Milk Consumption and Framingham Risk Score: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data (2008–2011)

YEUMKYUNG JIN,주남석,양성원,박수정,최성진,송병춘 연세대학교의과대학 2016 Yonsei medical journal Vol.57 No.1

Purpose: The benefit of milk intake remains controversial. The association between milk consumption and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in a population consuming relatively low amounts of dairy products is undetermined. Materials and Methods: A total of 13736 adults (5718 male and 8018 female) aged 20–80 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011) were divided into groups according to milk consumption (rarely, monthly, weekly, and daily) and compared according to FRS after relevant variable adjustments. Results: The mean FRS in males and females were 6.53 and 5.74, respectively. Males who consumed milk daily (15.9%) had a significantlylower FRS than males having milk rarely (31.6%) or monthly (17.4%; p=0.007). Females who consumed milk daily (22.3%) also had significantly lower FRS than rarely (29.8%), monthly (13.8%), or weekly (34%; p=0.001) consumers. In particular, males ≥60 years old who consumed milk daily had a significantly lower FRS than males who consumed less milk (p<0.001). The odds ratio in this age group showed a significant and gradual increase in the weekly [OR=2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–4.03], monthly (OR=2.29; 95% CI 1.15–4.54), and rarely (OR=3.79; 95% CI 2.01–7.14) milk consumption groups when compared with the daily milk consumption group. Conclusion: Milk consumption was associated with a lower FRS in a low milk-consuming population. In particular, daily milk consumptionin males over 60 years old may be beneficial for those at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Chemical Composition, Nitrogen Fractions and Amino Acids Profile of Milk from Different Animal Species

Rafiq, Saima,Huma, Nuzhat,Pasha, Imran,Sameen, Aysha,Mukhtar, Omer,Khan, Muhammad Issa Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.7

Milk composition is an imperative aspect which influences the quality of dairy products. The objective of study was to compare the chemical composition, nitrogen fractions and amino acids profile of milk from buffalo, cow, sheep, goat, and camel. Sheep milk was found to be highest in fat ($6.82%{\pm}0.04%$), solid-not-fat ($11.24%{\pm}0.02%$), total solids ($18.05%{\pm}0.05%$), protein ($5.15%{\pm}0.06%$) and casein ($3.87%{\pm}0.04%$) contents followed by buffalo milk. Maximum whey proteins were observed in camel milk ($0.80%{\pm}0.03%$), buffalo ($0.68%{\pm}0.02%$) and sheep ($0.66%{\pm}0.02%$) milk. The non-protein-nitrogen contents varied from 0.33% to 0.62% among different milk species. The highest r-values were recorded for correlations between crude protein and casein in buffalo (r = 0.82), cow (r = 0.88), sheep (r = 0.86) and goat milk (r = 0.98). The caseins and whey proteins were also positively correlated with true proteins in all milk species. A favorable balance of branched-chain amino acids; leucine, isoleucine, and valine were found both in casein and whey proteins. Leucine content was highest in cow ($108{\pm}2.3mg/g$), camel ($96{\pm}2.2mg/g$) and buffalo ($90{\pm}2.4mg/g$) milk caseins. Maximum concentrations of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and histidine were noticed in goat milk caseins. Glutamic acid and proline were dominant among non-essential amino acids. Conclusively, current exploration is important for milk processors to design nutritious and consistent quality end products.

중학생의 학교 우유 급식 실태 및 만족도 조사

남은숙 ( Eun Sook Nam ),김현정 ( Hyun Jung Kim ),박신인 ( Shin In Park ) 한국식품영양학회 2011 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the consumption of milk, along with satisfaction for improvement of the school milk program in middle school. The subjects were 447 middle school students(265 male, 182 female) in the Gyeonggi area, who were asked to fill out the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by a SAS package. The results showed that 53.2% of the subjects were participating in the school milk program. Regarding the frequency of milk consumption, 77.7% of students reported daily milk consumption and 65.3% of students reported they drank milk when it was available. 56.8% of the students responded that they were satisfied with the school milk program. Male students not participating in the school milk program cited the reason as eating at home, while non-participating female students cited the reason as tasteless. When asked whether they accepted or rejected the school milk program, male students(97.7%) and female students(97.8%) answered it should be executed. To improve the school milk program, most of the students(72.2%) stated that it should be selected among flavored milk(strawberry, banana, chocolate, black bean, and husked rice milk) instead of white milk. Therefore, in order to increase the intake of milk, the students should develop the habit of drinking milk to gain the attention of parents. Also, schools should attempt to help through offering proper dietary education.

Entrapment of Milk Nutrients during Cholesterol Removal from Milk by Crosslinked β-Cyclodextrin

H. J. Ha,곽해수,S. S. Jeon,Y. H. Chang 한국축산식품학회 2009 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.29 No.5

This study was designed to elucidate the quantities of milk nutrients entrapped during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, 0.4~1.2%, w/v) and to evaluate the amounts of the residual β-CD in cholesterol-reduced milk treated by crosslinked β-CD. The content of lactose in the control milk (without treatment by crosslinked β-CD) was 4.86%, and the amounts of lactose entrapped by crosslinked β-CD ranged from 0.00 to 0.03%. The total amounts of the entrapped short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) and free amino acid (FAA) ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 ppm and from 0.28 to 0.71 μmol/mL, respectively. The amounts of the entrapped water-soluble vitamins (L-ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin) ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, 0.00 to 0.06 ppm and 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, respectively. The entrapped amounts of lactose, short-chain FFAs, FAAs and water-soluble vitamins were not remarkably affected by the concentrations of crosslinked β-CD (0.4~1.2%, w/v). Only very small amounts of residual β-CD in the cholesterol-removed milk were measured (1.22~3.00 ppm). Based on the data obtained from the present study, it was concluded that the amounts of entrapped nutrients were negligible during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked β-CD, and only trace amounts of residual β-CD were present in cholesterol-removed milk. This study was designed to elucidate the quantities of milk nutrients entrapped during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, 0.4~1.2%, w/v) and to evaluate the amounts of the residual β-CD in cholesterol-reduced milk treated by crosslinked β-CD. The content of lactose in the control milk (without treatment by crosslinked β-CD) was 4.86%, and the amounts of lactose entrapped by crosslinked β-CD ranged from 0.00 to 0.03%. The total amounts of the entrapped short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) and free amino acid (FAA) ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 ppm and from 0.28 to 0.71 μmol/mL, respectively. The amounts of the entrapped water-soluble vitamins (L-ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin) ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, 0.00 to 0.06 ppm and 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, respectively. The entrapped amounts of lactose, short-chain FFAs, FAAs and water-soluble vitamins were not remarkably affected by the concentrations of crosslinked β-CD (0.4~1.2%, w/v). Only very small amounts of residual β-CD in the cholesterol-removed milk were measured (1.22~3.00 ppm). Based on the data obtained from the present study, it was concluded that the amounts of entrapped nutrients were negligible during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked β-CD, and only trace amounts of residual β-CD were present in cholesterol-removed milk.

응고제가 우유두부의 물성 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향

우나리야,이민선,박수진,강명화 동아시아식생활학회 2004 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.14 No.5

Different types of coagulant and characteristics of its concentration added in the process of making milk curd were compared in this study. The pH of whey decreased when the amount of coagulant increased. The turbidity of whey was decreased when 5% of acetic acid and lemon juice were put into as coagulants. The texture of milk curd made with cow's milk and skim milk was measured the highest when acetic acid and lemon juice were added at 3, 5% of their concentration. The fracturability of milk curd made only with cow's milk decreased as the concentration of each coagulant increased. The cohesiveness was decreased as concentration of coagulant increased. The springiness was slightly changed depending on its coagulant but didn't show much of difference. The gummminess of milk curd made with cow's milk was increased when 3, 5% of coagulant was added. The result of sensory evaluation of milk curd showed that preference of milk curd wasn't depending on types of milk nor its coagulant. Also, flavor preference showed better when lemon juice was added. Preference in texture of milk curd was the highest made with cow's milk and skim milk. Preference in taste was high when 10% of lemon juice was added to skim milk and preference in its appearance showed higher when the alum was added as a coagulant to both cow's milk and skim milk than other coagulants.

Quality and Amount of Morning and Evening Milk of the Bangladesh Baghabarighat Milk Shed Area Throughout the Year

Islam, K.M.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.1

The Baghabarighat Milk Shed Area (BMSA), in Bangladesh belonging to the Bangladesh Milk Producers Cooperative Union Limited (BMPCUL) was selected to study the qualitative and quantitative aspects of dairy milk and to establish a trend throughout the year (July 1995 to June 1990) of milk collected at morning and evening, and daily. The average fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and total solid (TS) contents of the morning milk were 4.58, 7.75 and 12.33%, respectively, and evening milk contained 5.41, 7.81 and 13.23%. The values for the quality varied (p<0.01) throughout the year without a specific trend. Higher milk collection occured at morning (52.77%) than evening (47.24%), but total yield of fat from morning milk was lower (48.74%) than evening milk (51.26%) due to a lower fat value (4.58%). Yield of SNF (52.57% morning, 47.37% evening) followed the values of the amount of milk collected due to their similar value at morning (7.75) and evening (7.81). Overall, TS yield was 51 and 49% from morning and evening. There was not a significant (p>0.01) relationship between fat and TS values of morning milk with those of evening milk, but there was a correlation (p<0.01) between milk yield at morning and all other parameters for evening. Solids-not-fat value of morning milk was related with yield and SNF value of milk from evening, but not with fat and TS evening milk. It may be concluded that evening milk contains higher amounts of fat, SNF and TS, but yields were higher at morning, except fat. Milk collected at morning showed a relationship with all the parameters found at evening.

유 성분 분석을 통한 젖소 영양상태 및 개체관리에 관한 연구

이성모,김동원,최병렬,서강문,홍종해,Lee, Sung-mo,Kim, Dong-won,Choi, Byung-ryul,Seo, Kang-moon,Hong, Chong-hae 대한수의학회 2001 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.41 No.2

Milk constituents and somatic cell count (SCC) were analysed for 4,059 milk samples from 178 dairy farms from April to December in 1999. Correlations among each milk constituents, milk urea (MU) concentration and SCC in association with lactation stage, milk yield and parity, and balancing status of nutrients' supplies were analysed, and the results are summarized as follows; Averages of milk fat percent, total solids percent and milk yield were $3.72{\pm}0.91%$, $12.50{\pm}1.31%$ and $23.80{\pm}8.54kg$, respectively, whereas those were significantly lower during the summer season. In contrast, average of MU concentration was $0.0361{\pm}0.0006%$ which was significantly higher during the summer season. With milk yield, concentrations of fat, protein and SCC in milk decreased but concentrations of lactose and urea in milk and body condition score (BCS) were not altered. Concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF, and urea in milk were significantly affected by stage of lactation ($P{\leq}0.0001$) but SCC was not changed. Parity of dairy cows had a significant effect on concentrations of fat ($P{\leq}0.02$), lactose ($P{\leq}0.0001$), total solids ($P{\leq}0.002$), and SNF ($P{\leq}0.0001$) in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0005$) but did not change concentrations of urea and protein in milk. Somatic cell count had significant positive correlationship with percentages of fat, protein and total solids ($P{\leq}0.0001$), respectively, but had negative correlationship with percentages of urea and lactose in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$). Milk urea concentration was negatively correlated with concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and SNF in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$) and, according to regression analysis using milk urea concentration and SCC, following equation was obtained; $Y(MU)=3.688{\times}10^{-2}-4.04{\times}10^{-7}{\times}X(SCC{\times}1,000)(r^2=0.0038$, $P{\leq}0.0001$). We studied balance between protein and energy supplies to dairy cows in each farm based upon milk urea and protein concentrations, and results showed that 137 of total 178 farms fed cows unbalanced amounts of dietary protein and energy.

Effect of milk and milk products consumption on physical growth and bone mineral density in Korean adolescents

Sun Hyo Kim,Woo Kyoung Kim,Myung-Hee Kang 대한지역사회영양학회 2013 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.7 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products, physical growth and bone mineral density in 664 male and female middle school and high school students aged 15-17 years. In the study, the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products was analyzed, and the height, body composition, and bone mineral density of the right heel bone (calcaneus) were measured. The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products was calculated as the ‘dairy equivalent of calcium’, which is the calcium content in 200 mL of white milk. The cutoffs of tertiles of the dairy equivalent of calcium were calculated and then the subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to the tertiles, Q1 group (lower intake group), Q2 group (middle intake group) and Q3 group (upper intake group). The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products in Q1, Q2 and Q3 groups was 16.2 mg, 99.7 mg, and 284.0 mg, respectively, and the ratio of milk and milk product consumption to the daily total calcium intake was 5.4%, 27.4%, and 49.7%, respectively. The ratio of total calcium intake to the daily recommended intake in study subjects was 30.5% in Q1, 42.3% in Q2, and 60.7% in Q3, with significant differences (P < 0.05). Height, body weight, BMI, and % of body fat in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) were not significantly different. However, the T scores for bone mineral density in female students in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) was significantly different (P < 0.05). The study showed that the intake of milk and milk products in adolescents, particularly in girls, can improve the bone mineral density without increasing body weight, and thus confirmed that milk intake is important in adolescence.

유당 및 유지방을 중심으로 한 한국 성인 남성의 우유 섭취 행태

김정현,경민숙,민성희,이명희 대한지역사회영양학회 2018 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.23 No.6

Objectives: This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fatin Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness oflactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, thefactors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Methods: The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwidemilk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20-29 year age group,188 (35.3%) in the 30-49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year agegroup. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis toexamine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed toinvestigate the factors affecting the intake of milk. Results: The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 ± 494.23 ml per week. Therewere statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk,low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose andmilk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20-29, and milkfat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calciumwas the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associatedwith milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception oflactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietarybehavior was unaffected. Conclusions: This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Manyvariables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intakewas high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milknutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which aremajor nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

Milk Collected at Night Induces Sedative and Anxiolytic-Like Effects and Augments Pentobarbital-Induced Sleeping Behavior in Mice

Irene Joy I. dela Peña,홍은영,DELAPENAJUNEBRYAN,김희진,Chrislean Jun Botanas,홍예슬,황예슬,문병석,정재훈 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.11

Milk has long been known and used to promote sleep. The sleep-promoting effect of milk has been attributed to its psychological associations (i.e., the memory of a mother giving milk at bedtime) and its rich store of sleep-promoting constituents (e.g., tryptophan). Studies have shown that milk harvested at night (Night milk) contains exceptionally high amounts of tryptophan and melatonin. In the present study, we evaluated the psychopharmacological properties of Night milk, particularly its probable sleep-promoting/enhancing, and anxiolytic effects. Night milk was orally administered to ICR mice at various concentrations (100, 200, or 300mg/kg). An hour after administration, assessment of its sedative (open-field and rotarod tests) and sedative sleep-potentiating effects (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test) was conducted. For comparison, the effects of Day milk (daytime milking) were also assessed. In addition, the effects of Night milk on anxiety behavior (elevated plus maze [EPM] test) and electroencephalographic (EEG) waves were evaluated. Night milk-treated animals exhibited decreased spontaneous locomotion (open-field test) and impaired motor balance and coordination (rotarod test). Furthermore, Night milk shortened the sleep onset and prolonged the sleep duration induced by pentobarbital sodium. These effects were comparable to that of diazepam. In addition, Night milk significantly increased the percentage of time spent and entries into the open arms of the EPM, indicating that it also has anxiolytic effects. No significant changes in EEG waves were observed. Altogether, these findings suggest that Night milk is a promising natural aid for sleep- and anxiety-related disturbances.