표현중심의 중국어 교육문법 체계에 관한 고찰

위수광 한국중국언어문화연구회 2012 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.30

In the view of necessity of expression-oriented grammar system when foreign learners try to communicate, this study has examined the issues related to expression-oriented grammar in Chinese school grammar system as well as Korean. Also, the study comes to know that the current educational grammar system has established based on theoretical grammar system and literary educational grammar system by reviewing some educational grammar textbooks and syllabus of educational grammar used in Chinese teaching. That means it focuses on the comprehension of the Chinese language with piecemeal, partial and analytic features. Yet, more general, comprehensive and practical grammar system is required focusing expression-oriented system for Koreans who aim to learn Chinese for improving communication skills. Therefore, this study compared the difference between comprehension-oriented system and expression-oriented systems based on analysis of existing educational grammar system. The researcher also tried to understand more clearly expression-oriented grammar system by presenting existing grammar items to be extended to expression-oriented ones.

Importance of Expression System in the Production of Unnatural Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli

Niraikulam Ayyadurai,Rameshkumar Neelamegam,Soundrarajan Nagasundarapandian,Selvakumar Edwardraja,Hyung Soon Park,Soo Jae Lee,Tae Hyeon Yoo,Hyungdon Yoon,이선구 한국생물공학회 2009 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.14 No.3

In this study, we investigated the efficiencies by which the pET and pQE expression systems produce unnatural recombinant proteins by residue-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids, a method through which it was found that type of gene expression system tremendously influences the production yield of unnatural proteins in Escherichia coli. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a single-chain Fv antibody against c-Met were utilized as model recombinant proteins while Lhomopropargylglycine (Hpg), a methionine analogue that incorporates into the methionine residues of a recombinant protein, was used as model unnatural amino acid. The pET system produced an almost negligible amount of Hpg-incorporated unnatural protein compared to the amount of methionine-incorporated natural protein. However, comparable amounts of unnatural and natural protein were produced by the pQE expression system. The amount of unnatural GFP protein produced through pET expression was not increased despite the over-expression of methionyl tRNA synthetase, which can enhance the activation rate of methionyl-tRNA with a methionine analogue. Incorporation of Hpg decreased the productivity of active GFP by approximately 2.5 fold, possibly caused by the inefficient folding of Hpg-incorporated GFP. Conversely, the productivity of functional anti-c-Met sc-Fv was not influenced by incorporation of Hpg. We confirmed through LC-MS and LCMS/ MS that Hpg was incorporated into the methionine residues of the recombinant proteins produced by the pQE expression system In this study, we investigated the efficiencies by which the pET and pQE expression systems produce unnatural recombinant proteins by residue-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids, a method through which it was found that type of gene expression system tremendously influences the production yield of unnatural proteins in Escherichia coli. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a single-chain Fv antibody against c-Met were utilized as model recombinant proteins while Lhomopropargylglycine (Hpg), a methionine analogue that incorporates into the methionine residues of a recombinant protein, was used as model unnatural amino acid. The pET system produced an almost negligible amount of Hpg-incorporated unnatural protein compared to the amount of methionine-incorporated natural protein. However, comparable amounts of unnatural and natural protein were produced by the pQE expression system. The amount of unnatural GFP protein produced through pET expression was not increased despite the over-expression of methionyl tRNA synthetase, which can enhance the activation rate of methionyl-tRNA with a methionine analogue. Incorporation of Hpg decreased the productivity of active GFP by approximately 2.5 fold, possibly caused by the inefficient folding of Hpg-incorporated GFP. Conversely, the productivity of functional anti-c-Met sc-Fv was not influenced by incorporation of Hpg. We confirmed through LC-MS and LCMS/ MS that Hpg was incorporated into the methionine residues of the recombinant proteins produced by the pQE expression system

매체물의 특성을 고려한 심의제도 구축에 관한 시론적 연구

임효준 언론중재위원회 2016 미디어와 인격권 Vol.2 No.1

In recent years, there has been much controversy regarding content regulation systems for newly introduced media-products, such as music videos, web-toons, and mobile applications. This controversy contains both regulation result issues and regulation structure issues. This study focuses on the latter, as regulation structure issues are fundamental causes of this controversy. The ultimate goal is to separately present all the proper content regulation systems for each media-product. However, this goal can hardly be achieved in a short time. Thus, this study instead tries to provide the theoretical basis for such work as a preliminary step. “Media” is a term that describes the various transmission methods of human expression such as press (off-line) media, broadcasting media, and telecommunication media. “Media-products” are the different types of contents or expressions that are contained in or transmitted through the media, such as movies, dramas, advertisements, and music video. Media-products are included under the protection of freedom of expression. However, this can be limited by media-product content regulation systems for the purpose of protecting the youth, guaranteeing the consumers’ right to know, and to some extent, securing the creator’s freedom of expression. Thus, regulation systems can be constitutionally legitimate only when they are constructed and operated with a proper balance between the creator’s freedom of expression and the above public interests, especially protection of the youth. Current media-product content regulation systems are constructed not by media-product standards, but instead by media standards. Only a few exceptions are established in the case of certain media-products that have prominent characteristics, such as movies, games, and advertisements. It can be said that the current system is based on media-oriented vertical regulation systems. However, this system no longer fits into the contemporary media environment. In order to distribute certain media-products through various media, the products should pass each of the content regulation procedures. Thus, from a constitutional perspective, this not only infringes on the freedom of expression, but also impairs youth protection. Many solutions to this problem have been proposed, such as unifying all regulation organizations or switching to a EU-type horizontal regulation system. However, every method has certain limitations. The former has practical problems, considering the historical aspect of each content regulation institution, and the latter has problems similar to those of media-oriented vertical regulation systems. Therefore, in the long term, the current system needs to be changed to a media-products-oriented horizontal regulation system. In this system, once each media-products regulation institution conducts contents regulation for the corresponding media-products with considering the characteristic of that media-products enough, those media-products can be distributed through all other media without additional content regulation. For this, it is necessary to try and separate a particular media-product regulation system from the current media-oriented system, when we can distinguish the characteristics of that media-products from those of other media-products enough. A future series of studies will deal with concrete content regulation systems for each media-product separately. In these works, the so-called ‘interdisciplinary methodology’ will be required. This methodology is used to determine the characteristics of media-products from a media studies point of view (step 1), to analyze the current status of the media-product content regulation system (step 2), and to review the system from a legal studies point of view (step 3). 현행법상 매체물에 대한 심의제도는 ‘매체물’이 아닌 ‘매체’를 기준으로 크게 대별되도록 구성한 뒤 영화, 게임물, 광고물 등 그 특성이 두드러지는 ‘매체물’들만을 선별하여 별도의 심의제도를 구축한 형태를 띠고 있다. 이는 ‘매체특성론에 기반한 수직적 규제 시스템’에 근거한 것인데, ‘매체물의 수평적 통합’이 이루어지고 있는 오늘날의 매체 환경과는 더 이상 잘 맞지 않기 때문에, 청소년 보호와 표현의 자유 보장 두 가치를 모두 훼손하는 결과까지 낳고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 그동안 심의기구를 통합하거나 유럽연합 방식의 수평적 규제 시스템으로 전환하고자 하는 방안 등이 논의되었으나 모두 일정한 한계가 있었다. 따라서 장기적으로는 ‘매체물특성론에 기반한 수평적 규제 시스템’으로의 전환을 도모할 필요가 있고, 이를 위해서는 다른 매체물들과 구별되는 독립된 특성을 일정 정도 파악할 수 있게 된 경우 해당 매체물에 대한 심의제도를 기존의 체계로부터 분리해 낼 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

건강기능식품법상 기능성 표시 · 광고 사전심의제도의 위헌성 여부에 관한 연구

이세정 전남대학교 법학연구소 2008 법학논총 Vol.28 No.2

These days there is tendency to classify health functional foods under medical supplies. False or exaggerated advertisement of health functional foods could therefore endanger the consumer’s life, body and health. To guarantee freedom of the business activities, current Health Functional Food Act adopted the Negative system. At the same time, however, a pre-deliberating system has been put in place in order to protect consumers’ right to know through providing accurate information and thereby preventing false or exaggerated advertisement of health functional foods. However, this pre-deliberating system is similar to ‘pre-censorship on press and publication’ stated in Constitution article 21 ②, therefore it is possible to infringe on freedom of expression. Thus, this article examines the labelling and advertisements which are forbidden in current Health Functional Food Act and the effects of their violation; and this article also examines the possibility of this pre-deliberating system being unconstitutional with regards to the labelling and advertisements of health functional foods. The finding of this article shows that this pre-deliberating system can be categorized under items that should be censor-free as stated in the Constitution. In addition to this, under this system, it is illegal to advertise unless approval has been granted by the pre-deliberating board. Moreover, it is mandatory for the pre-deliberating board to conduct an administrative deliberation process. These conditions above all satisfy the components that calls for the pre-censorship prevention principles, as stated by the Constitutional Court: i) mandatory product presentation for approval, ii) an administrative-subjected pre-deliberating process, iii) compulsory process which facilitates the prevention of unapproved expression and pre-deliberating, which indicate the possibility of constitutional violation. Therefore, it is essential to modify the system by removing the possibility of direct/indirect influence from the administrative board’s pre-deliberating measures or processes. It is recommended that nongovernmental associations steer the process instead in order for the pre-deliberating system to be free from the accusations of possibly being unconstitutional. These days there is tendency to classify health functional foods under medical supplies. False or exaggerated advertisement of health functional foods could therefore endanger the consumer’s life, body and health. To guarantee freedom of the business activities, current Health Functional Food Act adopted the Negative system. At the same time, however, a pre-deliberating system has been put in place in order to protect consumers’ right to know through providing accurate information and thereby preventing false or exaggerated advertisement of health functional foods. However, this pre-deliberating system is similar to ‘pre-censorship on press and publication’ stated in Constitution article 21 ②, therefore it is possible to infringe on freedom of expression. Thus, this article examines the labelling and advertisements which are forbidden in current Health Functional Food Act and the effects of their violation; and this article also examines the possibility of this pre-deliberating system being unconstitutional with regards to the labelling and advertisements of health functional foods. The finding of this article shows that this pre-deliberating system can be categorized under items that should be censor-free as stated in the Constitution. In addition to this, under this system, it is illegal to advertise unless approval has been granted by the pre-deliberating board. Moreover, it is mandatory for the pre-deliberating board to conduct an administrative deliberation process. These conditions above all satisfy the components that calls for the pre-censorship prevention principles, as stated by the Constitutional Court: i) mandatory product presentation for approval, ii) an administrative-subjected pre-deliberating process, iii) compulsory process which facilitates the prevention of unapproved expression and pre-deliberating, which indicate the possibility of constitutional violation. Therefore, it is essential to modify the system by removing the possibility of direct/indirect influence from the administrative board’s pre-deliberating measures or processes. It is recommended that nongovernmental associations steer the process instead in order for the pre-deliberating system to be free from the accusations of possibly being unconstitutional.

디자인 표현의 논리체계에 관한 연구

고재성(Jae Sung Koh) 한국디자인문화학회 2013 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.19 No.3

기억에 의해 재현된 이미지는 대상의 표현이다. 그런 표현이 의도적일 때 디자인 표현이 된다. 즉 기억에 의한 표현과 디자인 표현은 동일한 체계이다. 따라서 본 연구는 기억에 의해 재현된 표현과 디자인 표현의 논리체계가 동일한 것임을 사례를 통해 확인함을 목적으로 하며 방법은 다음과 같다. 임의로 선택한 대상에서 상기된 이미지가 중복될 수 있음을 확인한후 중복된 이미지는 객관적 표현으로 중복되지 않은 이미지는 주관적 표현으로 범주화하여 표현의 논리체계를 분석한다. 그런 논리체계가 디자인 표현의 논리체계와 동일한 것임을 디자인 표현의 대표적 사례인대한민국디자인전람회 시각디자인부문 수상작품을 통해 확인하는 방법으로 구성한다. 방법을 통해 도출한 내용은 다음과 같다. 표현의 매개는 주관과 객관이다. 주관을 매개로 현상되면 대상은 주관적 이미지가 함축된 객관적 이미지로 상징되어 표현된다. 객관을 매개로 현상되면 대상은 주관적 이미지로 규정된 후 규정에 부합되는 이미지를 통해 알레고리로 표현된다. 상징과 알레고리로 표현되는 디자인은 기억에 의해 재현된 표현의 논리체계에 의한 것으로 디자인 표현과 기억에 의한 표현은 동일한 체계임을 확인하였다. The image revived by a memory is an expression of an object. In case such expression is intentional, it becomes design expression. That is, the expression made by a memory and design expression are of the same system. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm that the expression revived by a memory shares the same logic system with design expression through relevant cases, and the methods used are as follows. After confirming that the image recalled by a randomly selected object may be overlapped, the study categorized overlapping images as objective expression and non-overlapping images as subjective expression. Then the study analyzed the logic system of expression. The study composed the fact that such a logic system is the same as that of design expression by confirming though the work of prize winner in the visual design field at the Korean Design Exhibition, which is the representative case of design expression. The contents deduced from the method are as follows. The medium of expression is subjectivity and objectivity. When an object is represented as a shape by a medium of subjectivity, the object is expressed by being symbolized as an objective image in which a subjective image is implied. When an object is represented as a shape by a medium of objectivity, the object is defined as an objective image and then, it is expressed as an allegory through an image matching the definition. Design expressed as a symbol and an allegory is made by the logic system of expression revived by a memory. Accordingly the study confirmed that design expression and the expression made by a memory are of the same system.

포괄임금제의 성립 및 유효요건

임상민 대한변호사협회 2021 人權과 正義 : 大韓辯護士協會誌 Vol.- No.502

The comprehensive wage system was institutionalized by the Korean Supreme Court, which has approved the wage practices of the working place in considering the practical convenience aspect. However, the comprehensive wage system has been criticized as a system that effectively neutralizes all regulations on working hours, additional wages and legal allowances set under the Labor Standards Act by fixing low wages and long working hours. In accepting such criticism to some extent, the Korean Supreme Court has recently rendered decisions with a limited interpretation of the comprehensive wage system, contrary to the earlier decisions in which the formation and validity of comprehensive wage system were admitted broadly. Examples are as follows: 1) the formation of an implied comprehensive wage agreement has been recognized only on a very narrow basis, unlike the formation of express comprehensive wage agreement; 2) wage difference claims are recognized except in cases where it is difficult to calculate working hours; 3) not only collective agreement or employment rules but the Labor Standards Act has also been reviewed by the Court as a criterion in determining whether the comprehensive wage system is disadvantageous to employee or not; and 4) unlike the past, the Court has refrainsed from using the expression ‘convenience of calculation’ or ‘encouraging the the employees’ motivation to work’. Despite such a shift in Court decisions, there still exists a strong criticism of the comprehensive wage system, which prevails in many work-places due to decisions that systematically admit the comprehensive wage system. Against this background, the Korean Government has also announced a national agenda dealing with strict regulations of the comprehensive wage system. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that even though the current decisions interpret the comprehensive wage system on a limited basis, the decisions need to be much stricter in light of mandatory rules of the Labor Standards Act on working hours, additional wages and legal allowances. The main points in this article are: 1) fixed total wage system should be regarded as invalid, because the fixed total wage system cannot specify the basic wage that serves as the basis for calculating various additional wages or legal allowances; 2) cases where it is difficult to calculate working hours (which is a type of a case that denies employees’ wage difference claim) should be interpreted to be a case where it is impossible to calculate working hours; 3) lastly, when the requirement for the formation and validity of comprehensive wage system are discussed, the mandatory rule nature of the Labor Standards Act should be faithfully considered. 포괄임금제는 현실적 편의성이란 측면에서 대법원 판례가 사업장의 관행을 용인함으로써 제도화되었다. 그러나 저임금, 장시간 근로를 고착시킴으로써 근로기준법이 정한 근로시간과 가산임금 내지 법정수당에 관한 제반 규정들을 사실상 무력화하는 제도라는 비판을 받아 왔다. 대법원은 그러한 비판을 어느 정도 수용하여 포괄임금제를 폭넓게 허용하던 초기와 달리 최근에는 여러 측면에서 포괄임금제를 제한적으로 해석하는 방향으로 판례를 판시해 오고 있다. 명시적 포괄임금계약과 달리 묵시적 포괄임금계약의 성립을 매우 제한적으로만 허용하거나, 근로시간 산정이 어려운 경우가 아니라면 차액 지급 청구를 인정하거나, 단체협약이나 취업규칙 외에 근로기준법도 근로자에게 불이익한지 여부를 판단하는 기준으로 제시하거나, 과거와 달리 계산의 편의와 근로자의 근로의욕 고취라는 표현의 사용을 자제하는 것 등이 그 예라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 판례의 변화에도 불구하고 여전히 포괄임금제에 대한 비판이 강하게 존재하고 있고, 포괄임금제를 제도적으로 허용하는 판례로 인하여 상당수의 사업장에서 포괄임금제가 널리 성행하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이러한 현실을 토대로 대한민국 정부는 포괄임금제를 엄격하게 규제하는 것을 내용으로 한 국정과제를 발표하기도 하였다. 이 논문에서는, 현재의 판례가 포괄임금제를 제한적으로 해석하는 방향으로 운용하고 있지만 여전히 근로시간과 가산임금 내지 법정수당에 대한 근로기준법의 강행규정성에 비추어 볼 때 포괄임금제에 대한 판례는 지금보다 훨씬 더 엄격하게 규제하는 방향으로 운용되어야 함을 밝히고자 하였다. 요약하면 다음과 같다. 정액수당제는 별론으로 하더라도 각종 가산임금 내지 법정수당 산정의 기초가 되는 기본임금(통상임금)을 특정할 수 없는 정액급제 포괄임금제는 무효로 보아야 한다. 차액 지급 청구를 부정하는 유형인 ‘근로시간 산정이 어려운 경우’란 ‘근로시간 산정이 불가능한 경우’로 해석되어야 한다. 포괄임금제의 성립요건 내지 유효요건을 논할 때에는 근로기준법의 강행규정성이 충실하게 고려되어야 한다.

현행 음악영상물 심의제도의 문제점과 개선방안

임효준 언론중재위원회 2017 미디어와 인격권 Vol.3 No.2

This study is conducted as part of a project to change the current “media products–oriented vertical regulation system” to “media product–oriented horizontal regulation system,” following a previous study. In the latter system, once media products have gone through a regulating institution, which can sufficiently consider the characteristic of the said products, they can be distributed through all other media without the imposition of additional regulation. The current music video rating system takes on a dualistic approach depending on media distribution. In case of a music video that will be distributed by media, except through broadcasting, the Korea Media Rating Board gives the rating. On the other hand, in case of a music video that will be distributed by broadcasting media, each broadcasting company gives a rating. In the latter case, a music video that has already received a rating does not have to be rated again if it will be distributed by other media such as the Internet. For the Korea Media Rating Board’s rating system, the concept of a music video is narrowly shaped by its contents and production or subject to be distributed. The rating procedure is fast-tracked for music videos unlike for other video types, but the rating standards and the effects are the same. For a broadcasting company’s rating system, there are three types of rating units, and one of them does not have any legal basis. The rating team is small, but the rating procedure takes 1–2 days. The rating standards and effects are the same as those for a normal broadcasting program. The current music video rating system has the following problems. In general, different rating systems are applied to a music video that is distributed through the broadcasting media and other media, and several institutions regulate the same music video repeatedly. With regard to the rating system of the Korea Media Rating Board, the problems include the narrowing rating system for the content and the subject of the production or distribution, the long period needed for legal processes and appeals, the rating system being implemented using the same standard for video products, and the failure of doing part rating or contentrating. With regard to the rating system of broadcasting business operators, the problems include broadcasting business operators’ rating practices that are not prescribed by laws, the broadcasting business operators’ performance of separate ratings for the same material, and Korea Communications Standards Commission’s post-reregulation. The following are the improvements in the current music video rating system, which reflect the characteristics of music videos. In general, the music video rating system should be based on “a prior voluntary regulation by a producer and a supportive post-regulation by a civilian institution.” During the maintenance of the current system, the Korea Media Rating Board should rate all the music videos in any form and shorten the period for the legal processes and appeals, as well as practice a part-rating system or a content-rating system. A broadcasting business operator should not give an “unqualified” decision, and the subject of the rating should be in accordance with the Korean Broadcasters Association or a similar institution. In addition, a post-regulation should be carried out by the Korea Media Rating Board. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced its 2017 work plan, “promoting a policy to change the prior-rating system to a voluntary rating and post-management system.” The said work plan is in line with the fundamental improvements suggested by this study and should be welcomed. 현행 음악영상물 심의제도에는 문제점이 여럿 존재하는바, 전반적으로는 방송매체로 유통을 시작하는 음악영상물과 그 외의 매체로 유통을 시작하는 음악영상물 간에 별도의 심의제도가 적용되는 점, 여러 주체에 의한 심의가 중복하여 이루어지고 있는 점 등이 문제이다. 영상물등급위원회의 등급분류의 경우, 내용이나 제작ㆍ유통의 주체, 방송사업자의 등급분류를 거쳤는지 여부에 따라서 심의 대상이 달라지고, 법정 처리기한 및 구제절차에 걸리는 기간이 길며, 비디오물과 동일한 기준과 방식으로 심의가 이루어지고 있고, 부분심의의 시행 및 내용등급의 활용이 되지 못하고 있어 문제이다. 방송사업자의 등급분류의 경우, 지상파 방송사업자는 법률에 근거하지 않은 형태의 심의를 행하고 있고, 개개의 방송사업자로 심의 주체가 분산되어 있으며, 방송통신심의위원회에 의한 사후심의 역시 중첩적으로 행해지고 있어 문제이다. 음악영상물의 특성을 반영하여 개선방안을 제시해 보면, 전반적으로는 심의의 구조를 제작자의 사전 자율심의 및 단일한 민간기관의 보조적 사후심의로 통일시킬 필요가 있다. 현행 심의구조가 유지되는 동안에도 영상물등급위원회 등급분류의 경우 모든 형태의 음악영상물을 대상으로 삼을 필요가 있고, 법정 심의 기간을 단축시킬 필요가 있으며, 부분심의 방식과 내용등급제를 활용할 필요가 있다. 방송사업자 등급분류의 경우 법적 근거 없는 ‘방송 부적격’ 판정을 해서는 안 되며, 한국방송협회 등으로 심의 주체를 통일시킬 필요가 있고, 사후심의의 주체 역시 영상물등급위원회로 함이 타당할 것이다.

Optimization of colorectal cancer vaccine candidate protein GA733‐Fc expression in a baculovirus–insect cell system

김득수,Lu QIAO,이경진,고기성 한국곤충학회 2015 Entomological Research Vol.45 No.1

The baculovirus–insect cell expression system has been used to produce functional recombinant proteins. The antigen GA733 is a cell‐surface glycoprotein highly expressed on most human colorectal carcinoma cells. Conditions for the expression of GA733 fused to the human immunoglobulin IgG Fc fragment (GA733‐Fc) were optimized in the baculovirus expression system. Several variable factors were adjusted to optimize expression, including the cell line (Sf9 and High Five), multiplicity of infection (MOI) value (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3), post‐infection time (48, 72 and 96 h) and harvested sample (cell culture media (CM) or cell lysate (CL)). In addition, two pFastBac Dual vectors carrying the GA733‐Fc gene were constructed to express GA733‐Fc with or without an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence KDEL and used to generate recombinant baculoviruses. Western blot showed that expression depended on the conditions used to express the recombinant proteins. The protein production level and secretion capability differed in each cell line. In Sf9 cells, the highest expression in the CM and CL was obtained with GA733‐Fc at 96 h post‐infection at 0.1 MOI and with GA733‐FcK at 96 h post‐infection at 3 MOI, respectively. In High Five cells, the highest expression in the CM and CL was obtained with GA733‐Fc at 48 h post‐infection at 1 MOI and with GA733‐FcK at 48 h post‐infection at 3 MOI, respectively. These results suggest that the MOI value, post‐infection time and subcellular localization affect expression, and that these conditions can be modified to optimize protein expression in the baculovirus–insect cell system.

아동기 정서적 학대가 대학생의 역기능적 분노표현에 미치는 영향: 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심의 매개효과

김해랑,홍혜영 한국상담학회 2017 상담학연구 Vol.18 No.6

The purpose of this research was to verify the mediating effects of Dysfunctional Anger Expression and Internalized Shame in the relationship between Emotional Abuse in childhood and Dysfunctional Anger Expression of university students. Total of 624 university students in Seoul, Kyunggi, Kangwon, North Chungcheong, North Jeolla, and North Kyungsang Provinces participated in a survey measuring the level of their emotional abuse in childhood, Traumatized self-system, Internalized shame and dysfunctional anger expression. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis with SPSS, and structural equation modeling using AMOS. The results of the analysis were as follows. Firstly, The correlation analysis confirmed that emotional abuse was positively related to traumatized self-system, internalized shame, and dysfunctional anger expression significantly. Secondly, The findings of this study demonstrated that traumatized self-system and internalized shame completely mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and dysfunctional anger expression respectively. Thirdly, in the relationship between emotional abuse and dysfunctional anger expression, traumatized self-system and internalized shame showed dual-mediating effect. These results confirmed that emotional abuse among child abuse types affects traumatized self-system, internalized shame, and dysfunctional anger expression. Also, in the relationship between emotional abuse and dysfunctional anger expression, emotional abuse causes damage to the self-system, and those who have suffered from emotional abuse are more likely to express dysfunctionally when they feel anger emotion. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and directions for future research were discussed. 본 연구는 아동기 정서적학대와 대학생의 역기능적 분노표현의 관계에서 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심의 매개효과를 검증하기 위하여 진행되었다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기도, 강원, 충북, 전북 그리고 경북에 재학중인 대학생 624명을 대상으로 정서적학대, 자기체계손상, 내면화된 수치심, 역기능적 분노표현에 관련된 설문을 실시하여 자료를 수집하였고 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정서적학대, 자기체계손상, 내면화된 수치심, 역기능적 분노표현 간의 상관분석을 실시한 결과 모든 변인이 유의미한 정적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 정서적학대와 역기능적 분노표현 간의 관계에서 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심이 각각 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과, 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심은 각각 완전매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 정서적학대와 역기능적 분노표현의 관계에서 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심은 이중매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 본 연구는 아동학대 유형 중 정서적학대만으로도 자기체계손상과 내면화된 수치심과 그리고 역기능적 분노표현에 영향을 미친다는 것을 증명하였다. 또한 정서적학대와 역기능적 분노표현간의 관계에서 정서적학대는 자기체계(self-system)에 손상을 초래하고, 자기체계가 손상된 학대경험자는 수치심이 내면화되어 분노정서를 느낄 때 역기능적으로 표현할 가능성이 높음을 밝혔다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 향후 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

상영등급분류제도의 헌법적 검토

이재명 중앙법학회 2019 中央法學 Vol.21 No.4

A man who is an aesthetic being unfolds an endless world of imagination through free artistic expression. Such freedom of expression of art will be protected by two basic rights under the Constitution, with freedom of expression and freedom of art being exercised at the same time. However, it is true that so far, the Korean judiciary has taken a "pervasive" stance on art, which seeks to protect the moral values of the people rather than freedom of expression of art. Fortunately, the freedom of expression of art has become more innovative than in the past due to the Constitutional Court's efforts to actively reflect the superior value of freedom of expression, to drive a wedge into the censorship of the film, and to strictly interpret the obscene concepts subject to criminal punishment. Despite the three-time judgment on the censorship of the film, however, the controversy over the screening rating system still persists, especially over the unconstitutionality of the limited screen rating. Behind the controversy can be confirmed that the Constitutional Court's position on the absolute ban on censorship of films so far and the principle permission of the screening-rating system is inevitable. First of all, we need to break away from the principle of a rigid censorship ban. Although preliminary screening and regulation of content can admit that there are exceptions to sexual or commercial expressions, it depends on the principle of banning rigid censorship. When it comes to expressions that our society cannot accept, we need to block the distribution in advance. In particular, it is necessary to find a way to set a specific scope of obscene materials that should be banned in advance in accordance with the due process and to allow commercial advertising in comparison with other protective laws, such as health rights. Next, the position on the screening grade classification system should be reviewed. The Constitutional Court ruled against the rating retention system because it maintained its earlier position. And the revised limited screen rating has already been ruled unconstitutional once, but it has yet to escape the controversy over its constitutionality. If the concept of censorship includes 'suppression of expression', the screening grade classification system is censored, and the limited screening system is even more so. The way to ultimately be free from the controversy over the unconstitutionality is to go beyond the deliberation of the Korea Media Rating Board, the administrative agency, to complete self-examination. The principle of a cultural state or respect for human dignity that our Constitution is designing and doing is also based on "self-reliance." Already, the Constitutional Court has allowed self-determination related to life and death, which have been taboo in our society, and self-determination related to sex and marriage as constitutional rights. It is now thought that there is a need to break away from the paternalism by the government and lay the autonomous foundation that respects the freedom of expression of art and the right of self-determination of adults to the fullest extent. 미적 실존으로서의 인간은 자유로운 예술적 표현을 통하여 끝없는 상상의 나래를 펼쳐왔다. 이러한 예술표현의 자유는 표현의 자유와 예술의 자유를 동시에 행사하게 되어 헌법상 두 기본권의 보호를 받게 된다. 그러나 지금까지 우리 사법부는 예술에 대하여 예술표현의 자유보다는 국민의 도덕적 가치를 보호하려는 후견적 간섭주의(paternalism)의 입장을 취해온 것이 사실이다. 다행히 헌법재판소가 예술표현에 대하여도 표현의 자유의 우월적 가치를 보장하기 위한 법리를 적극적으로 반영하여 영화의 검열에 쐐기를 박고, 형사처벌의 대상이 되는 음란의 개념도 엄격하게 해석하는 등의 노력으로 예술표현의 자유는 과거에 비해 획기적인 보호를 받게 되었다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 영화의 검열을 둘러싸고 3차에 걸친 판단을 내렸음에도 불구하고 여전히 상영등급분류제도에 대한 논란은 사라지지 않고 있으며, 특히 제한상영가 등급에 대하여는 위헌성에 대한 논란이 훨씬 심각한 수준에 이르고 있다. 이러한 논란의 배경에는 지금까지 헌법재판소가 영화의 검열에 대해 내려온 검열의 절대적 금지와 등급분류제의 원칙적 허용이라는 입장에서 비롯된 것이라는 것을 확인할 수 있으며 그 수정과 보완이 불가피하다. 우선 경직된 검열금지의 원칙에서 벗어나야 할 필요가 있다. 내용에 따른 사전심사와 규제가 성적 표현물이나 상업적 표현에는 예외가 있음을 인정할 수 있음에도, 경직된 검열 금지의 원칙에 매달려 있는 것이다. 우리 사회가 수용할 수 없는 표현물에 대해서는 사전에 그 유통를 차단시킬 필요가 있다. 특히 음란물에 대하여는 음란개념의 엄격화가 아니라 절대적으로 금지되어야 할 음란물의 구체적인 범위를 정하여 이를 적법절차에 따라 사전에 금지하는 방법을 모색하고, 상업광고에 대하여는 건강권과 같은 다른 보호법익과의 형량을 거쳐서 허용될 필요가 있다. 다음으로 상영등급분류제도에 대한 입장도 재검토되어야 한다. 검열은 금지되지만 상영등급분류제도는 허용된다는 당초의 입장을 유지하기 때문에 상영등급보류제도에 대한 위헌심사를 초래하였고, 이를 수정한 제한상영가제도도 이미 한차례 위헌심사를 받았지만 핵심적인 판단을 피한 채 여전히 위헌의 논란에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 검열의 개념에 ‘표현의 억제’까지 포함시킨다면, 상영등급분류제도는 검열에 해당하며, 제한상영가제도는 더욱 그러하다. 이러한 위헌성의 논란으로부터 궁극적으로 자유로울 수 있는 방법은 행정관청인 영상물등급위원회의 심의를 벗어나 완전한 자율심의로 가는 것이라고 판단된다. 우리 헌법이 설계하고 하고 있는 인간 존엄성의 존중이나 문화국가의 원리도 ‘자율’을 그 바탕으로 하고 있다. 이미 헌법재판소는 우리 사회에서 금기시 되어 왔던 ‘삶과 죽음’과 관련된 자기결정권과 ‘성생활과 결혼’과 관련된 자기결정권도 헌법상의 권리로 허용한 바가 있다. 이제 ‘성적 표현물’에 대하여도 국가에 의한 후견적 간섭주의에서 벗어나 예술표현의 자유와 성인의 자기결정권을 최대한 존중하는 자율적 토대를 마련할 필요가 있다고 생각된다.