다. 전기부영은 조선인 상공업자에 대한 도시 ‘안정화’정책(“공안” 해결)으로서 의미를 갖고 있었다. 또한 부협의회 내 조선인 상공업자-전문직 중심 부 예산정치의 출발점이기도 했다. 반면 식민지의 조선인 주도 부 예산정치는 여러 난관들을함축하고 있었다. This article examines the characteristics of the electricity municipalization of Pyongyang in 1927. First, the movement began as an inter-Japanese dispute in 1921-1922 due to the new coexistence of the Oriental Development Company affiliate with a small Japanese monopoly electricity company(Pyongyang Electric Company). However, the 1925-1926 movement was driven by Donguhoe , along with a growing number of Korean electricity consumers. Second, Pyongyang `s mayor promoted the municipal management of electricity to secure city finances, develop industry, and resolve Korean grievances. In the year of the municipalization, all electricity rates were reduced by approximately 20%. Third, the mayor decided to divert some of the financial reserves designated for electricity to develop a Korean town, North Pyongyang (referred to “West Pyongyang Town Plan”), to address the prevailing high population density. The municipalization of electricity was meant to be part of a policy of urban “stabilization” (public security) for Korean industrialists. It was also the beginning of Korean industrialist- and professional-oriented budgetary politics in the city assembly. However, Korean-led city budget politics in the colonial period became fraught with various dilemmas.

1910~20년대 대구상업회의소 구성원의 연대와 갈등 - 지역철도부설운동과 전기부영화운동을 중심으로 -

金希眞(Kim Huijin) 역사교육연구회 2020 역사교육 Vol.153 No.-

Upon opening the port, Japanese merchants and industrialists who moved to Daegu has pillaged traditionally Koreans’ business district and placed themselves at the top of regional economy. During this process, both Japanese and Korean merchants established chambers of commerce. Such separate chamber of commerce was integrated in 1915. The integrated Daegu Chamber of Commerce was discriminatory both in terms of its members and operation. The regional Chamber of Commerce represented the local community and conducted petition movements to pressure municipal governments and the Japanese colonial government to implement certain policies. The chamber of commerce was the pivot of active petition movement to construct railways to support local development and growth, and to do so, they worked together regardless of nationality and industries to pressurize the Japanese colonial government. Also, when public opinion surged regarding electric service municipalization, they showed division and conflicts due to the clash of interests between industries. As such, the chamber of commerce, which showed solidarity at times and conflict at other times based on the nature of issues, reflects the complex and multi-layered local community at the time.

1910-30년대 조선총독부의 전력정책과 식민지 기술관료들의 조선개발 인식

오선실 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2020 인문과학연구논총 Vol.41 No.1

This paper explores the electricity policy of the Government-general of Korea, which was one of the most important component of the electric power system becoming indigenous. The introduction of the electricity industry in Korea took place very quickly during the Korean Empire, but full-fledged growth could not begin until the colonial period. At that time, the government-General of Korea, which is responsible for fostering and managing the electricity industry of the colonial Korea, did not transplant Japan's electricity technology or Electricity policy. Rather, it used the colonial Korea as a venue for policy experiments for address the problems facing Japan's electricity industry. The principle that a single region is one electric company, the initial power policy of the Governor-General of Korea, was derived from the diagnosis that the free market put Japan's power industry into excessive competition and overlapping investment. However, the half-baked policy experiments, could not prevent the monopoly’s closure, and in the end had to be revised in the face of resistance from citizens. In setting up a new electricity control policy, technocrats submitted a huge package of "super-electric power links," which had never been attempted in Japan. They considered the colonial Korea to be still blank, unlike Japan, which has already complicated its industrial structure. So they regarded the colonial Korea as a place to realize an ideal technology society, ‘high modernism’ by efficiently developing it through the powerful control of the colonial Government. But colonial Korea was not in a blank state, and the complex interests that had been deleted from their "reasonable" designs frustrated their designs. 이 연구는 식민지 조선에서 전기시스템이 토착화하는데 가장 중요한 역할을한 구성요소 중 하나였던 조선총독부의 전력정책을 분석한다. 한국에서 전기산업의 도입은 대한제국 시기 매우 빠르게 이뤄졌지만, 본격적인 성장은 식민지시기가 되어서야 시작될 수 있었다. 이때 식민지 조선의 전기산업을 육성하고관리할 책임을 가진 조선총독부는 일본의 전기기술 혹은 전력정책을 그대로 이식하지 않았다. 오히려 식민지 조선을 일본의 전기산업이 처한 문제를 해소하기위한 정책실험의 장으로 삼았다. 조선총독부의 초기 전력정책인 1지역1사업 원칙은 자유로운 시장이 일본의 전력산업을 과잉경쟁과 중복투자에 빠뜨렸다는진단에서 도출된 것이었다. 그러나 조선총독부의 설익은 정책실험은 초기 전기사업자들이 지역독점권을 바탕으로 소규모배전시스템을 구축하는 조건을 마련했지만, 독점의 폐단을 막을 수 없었고, 결국 시민들의 저항에 부딪쳐 수정되어야했다. 새로운 전력통제정책을 수립하며 식민지 기술관료들은 ‘초전력연계’라는 거대한 종합계획서를 제출했는데, 그것은 일본에서도 시도 된 바 없는 것이었다. 그들은 이미 산업구조가 복잡해진 일본과 달리 아직 백지 상태에 있는 식민지 조선을 조선총독부의 강력한 통제력을 통해 효율적으로 개발함으로써 이상적인 기술 사회, 하이 모더니즘을 실현해 볼 수 있는 공간으로 여겼다. 그러나 식민지 조선은 백지 상태가 아니었고, 그들의 “합리적인” 설계에 삭제되었던복잡한 이해관계들에 의해 계획은 변형될 수밖에 없었다.

일제하 경남 지역 조선인 읍회의원에 관한 연구 - 1920~ 1945년의 지정면협ㆍ읍회의원 -

동선희 ( Dong Sun-hee ) 청계사학회 2006 청계사학 Vol.20 No.-

It is not well known that there were some pseudo municipal assemblies in each Do(道, province), Bu(府, big city), Ueb(邑, city), Myeon(面, town) since the 1920s until 1945. Those were created by the Japanese rulers on the purpose of bringing the Korean upper class over to their side by giving them opportunities to discuss the regional administrative matters. Up until now, most historians have considered the Korean representatives of those assemblies to be subordinate partners of the Japanese rule because Koreans had little political rights within those pseudo assemblies. The assertion is partly true. However, the representatives of Ueb'hoe were elected by the limited elections and they had to listen to what the residents wanted. Many of them, like many Korean middle and upper class, were interested in the modernization and they participated in the enlightenment movements in the early 1920s. While the Ueb’hoe system was restricted, they criticized and protested against the Japanese policies, particularly when problems occurred in their region.