<특집>한국어 교육의 오늘 : 한글 자모 교육의 표준화 방안

원순옥 ( Sun Ok Won ),강주영 ( Ju Yeong Kang ) 한국민족연구원 2014 민족연구 Vol.0 No.59

This paper compares and analyzes Korean alphabet education performed variously now to grope ways to integrate Korean alphabet educations. For this, Korean alphabet systems regulated in ‘The rules of Korean orthography’ and ‘The standard pronunciation of Korean’ are examined, and ways to present Korean alphabet that appear in the textbooks used in Korean education for the foreigners and the textbooks used in the official language education at elementary schools are compared. As a result of comparison between these regulations and the textbooks, it seems desirous to implement systematic and effective Korean alphabet education through standardization such as contents, orders and methods provided in Korean alphabet education. The following matters shall be considered to standardize the Korean alphabet education. First, criteria over the number of consonants-vowels and the order of suggestions shall be established. Second, it shall be established whether to suggest the names of consonants-vowels and in which way and which stage they shall be suggested. Third, it shall be established whether the pronunciation would be marked and how the marking would be like. The Korean alphabet whoever use it, regardless of Koreans or foreigners is same. Therefore, the contents, orders, and methodologies suggested while they study Korean must be the same. Of course, the teaching ways depending on learners` variables can be different. However, basically, the directions of education which become a premise should be standardized. It will be helpful to make learners and instructors find suitable teaching methods and reduce confusion. To these ends, in the body, the plans to standardize Korean Alphabet Education are suggested as follows. The number of alphabet should be suggested with 40 letters. The order to suggest alphabet should follow the principles of making words in Hunmin Jeongeum to help recognize and remember the letters. The Korean names are better to be marked while educating Alphabet. The phonetic values of Alphabet should be suggested by IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). If necessary, mother tongues of learners can be used.

자모의교육목표와그교육내용에대한반성적고찰

오광근(Oh Kwang-keun) 어문연구학회 2017 어문연구 Vol.93 No.-

이 연구는자모교육의 목표가 무엇인지를 살펴보고 이를 토대로 그 교육 대상을 정하는 것이다. 그동안 자모 교육에 대한 논의들이 간헐적으로 있었지만 각각의 논의들에서 교육 대상이 동일하지 않았다. 그것은 자모 교육의 목표가 불분명했기 때문이다. 그러므로 자모 교육의 대상을 설정하기 위해서라도 발음 교육의 목표를 논의하지 않을 수 없게된다. 그리하여 이 연구에서는 외국어로서의 발음 교육의 목표를 다룬 논의와 저서를 살펴보고 발음 교육의 목표를 설정하고자 한다. 그리고 이것을 토대로 하여 자모 교육의 목표를 설정하고자 하였다. 자모교육은 기본적으로 외국인 한국어학습자에게한글자모를 읽고 쓸수 있게 가르치는 데 그 목적이 있다. 그리고 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 한국어 교원은 학습자에게 그들스스로가 자모를읽을수있게교육하는것이무엇보다중요하다. 이러한점에서자 모에대한교육은음가의발음교육에해당한다. 즉자모교육은발음교육으로서음가교육인 것이다. 이는 곧 의사소통을 위한 발음 교육임을 의미하기도 한다. 한국어 학습자가 자모에 대한 음가를 발음함에 있어 화자가 누구든 그리고 청자가 누구든간에의미를전달하는데있어어떤장애가생기지않아야한다. 의미전달에장애가 생긴다는 것은 의사소통에 문제가 발생하였음을 의미하기 때문이다. 그러므로 음가 교육의목표는한국에서소리의차이로의미가변별되는수많은어형들에대해서학습자가이를 변별하여발음할수있도록 한국어 교원이 학습자에게교육하는 데그 목표를 설정해야 한다 하겠다. The study focuses on reviewing what the goal of teaching the Korean alphabet is and then organizes the teaching subject based on the review. Up until now, there were a few studies dealing with teaching the Korean alphabet but the teaching subjects in these studies were not clarified because the goal of teaching the Korean alphabet was unclear. Thus, in order to clarify the subject of teaching the Korean alphabet, it cannot help discussing to teach pronunciation of the Korean alphabet. Firstly, this study will review the previous studies including books and articles dealing with the goal of teaching pronunciation of the Korean alphabet in the field of Korean as Second Language(KSL) and then build the goal of teaching pronunciation. In addition, this study will establish the goal of teaching the Korean alphabet. Teaching the Korean alphabet basically aims at teaching KSL learners how to read and write the Korean alphabet. In order to accomplish this goal, it is important for KSL teachers to teach KSL learners how to read Korean vowel and consonant alphabets by themselves. Therefore, teaching the Korean alphabet exactly means teaching how to pronounce them. Moreover, teaching how to pronounce the Korean alphabet means teaching how to communicate with Korean. As KSL learners pronounces the sound of Korean vowel and consonant alphabets, they do not suffer any problem to convey word meanings and sentence meanings caused by their pronunciation. If there is certain problem caused by pronunciation, it means that communication between KSL learners and others are malfunction. Therefore, the goal of teaching how to pronounce the Korean alphabet is that KSL teachers teach KSL learners to learn and pronounce the sounds of various word forms correctly.

한글과 윌리엄 모리스 작품을 응용한 네일아트 디자인연구 -작품제작을 중심으로-

남경희(주저자) ( Kyung Hee Nam ),정연자(교신저자) ( Yeon Ja Jung ) 한국동양예술학회 2014 동양예술 Vol.26 No.-

With the formative beauty of hangeul (Korean alphabet) and color of William Morris`` design as motives, this study attempted to express intrinsic aesthetic beauty by maintaining the formative beauty of Korean alphabet and applying human emotions which can be felt when Korean alphabet is reminded of and its formative beauty to various nail designs. Focusing on the handicraft aspect of nail art and William Morris`` arts & crafts movement, the colors applied to the designs he created during hishappiest days of his life such as checked patterns and daisy among a great number of his designs were derived. For Korean alphabet design, ``happiness``, ``flower``, ``love``, ``Korean alphabet`` and ``hunminjeongeum (ancient Korean alphabet)`` were randomly named. In addition, calligraphy which can enhance the formative value of Korean alphabet was applied with modern senses. In addition, the novelty of design and creative formative beauty of Korean alphabet were promoted in nail design by applying ``Happiness (by Cham Art Gallery in Daejeon)`` and ``Flower (by Kang Byeong-gyu)`` to the design. First, to enhance the accuracy of the colors applied to design after using the three-leaf clover as a symbol of happiness, ``L*a*b*`` colors were derived, and ``Happiness`` written in calligraphy and clover leaves were designed. After applying hand printing with acrylic colors and using parts and acrylic powder in similar color, ornamentation was emphasized with 3D flower decoration. As a result, warmness and happiness which can be felt from the vocabulary of ``happiness; were contained in the design. Second, William Morris`` ``Daisy`` and Kang Byeong-gyu``s ``Flower`` were chosen for Korean alphabet design. Using the colors derived from the designs, water-decal flowers were designed on hanji (traditional Korean paper) for background. Then, a flower was designed with acrylic colors, and it was put in the middle of the Korean alphabet ``Kkot``. Third, using the colors derived from William Morris`` ``Pomegranate`` and design factor of Korean alphabet ``Sarang``, Korean nature was designed on hanji with naturally dried greens for background. Then, using passionate red fruits which symbolize ``love``, gorgeous parts and colored jewels, it was tried to express the innocence and passion of love. Fourth, the emblem of the Kelmscott Press, a publishing company founded by William Morris in his later years, and Korean type widely used in wood printing and type printing were used. After applying a block book to the design and using the derived colors, a pattern of vine which can be found in Korean traditional patterns as well was applied with acrylic colors for background. After spraying white opal-colored powders, stones were gently laid. Fifth, using the colors derived from William Morris`` Acanthus (1874), hunminjeongeum with a scientific and formative beauty was expressed on hanji. Then, the beautiful nature of Korea including sea, river, mountain and trees were created using mother-of-pearl powder. This study intended to expand the scope of expression in nail design in expressing colors, quality of material and shape using diverse techniques and materials. Even though the trendy and artistic beauty of nail design has been recognized, there should be continued studies on new academic and creative nail art designs which haven``t been handled in this study for a further development of nail art. This study is meaningful in that it suggested the value of Korean alphabet for nail art by expanding its formative excellence and diversity through a study on the development of nail design after analyzing the formative beauty of Korean alphabet. It is expected that the study results would be available as basic data for theoretical design in nail art and academic resources for nail design by providing nail art design cases.

외국인 학습자를 위한 한글 자모와 발음 교육 방법에 대하여

양명희(Yang Myung-Hee) 중앙어문학회 2009 語文論集 Vol.41 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to present several methods of standardizing of the education of the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation. I have researched the teaching methods used by several Korean textbooks for foreigners, and found many differences on the order of presenting the Korean Alphabet, on the classification of the Korean Alphabet, on the ways of presenting Korean pronunciation, etc. I proposed some suggestions on the standardization of teaching the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation. First of all, educators should introduce 40 Korean Alphabets according to the phonetic features and the shape of the characters. They should teach the vowels before the consonants because Korean consonants are not syllabic. Also when teaching the vowels it is not necessary to devide the vowels into basic vowels and complex vowels using the invention principal of Hunminjeongeum because it is more efficient to teach Korean Alphabet according to the phonetic classification, single vowels and diphthong vowels. As ‘ㅚ, ㅟ’ vowels usually pronounce as diphthong, instructors should teach ‘ㅚ, ㅟ’ vowels as diphthong. Secondly, Educators should teach the name of the Korean Alphabet. Thirdly, they should teach the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation together and represent pronunciation according to IPA.

근대계몽기 ‘국문론’의 레퍼런스에 대하여

김병문 한말연구학회 2019 한말연구 Vol.- No.54

The core of the various discussions on ‘Korean alphabet’ conducted during the modern enlightenment period was that Korean alphabet should be used instead of Chinese character when entering a new era. In the process, the reasons generally presented to support the merits of Korean alphabet over Chinese character were that Korean alphabet is a phonetic symbol unlike Chinese character and that phonogram had been more advantageous for universalization of knowledge and achievement of national prosperity and military power as it was proved by Western alphabets. However, actually the Korean alphabet during that time was not read so easily and various proposals were made for solution of such problems. The focus was shifted from the issue of ‘what kind of alphabet’ to ‘how to use it’. The question raised from this was the ‘original form, principle, system, etc. of Korean alphabet’. This, too, was the reason why various references were quoted or referred to for ‘Korean Alphabet Theory’. This study aims to investigate the references referred to in the process of the development of Korean Alphabet Theory in modern enlightenment period and their influence on the discussions conducted during that time.

『제국신문』의 국문 인식과 한글 독자(1) : ‘국문’ 표현 기사를 중심으로

권두연(Kwon, Du-Yeon) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2021 동방학지 Vol.196 No.-

이 연구는 『제국신문』이 표방한 순국문의 의미와 『제국신문』에 사용된 ‘국문’ 표현 기사의 양상을 고찰함으로써 『제국신문』의 국문 인식을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 『제국신문』은 창간호에서 순국문 출판을 표방했는데, 실제 『제국신문』이 구현한 순국문은 국문 독자들이 읽고 이해할 수 있는 수준의 한글로 한자나 한문을 번역하여 풀어 쓰되, 진의를 해치거나 고칠 수 없다고 판단한 곳에서는 원문을 그대로 게재하는 방식을 취했다. 따라서 『제국신문』의 순국문을 한자와 한문을 전혀 쓰지 않거나 전면 배제한 한글 전용으로 이해하는 것은 오해의 여지가 있다. 오히려 『제국신문』은 당대 국문 담론의 핵심 사안이었던 ‘국문전용 한문폐지’에 유보적 태도를 보이면서 선(先)국문 후(後)한문에 입각한 입장을 일관하였다. 다음으로 ‘국문’을 필두로 언문, 반절, 정음, 암글 등 유사 표현이 사용된 이른바 ‘국문’ 표현 기사를 추출하여 빈도 및 양상을 살펴보았다. 총 210여개 정도로 도출된 이 기사들은 사고(5), 논설(67), 기서(11), 별보(7), 잡보(96), 광고(11), 잡보 하위란(8), 현상응모(2), 소설(1), 기타(2)로 분류되고 잡보와 논설이 가장 많은 비중을 차지한다. 내용별로는 국문 신문의 입장 및 국문의 필요성과 중요성을 강조하는 국문(론)기사, 신문·잡지에 관한 매체 기사, 학교 설립과 교과 관련한 교육 기사, 서적의 번역 및 출판 유통에 관한 기사, 그리고 신문 구독자 및 독자에 관한 기사 등으로 구성된다. 이러한 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있는 몇 가지 점은 첫째 ‘국문’ 표현 기사는 후반기로 갈수록 증가한다는 사실이다. 둘째 『제국신문』이 다른 경쟁 매체뿐 아니라 한문 식자층이나 기존 언문 독자층과도 중층적으로 대응했다는 점이다. 마지막으로 독자들의 한글 글쓰기를 위해 다양한 시도를 모색했다는 점이다. 이는 주시경이나 양홍묵, 유길준 같이 국문의 대중화에 힘쓴 이들만이 아닌 박장현, 표준경, 원경민, 리면근 등 일반 독자의 글을 게재함으로써 국문에 대한 공통 인식을 형성하는 데 일조한 것으로 간주된다. The purpose of this study is to examine recognitions of Korean alphabet in 『Jeguksinmun』 by considering the meaning of the pure Korean alphabet, declared by it and the pattern of articles expressed in Korean alphabet used by it. The frequency and patterns of Korean alphabet and similar expressions were examined after abstracting articles expressed in Korean alphabet . From the analysis, several findings can be verified: First, the number of articles expressed in the Korean alphabet had been gradually increased until the latter half. Second, 『Jeguksinmun』 made the multi-layered response to not only other rival media, but also the literate stratum using Chinese writing or the existing Eonmun readers. Third, it variously attempted to escape from the Chinese ethnocentrism and help readers write Korean alphabet. 『Jeguksinmun』 is thought to make a contribution to forming a common perception on the Korean alphabet, by introducing not only the texts of scholars who make efforts to popularize the Korean alphabet, such as Ju Sigyeong, Yang Hongmuk and Yu Giljun, but also those of general readers, including Park Janghyeon, Pyo Jungyeong, Won Gyeongmin, Li Geunmyeon, etc.

『월인천강지곡』의 인쇄사적 가치에 대한 재고찰

옥영정 국어사학회 2018 국어사연구 Vol.0 No.26

일반적으로 알려진 『월인천강지곡』에 대한 인쇄사적 위상은 한글 금속활자로 인쇄한 최초의 문헌 가운데 하나라는 점이다. 하지만 인쇄사적 측면에서 보았을 때 이 책이 지니는 의의는 한글 금속활자라는 것 외에도 조판기술, 교정 등 여러 측면에서 가치를 지니는 내용이 많다. 그 동안 『월인천강지곡』을 대상으로 한 연구는 문학사, 국어사, 한글글꼴 등 수많은 연구가 진행되었다. 세종이 친히 지은 곡이고 훈민정음 반포 이후 한글의 쓰임을 확인할 수 있는 첫 기록물이면서 한글이 전용으로 쓰이고 한자가 주기된 문헌으로 국어사 영역에서 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 하지만 이 책의 인쇄사적 의미로 남은 의미에 대해서는 그동안 매우 소략했다. 따라서 이 글은 세종의 한글보급과 금속활자인쇄 방식을 구체적으로 증명하는 저술이라는 측면에서 『월인천강지곡』의 서지학적인 특징과 인쇄방법에 대하여 보다 세밀하게 살펴보는 것에 목표를 두었다. 이번 고찰에서는 전통방식의 인쇄의 공정에 따라 그 방식을 확인해 보았다. 그 동안 언급되었더라도 제대로 인식되지 않은 것이나 새롭게 알려져야 할 내용을 중심으로 다루었다. 첫 번째, 활자는 최초의 한글 금속활자로서 『석보상절』의 활자와 거의 같은 시기에 간행되었고 동일한 활자를 사용한 것이 확인되므로 『석보상절』의 한글활자와 함께 초기 한글활자의 유형을 새롭게 지정할 필요가 있다는 것이다. 두 번째, 『석보상절』과 함께 제책된 『월인천강지곡』 낱장을 좀 더 구체적으로 분석한 결과 최소 2번 이상의 교정을 거치면서 현전본이 이루어진 것임을 확인하였다. 세 번째. 그동안 드러나지 않았던 이 책의 조판 방식과 교정에 대해서도 현전자료의 구체적 분석으로 통하여 그 사례별로 살펴보았다. 조판 당시 변란은 15종류 이상의 일체형과 분리형 인판틀이 사용되었다. 활자조판에서도 방점은 활자와 분리하였고, 최종 인쇄이후에도 마지막 교정을 한 것도 알 수 있다. 국가적인 기록유산으로서 『월인천강지곡』의 인쇄방식과 사용된 재료 교정 등의 내용은 후대에 이어져서 간행되는 한글본의 후쇄본 상황이나 그와 관련된 여러 저술에 영향을 줄 수밖에 없다. 판식의 형태나 사용된 재료 등이 창안기의 모습을 담고 있으므로 『월인천강지곡』의 인쇄된 인면에 대한 분석을 통해서 당시 인쇄공정의 주요 과정을 대부분 복원해내는 것이 가능할 것으로 여겨진다. Generally, Wolincheongangjigok is considered to have high status in printing history in the sense that it is one of the first documents printed with Korean alphabet metal types. However, in the perspective of printing history, it has other values in the perspective of type-composition techniques, correction of the press, and others. There have been a lot of researches on Wolincheongangjigok in various fields like literary history, Korean language history, and Korean alphabet fonts, etc. It was written by King Sejong. As it was the first document written in Korean language after Hunminjeongeum had been proclaimed by the king, we can identify how Korean alphabet was used from the book. The book was written in the Korean alphabet, and Chinese characters were used to supplement it. So, there have been many researches in the field of Korean language history. But, there have been not enough researches on it in the perspective of printing history. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the bibliographic characteristics and printing methods of Wolincheongangjigok more in detail with the view that it is the book proving the distribution of Korean alphabet by King Sejong and printing with metal types. This study identified the printing method by applying the traditional printing process. The findings of this study which have not been recognized well, or are newly found are as follows. First, Wolincheongangjigok was published at almost the same time when Seokbosangjeol was published, and the types used for the former were the same ones used for the latter. So, it is necessary to designate the Korean alphabet types used for the book as the first form of Korean alphabet type, together with the those used for Seokbosangjeol. Second, analysis of each page of Wolincheongangjigok which had been compiled with Seokbosangjeol showed that the existing copy of it was completed by correcting the press at least two times. Third, the analysis of the existing copy of Wolincheongangjigok revealed specific type-composition and correction of the press techniques. When the types were composed, more than 15 kinds of frames, single units and separate units, were used. In alphabet composition, side dots were separated from alphabets. It was also found that the press was corrected after the final printing of it. It is unavoidable that the printing methods, materials used, correction and others of Wolincheongangjigok, a memory of national register, have affected the Korean alphabet presses in later years and related writings. As the forms of the frames and materials used for the press of the original copy of Wolincheongangjigok can be identified, it seems that, through the analysis of the prints of the book, we can recover most of the major parts of the printing process of the times.

스마트 교육 환경에서의 한글 자모 교육

이승왕 한국초등국어교육학회 2016 한국초등국어교육 Vol.60 No.-

The purpose of this study is to discuss Korean alphabet (Hangeul) education for developing basic literacy effectively in a smart learning environment. There are two groups who need to study the Korean alphabet, Hangeul. One is native Koreans who need Korean education; preschool children, elementary-middle-high school students and some of adults or elderly learners. The other is foreigners who need Korean language education; Koreans with a multicultural background, children from international married families, immigrant children from multi-cultural families and foreigners who want to study Korean. Basic Korean alphabet education is important to these groups for communicating with each other more smoothly and more efficiently. Therefore, in order to multiply the effect of Korean alphabet education we need to change teaching methods and circumstances. To achieve effective Korean alphabet education, we need to change as follows. In the case of Korean education, we would have to reinforce the articulation of educational contents and improve the secondary books. In the case of Korean laguage education, it would be necessary to develop e-textbooks for learners to choose their learning contents themselves and facilitate students’ learning through practical evaluation. The Korean education that is easier and more fun can help learners to understand Korean language culture and Korean culture. Therefore, Korean alphabet education needs to change many things following the demands of time. 이 연구의 목적은 스마트 교육 환경으로 변화된 현재의 교육적 환경에서 한글자모 교육의 변화를 모색함으로써 기초 문식성 신장을 위한 한글 교육의 기초 논의 과정을 마련하는 데 있다. 한글 자모 교육의 대상은 국어 교육에서는 취학 전의 아동, 초·중·고 학생, 노년층을 포함한 성인이 되고, 한국어 교육에서는 국제결혼 가정(외국출생) 자녀, 중도입국 가정 자녀, 외국인 가정 자녀와 같은 다문화 배경 학습자와 한국어를배우는 외국인이 된다. 한글 교육은 한글 자모 교육과 한글 문화 교육으로 나눌 수 있으며, 국어 교육과 한국어 교육에서 오랫동안 다루어지고 있다. 매체의 발달과 더불어 교육 환경이 변화됨에 따라 미래 사회를 성공적으로 살아가기 위해서 한글 자모 교육이 언어 사용 능력의 기반이 되는 중요한 영역임을 인식할 필요가 있다. 교육 환경의 변화와 학습자 중심의 효과적인 한글 자모 교육이 이루어지기 위해서는 다음과 같은 변화가 필요하다. 먼저, 국어 교육에서는 미래 사회 역량을중심으로 수직적·수평적 연계성을 강화하고 보조교과서를 통해 스마트 학습으로연계되어야 한다. 한국어 교육에서는 사용자 중심으로 학습을 선택할 수 있도록체계적인 전자 교과서 개발과 한글의 제자 원리를 자연스럽게 익힐 수 있는 실제적 평가가 이루어져야 한다. 한글 자모 교육은 단편적으로 자음과 모음을 익히는 것이 아니라 학습자가 효과적인 (한)국어 교육을 위한 기초 문식성 신장의 중요한 영역으로 인식하여 스마트 교육 환경에 적용되어야 할 것이다.

한글 자형의 시각적 특성과 변별적 인지 구조의 차별성

이동훈,정태충 한국어정보학회 2007 한국어정보학 Vol.9 No.1

I would like to prove Korean alphabet's structural excellencies by comparative experiments among Korean, English, and Chinese alphabets. I measured speed and accuracy of perception of each alphabet by varying distance between people and letters and by changing its width and length. As the result of the experiments, Korean characters' length is shorter than Chinese's in same square. Moreover, Korean characters are more percept than Chinese characters even if Korean alphabet was far away from experimental subject more than Chinese alphabet. This shows that Korean alphabet is relatively simpler in terms of character formation so that it would be more easily recognizable. As another result of comparative experiments with English character, Korean alphabet would be proved to occupy smaller space than English to represent the same information given to the subjects because Korean Alphabet use the orthography of 'Compose syllabic units'. The experiments would prove that Korean alphabet is also easier to recognize than English alphabet.

일본어 모어 학습자를 위한 한글 자모 도입에 대하여 -일본 대학교 초급 교재의 경우-

이안구 ( An Koo Lee ) 한국어교육학회(구 한국국어교육연구학회) 2015 국어교육 Vol.0 No.150

This paper aims to compare and analyze the unit of Korean Alphabet in Korean elementary textbooks for university students in Japan. In Chapter 2, the order of introducing the Korean Alphabet in textbooks for Japanese students are reviewed and sorted by vowel and consonant characters. Many patterns of introducing the Korean vowel and consonant characters are grouped together and investigated. In Korean textbooks, many words are conferred in introducing the Korean Alphabet. In Chapter 3, the words presented as examples for the Korean Alphabet in Korean textbooks are sorted by frequency. Each of the words is checked by the published lists of the Korean elementary vocabulary and examined. It is proposed that the teaching strategies for Japanese students are required in introducing Korean Alphabet. In Chapter 4, a tentative model for introducing Korean Alphabet for Japanese students is suggested.