상대적 박탈 인지가구의 소비유형과 영향요인

심정인 ( Jung In Sim ),김순미 ( Soon Mi Kim ) 대한가정학회 2015 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.53 No.5

This study identifies the relation between recognition relatively deprivation and consumption patterns. The data used were the seventh Korea Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS). The final sample of 1,597 households was selected based on several sampling steps standard weights suggested by KOWEPS were applied. The final sample was subdivided into household recognizing relatively deprivation (51.7%) and non-household recognizing relatively deprivation (48.3%) per level of subjective income and objective income. We derived six consumption patterns from the cluster analysis as per consumption ratio: transportation dominant consumption pattern, essential consumption pattern, other dominant consumption pattern, care attention consumption pattern, private transfer consumption pattern, and education dominant consumption pattern. The results of this study are as follows. The analysis of the determinants of recognizing relatively deprivation in regards to question one found that the household was likely to be relatively depr ved when: the head of a household was older, a household had a dual income, children and more total assets then those assessed 1 year ago compared to household living conditions, result of comparing the consumption patterns difference between household recognizing relatively deprivation and non-household recognizing relatively deprivation indicated that household recognizing relatively deprivation was more likely to belong to the transportation dominant consumption pattern, other dominant consumption pattern, and private transfer consumption pattern. The multinomial logistic analysis conducted to understand the determinants affecting the consumption patterns of household recognizing relatively deprivation indicated differences in demographic characteristics, household-related variables, financial variables and perception of economic conditions.

베이비부머 가계의 가구인수별 소비지출패턴 분석

김민정 한국소비자정책교육학회 2015 소비자정책교육연구 Vol.11 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 베이비부머 가계에 대해서 소비지출을 기준으로 가구인수별 군집분석을 통해 유형화함으로써 베이비부머 가계의 가구인수별 소비지출패턴을 비교분석하고자 하였다. 연구목적을 달성하고자 2014년 조사된 제9차 한국복지패널조사 자료를 이용하였으며 7053가구 중 가구주가 베이비부머인 경우만 분석 대상으로 포함 하여 총 1135가구를 대상으로 분석하였다. 가구인수 구분은 1인 가구, 2인 가구, 3인 가구, 4인 가구, 5인 이 상 가구로 구분하였으며 소비지출항목은 한국복지패널조사의 소비지출항목분류체계에 따라 10비목으로 구분하였 다. 군집분석을 위한 기준변수는 각 비목의 소비지출이 전체소비지출에서 차지하는 비중으로 하였고 통계처리는 SPSS를 활용하여 k-means 군집분석을 실시하였다. 이때 각 가구인수별 군집수는 4개로 지정하였다. 베이비부 머 가계의 가구인수별 군집분석을 수행한 결과를 정리, 종합하여 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가구인수별 군집분석 결과, 가구인수에 따라 소비지출패턴에 차이가 있었다. 이는 같은 베이비부머 가계 라도 가구인수가 다를 경우 소비지출패턴에 차이가 있음을 의미한다. 특징적인 점으로 1인 가구는 필수소비지출 형태를 보였으며 4인 가구 이상부터 교육비지출형이 발견되었다. 둘째, 1인 가구는 베이비부머 세대라고 하더라도 노인가구의 소비지출패턴과 공통되는 특징을 가지는 유형을 보였는데 전체 4개 유형 중 3개가 가구가사비지출형, 식료품비지출형, 보건의료비지출형이다. 이 유형들은 의식 주 같은 필수재를 중심으로 소비가 이루어지는 노인빈곤가구의 소비패턴을 그대로 보여주고 있다. 셋째, 모든 가구인수에서 공통적으로 나타난 유형 중 식료품비지출형이 있는데 이 유형은 전체 소비지출비목 중 식료품비의 비중이 가장 높을 뿐만 아니라 주거비, 광열수도비 등 필수소비비목에 대한 지출 비중이 타 유형 대비 높은 것이 발견되었으며 베이비부머 세대라고 할지라도 필수소비비목을 제외한 다른 비목에 할당할 수 있는 여유가 없는 생계위주의 생활양식을 이어나가는 집단은 모든 가구인수에서 존재한다는 것을 의미한다. 넷째, 모든 가구인수에서 공통적으로 나타난 유형 중 또다른 유형으로 기타소비지출형도 발견되었는데 노인세 대의 소비지출패턴에서는 발견되지 않았던 유형으로 안정적인 경제력을 바탕으로 기존 노인세대와 다른 다양한 소비경험과 라이프스타일을 구성하는 유형으로 뉴시니어 마켓이란 이름하에 별도의 소비세대로 포지셔닝되기도 하지만 상용직의 비중이 많기 때문에 향후 은퇴에 따른 소득의 부재 하에서도 동일한 소비지출패턴을 유지할 수 있을지는 추후 조사가 필요하다고 하겠다. This study attempts to identify consumption expenditure patterns of babyboomer households according to number of persons using cluster analysis, find out the socio-economic characteristics of the identified clusters, and compare the patterns of different groups. This study uses the data provided by Korea Welfare Panel Study published in 2014. Among total sample 7053 households, 1135 households are babyboomer households. For this study, we classify five babyboomer groups: one-person household, two-person households, three-person households, four-person households, and more than five-person households. The 10 consumption categories of this study employ those of the 2014 Korea Welfare Panel Study that is the data of the study. The variables used as criteria variables for cluster analysis are the proportions of the expenditures of each consumption categories in total consumption expenditure. The 1135 babyboomer households undergo an analysis using statistical package for social science (SPSS) 21.0, specifically k-means cluster analysis. Four consumption patterns are identified for each number of person groups. The major result from cluster analysis are summarized as follows. First, each household is separated by four consumption expenditure patters. One-person households are separated by household-dominated, food-dominated, others-dominated, and healthdominated. Two-person households are separated by balanced, others-dominated, transportdominated, and food-dominated. Three-person households are separated by health-dominated, food-dominated, others-dominated, transport-dominated. Four-person households are separated by food-dominated, transport-dominated, education-dominated, and others-dominated. More than five-person households are separated by food-dominated, transport-dominated, educationdominated, and others-dominated. Second, three consumption expenditure patterns of one-person households are very similar to consumption expenditure patterns of elderly households. They are household-dominated, fooddominated, and health-dominated, which show elderly poor households’ consumption expenditure patterns. The levels of income and expenditure for those clusters are low. Next, food-dominated pattern is common consumption expenditure pattern shown in all babyboomer households according to number of persons. The budget of the food-dominated pattern is more likely tend to be allocated to food, housing, and electricity and waters consumption categories. The clusters with food-dominated pattern barely seem to make ends meet even if they are babyboomer. Finally, another pattern commonly shown in all babyboomer households according to number of persons is others-dominated pattern. This pattern is not identified in elderly households. These households allocate their budget to diverse consumption categories and it shows their active lives compared with the households in other clusters. Of each household according to number of persons, others-dominated cluster shows the highest socio-economic structure, that is the consumption expenditure level of this cluster is the highest. And this cluster is considered as new senior which has a different socio-economic structure and consumption expenditure allocation when compared to the prior generation.

자기보상 소비성향과 소비만족도에 관한 연구

한성희(Han, Sung hee) 한국소비문화학회 2015 소비문화연구 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 보상소비를 계획적인 것과 비계획적인 것으로 구분하여 소비패턴을 분석하고 영향요인을 규명하여 보상소비모델을 보다 정교화 하는데 있다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보상소비 1순위로 꼽힌 품목은 비계획적인 것과 계획적인 것 모두 의류, 신발, 가방, 장신구류에 관한 것이었다. 다음으로 여행과 외식이 높은 비율로 나타났는데, 계획적 보상소비의 경우 여행상품에 대한 선택이 10%를 넘어섰다. 소비욕구충족은 비계획적인 것과 계획적인 보상소비 모두 자존의 욕구충족에 관한 것이 가장 높았으며, 인지, 심미, 생리적 욕구충족에 관한 것이 상위 4순위 안에 나타났다. 보상소비품의 평균 구매비용은 비계획적인 것과 계획적인 모두 20만원 미만인 경우가 22%이상으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 자아개념에 따른 군집은 2개로 분류되었다. 군집 1은 우월자아, 사회자아가 높은 집단이며, 군집 2는 열 등자아, 사회자아가 높은 집단이다. 군집 1은 남성과 기혼자의 분포가 많으며 사무직이 많고 월평균소득이 500만원 이상인 고소득자의 분포가 많은 집단이다. 군집 2는 여성, 기혼자, 전업주부의 분포가 많고 월평균소득이 300-500만원 이하인 사람들이 많은 집단이다. 군집 1과 군집 2는 보상소비 후 감정형성에 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 비계획적인 것과 계획적인 보상소비 후 긍정감정은 군집 1이 군집 2보다 높게 나타났으며 계획적인 보상소비 후 부정감정은 군집 2가 군집 1보다 높게 나타났다. 이로써 자아개념의 세분화에 따른 집단별 보상소비 후 감정형성에 유의미한 차이가 있음이 검증되었다. 셋째, 보상소비성향은 요인분석을 통해, 자아지향, 타인지향, 가치지향 보상소비성향으로 구분되었다. 회귀모형 의 β값 비교를 통해 각각의 보상소비성향에 가장 많은 영향력을 행사하는 요인 중 상위 3순위를 분석하였다. 자아지향 보상소비성향은 사회, 우월, 열등 자아에 의해, 타인지향 보상소비성향은 우월자아, 연령, 어린시절 소비경험에 의해, 가치지향 보상소비성향은 어린시절소비경험, 성별, 우월자아에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 보상소비만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 공통적으로 자아지향 보상소비성향이었으며 자아지향 보상소비성향이 높을수록 비계획적인 것과 계획적인 보상소비만족도가 모두 높게 나타났다. 비계획적 보상소비는 연령이 적을수록 월평균 소득이 많을수록 소비만족도가 높게 나타났다. 계획적 보상소비는 보상빈도가 많을수록 자아지향 보상소비성향이 높을수록, 가치지향 보상소비성향이 낮을수록 소비만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. This study aims to distinguish self-reward consumption into rational and emotional types, analyze consumption patterns, derive affective factors, and ultimately, provide further refinement to the self-reward consumption model. The summary of the results is as follows. First, items related to clothing, shoes, bags, and accessories were ranked as the most popular on the list of self-reward consumption items, both in the rational and emotional types. These were followed by travel and eating out, and the percentage of subjects who chose travel as a means of rational self-reward consumption were 10%. With regard to the fulfillment of consumption wants, the fulfillment of want for self-esteem was ranked the highest in both the rational and emotional types, followed by cognitive, aesthetic, and physiological wants. The largest group in the average cost of consumption items per single purchase was the range of less than KRW 0.2 million, which makes up more than 22% of the total. Second, subjects were grouped into two in terms of their self-concept. The first group was made up of those who showed high levels of social and superior self-concept, while the second group showed high levels of social and inferior self-concept. The first group predominantly featured subjects that were male, married, had white-collar jobs, and belong to the high-income group with more than KRW 5 million per month. The second group redominantly featured subjects that were female, married, full-time housewives, and belong to groups with income ranging between an average of KRW 3 and 5 million per month. There was a significant difference between the two groups in both types of post-consumption emotional formation. Group 1 showed higher levels of positive emotion than Group 2 after both types of self-reward consumption, and Group 2 showed higher levels of negative emotion after rational self-reward consumption. Thus, it has been verified that significant differences exist in terms of post-consumption emotional formation between groups, depending on the subdivision of their self-concept. Third, self-reward consumption patterns were classified into self-oriented, other-oriented, and value-oriented patterns through factor analysis. The top three affective factors in each self-reward consumption pattern, according to a comparison of β coefficients through regression analysis, are as follows: Self-oriented reward consumption patterns were shown to be influenced by social, superior, and inferior self-concept; other-oriented patterns, by superior self-concept, age, and childhood consumption experience; and value-oriented patterns, by childhood consumption experience, gender, and superior self-concept. Fourth, the analysis of factors that affect self-reward consumption satisfaction showed that, across all groups, higher degrees of self-orientation resulted in higher satisfaction in both the rational and emotional types. Higher satisfaction in the emotional type was linked with low age and high average monthly income, while satisfaction in the rational type was linked with frequent rewards and lower value-oriented consumption patterns.

식생활 패턴 변화에 따른 음식물류폐기물의 발생 전망과 대응 전략

주문솔,조지혜,임혜숙,이진혁 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 제1장 서론 □ 연구배경 - 2011년 유엔식량농업기구(FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization)는 세계적으로 먹을 수 있는 식품 중 1/3이 인간에 의해 섭취되지 못하고 그대로 폐기되는 연구결과를 발표함 - 그 이후, 식품 손실과 폐기에 대한 감량 지표가 UN 지속가능발전목표(SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals)에 포함되고, 식품폐기발자국(Food Wastage Footprint)이 개발되어 먹을 수 있는 식품이 폐기될 때의 환경적·사회적·경제적 영향을 평가하려는 노력이 이어지고 있음 - 반면, 식생활 패턴은 가정식에서 간편식과 외식 등으로 점점 외부화되어 가고 있는데, 이러한 식생활 패턴의 변화는 식재료의 종류나 이동거리, 식품 폐기물의 발생특성 등을 변화시킴으로써 전체 환경부하에 영향을 미치게 됨 □ 연구목적 - 본 연구에서는 식생활 패턴의 변화에 주목하여, 가구 소비를 기반으로 식생활 패턴에 따른 식품과 식품손실(가식부, 즉 먹을 수 있는 부분의 폐기)의 흐름을 파악하고, 식생활 패턴과 각 공급단계별 손실률 산출을 통해 식품소비효율을 평가하여, 식생활 패턴 변화에 대응 가능한 폐기물 관리 전략을 제시하고자 함 Ⅱ. 제2장 식품손실과 폐기 관련 국내외 대응 동향 □ 국외 동향 - UN SDGs 지표에 식품손실과 폐기(Food loss and waste)의 감량에 대한 내용이 포함되고, FAO에서 식품폐기가 내포하는 사회·환경적 영향을 정량화함으로써 감량의 필요성이 강조되고 있으며, 밀라노 도시 식품정책협정(Milan Urban Food Policy Pact)에서는 식품의 폐기를 6개 주제 중 하나로 주요하게 다루고 있음 - 국가단위로는 영국, 프랑스 등 많은 국가에서 입법화, 자발적 협약, 전 국민 캠페인 등을 통해 식품손실과 폐기의 감량을 위한 전 방위적인 대응이 이루어지고 있으며, 미국, 일본 등에서는 환경부-농림부-보건복지부 등 범부처 간 협력체계를 구축하고 세부 실행전략을 마련하고 있음 □ 국내 동향 - 국내에서는 2010년 범부처 음식물쓰레기 줄이기 종합대책이 발표되고 2012년까지 3년 간 시행되었으며, 그 이후 환경부는 2013년 RFID 기반의 종량제 도입, 2015년 지자체 음식물쓰레기 발생억제 성과 평가제도 도입 등 감량에 대한 제도적 틀을 마련해왔음 - 농림부는 식생활교육, 국가 푸드플랜 등에서 음식물쓰레기 문제를 일부 다루고 있고, 보건복지부에서도 푸드뱅크(Food bank)를 통한 식품기부 정책을 추진하여 기부물품의 수나 이용자 등이 점차 확대되고 있는 상황임 - 각 부처에서 자체적으로 진행되고 있는 식품폐기 관련 전략을 하나로 모아서 환경부 -농림부-보건복지부 등 범부처적인 음식물쓰레기 감량전략을 지속적으로 추진할 필요가 있음 □ 연구 동향 - 현재 학계에서는 식품공급망에서의 식품 손실과 폐기 발생량을 어떻게 과학적으로 측정할 수 있을지에 대한 논의가 이루어지고 있고, 식생활 패턴의 변화가 폐기물의 발생에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 논의도 확인할 수 있음 Ⅲ. 제3장 식생활 패턴별 음식물류폐기물 흐름 분석 □ 연구범위 및 분석자료 현황 - 연구범위는 2017년 대한민국의 가구(家具, household)이며 분석대상은 가구가 소비하는 주식(主食, main meal)을 대상으로 함 - 식생활 패턴은 가정식(신선식품+가공식품), 간편식, 외식 등 세 가지로 구분하였고, 식품의 비가식 부분은 어쩔 수 없이 발생하기 때문에 소비효율 평가를 위해 가식 부분만을 별도로 분석함 - 식품통계가 비교적 상세히 구축되어 있어서 유통과정까지 정량화하는 작업의 신뢰도는 높다고 할 수 있지만, 각 단계별 식품손실률에 대한 국내 통계가 없기 때문에 향후 이 부분의 보완이 시급하다고 판단됨 □ 분석결과 - 시범적으로 평가한 국내 가구의 총 식품손실률(가식부의 손실률)은 약 11%로 추정되며, 식생활 패턴별로 살펴보면, 가정식이 약 13%, 간편식이 16%, 외식이 6%로 나타남 - 간편식 중 유통기한이 짧은 식품의 소매단계 식품손실률로 인해 소비효율이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타남 - 외식의 경우, 본 연구에서 사용한 음식점에서의 손실률 데이터의 조사기간이 짧고 한식당만을 대상으로 하여 과소평가되었을 가능성이 있음 ㆍ그럼에도, 외식은 식재료의 관리가 가정이나 제조업보다도 효율적으로 이루어질 수 있고(소규모로 공급/수요 예측 가능), 가정식보다 식재료의 유통경로를 줄일 수 있다는 점, 그리고 배달·포장식 비율이 높아지면서 손실률이 낮아지는 측면(잔반은 가정에서 재이용)이 있음 ㆍ가정식과 간편식을 대체할 수 있는 지속가능한 외식서비스에 대한 고민이 필요함 - 식품의 공급·소비단계별로 소비효율을 평가한 결과, 가정에서 가장 높은 손실률을 나타내어 가장 비효율적인 단계로 평가됨 ㆍ즉, 먹을 수오있는 식품이 들어와서 가장 많이 폐기되는 부분은 가정이기 때문에 가정에서의 감량 지원 방안이 우선적으로 마련될 필요가 있음 Ⅳ. 제4장 식생활 패턴 변화에 따른 대응 전략 □ 식생활 패턴의 변화 - 시대흐름: 2010년부터 2016년까지의 가계동향조사의 식재료 지출액을 통해 분석 해본 결과, 가정식과 외식이 감소하고 간편식이 증가하는 경향이 나타남 - 가구특성: 1인 가구가 간편식 소비와 연계가 뚜렷하고, 맞벌이 가구의 경우도 간편식 비율이 높다는 연구결과도 있지만, 최근에는 외벌이 가구가 오히려 간편식을 선호하고, 맞벌이는 상차림 부담이 없는 외식을 선호한다는 결과도 있음 - 2020년 코로나-19에 의한 영향: 간편식의 성장이 전년도 동분기 대비 143% 증가로 매우 두드러졌고, 외식은 전반적으로 감소하고, 포장배달식이 증가함 - 결과적으로 1인 가구 증가나 전염병 이벤트 등에 의해서는 간편식 소비가 더 증가할 것으로 예상되며 맞벌이 증가는 외식에 대한 수요를 증가시킬 수 있음 □ 식품공급 및 소비 단계별 대응 전략 - 가정에서 직접 조리하는 방식은 점점 감소함에 따라, 가정에서의 음식물류폐기물 발생은 점점 감소하고 조리 후 쓰레기 발생이 더 증가하여 자원화 시 품질이 악화될 가능성이 있는 반면, 제조단계, 유통단계, 외식업에서의 폐기가 더 증가할 것으로 판단됨. 이러한 미래 전망에 따라 각 단계별 대응 전략을 다음과 같이 제안함 Ⅴ. 제5장 결론 및 제언 □ 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 음식물류폐기물 감량을 위한 정부, 민간기업, 소비자의 역할을 다음과 같이 제언함 Ⅰ. Introduction □ Background of research ㅇ In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) published a report in which one-third of the world's edible foods are discarded rather than being eaten by humans. ㅇ Since then, the indicators for food losses and waste reduction are included in the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), and the Food Wastage Footprint is developed to evaluate the environmental, social and economic impact of food waste. ㅇ On the other hand, dietary patterns are increasingly externalized from home meals to convenient meals and eating out, and these changes in dietary patterns have changed the quality of food and the amount of food waste generation. □ Objective of research ㅇ In consideration of the dietary patterns, this study develops a systematical flow analysis of food and food loss (disposal of the edible parts of foodstuffs) based on household consumption, assesses food consumption efficiency according to dietary pattern and supply stage, and finally suggests strategies for managing waste according to changes in dietary patterns. Ⅱ. Trends on Food Losses and Waste Reduction Policies □ International trends ㅇ The issue of food loss and waste was proposed as the UN SDGs 12.3 target, and discussions on how to calculate food waste indicators are in progress. ㅇ The Milan Urban Food Policy Pact deals with food waste as one of six categories, and emphasizes the need to reduce food waste and establish a circulation system within the city’s policies. ㅇ In France, certain regulations that aim to reduce food loss in the retail sector have been enforced, and in the UK, national campaigns have been conducted based on the participation of all stakeholders across the food supply chain through voluntary agreements. ㅇ Since food waste is an issue across the entire food supply chain (agriculture, manufacturing, distribution, catering, etc.), a cross-ministerial action strategy is required; such strategies have already been put in place in the United States and Japan. □ Domestic trends ㅇ In Korea, a cross-ministerial strategy to reduce food waste was implemented for three years beginning in 2010. Since then, each ministry has dealt with the food waste issue separately. - The Ministry of Environment introduced an RFID-based pay-as-you-go policy in 2013, and the role of local governments has been emphasized since 2015 by introducing a system to evaluate the food waste reduction performance of local governments. - The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is dealing with food waste issues using dietary education plan and a national food plan. - The Ministry of Health and Welfare is also promoting food redistribution policies through the Food Bank system, and the scope of its activities is expanding. ㅇ For integrated management from production stage to the consumption stage, it is necessary to establish a cross-ministerial strategy on food waste reduction. □ Academia ㅇ Currently, academia is discussing methodologies such as direct measurement and indirect estimation to quantify food loss and waste in the supply chain. ㅇ Changes in dietary patterns have been shown to affect the generation of waste. However, so far, there has been no effort to systematically analyze waste-related changes in the food supply chain according to dietary patterns. Ⅲ. Analysis of Food Loss Flow by Dietary Patterns □ Scope and data available ㅇ The scope of study is the average domestic household in 2017, and the target of the analysis is the main meals consumed by households. Dietary patterns are divided into 3 categories: home meals (fresh foods + processed foods), HMR(home meal replacement) and eating out. ㅇ Since the non-edible parts of food stuffs are unavoidably generated, consumption efficiency was evaluated by analyzing only the edible parts as a separate flow. ㅇ For the food loss rate data for each supply and consumption stage, we tried to use domestic data as much as possible, though data from foreign literature sources were used as well. Since there is no reliable food loss rate statistics, it is urgent to supplement this part in the future. □ Results ㅇ The food loss rate of domestic households, which was evaluated on a trial basis, was estimated to be about 11% (loss of edible parts of foodstuffs) in total. Also, the food loss rate by dietary patterns was evaluated to be about 13% by home meals, 16% by convenience meals, and 6% by eating out. ㅇ For the food loss rate by food supply and consumption stage, the highest loss rate is at home. In other words, since the household is the most discarded part of food that can be eaten in, it is necessary to prioritize measures that support waste reduction behaviors at home. Ⅳ. Strategies on Food Waste Management for Dietary Patterns Change □ Change in dietary patterns ㅇ Analyzing the food-related expenditures from the 2010-2016 household trend survey revealed, a tendency towards a decrease in consumption of home meals and eating out and an increase in convenience meals. ㅇ Regarding household characteristics, studies have shown that single-person households are clearly associated with increased convenience meal consumption, and that even double-income households tend to consume, convenience meals at the high rate. However, recently, single-income households rather prefer convenient meals, and double-income households prefer eating out, which does not come with the burden of table setting. ㅇ Following the start of the Covid-19 in 2020, there was a remarkable growth in the rate of convenience food consumption, which increased by 144.8% compared to the same quarter of the previous year. This coincided with an overall decrease in eating out, and shift to packaging/delivery. ㅇ As a result, consumption of convenience food is expected to increase further when there is an increase in single-person households or an infectious disease event, and an increase in double-income households may bring about an increase in the demand for eating out. □ Prospect and strategy ㅇ Accordingly, as the number of people who cook their own meals at home gradually decreases, the generation of food waste at home also decreases. Also, the amount of waste that is generated after cooking increases more than the amount of waste before cooking, and the quality of food waste may worsen so more food ends up as compost or animal feed. We suggested the strategies by supply chain sector as following. Ⅴ. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestion ㅇ Finally, based on the results of this study, the role of the government, industrial parts, and consumers in food waste management is suggested.

어머니의 소비유형에 따른 베이비 화장품의구매양상

김영배,배현숙 한국피부과학연구원 2012 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Due to low birth rate, young married couples want to raise their children specially. Atopy and skin diseases are increased by the environmental pollution. The demand for baby cosmetics is also increasing. Based on the assumption that there must be a casual relationship between the consumption pattern of mothers(the actual purchaser) and the purchase of baby cosmetics, this study aims to explain the purchase behavior for baby cosmetics and provide the basic data for establishing the effective marketing strategies. Survey questionnaires were distributed targeting the mothers residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi, and 338 questionnaires were used for the fi nal analysis. The result are as follows. First, consumption patterns are divided into ‘showing off’, ‘following the trend’, ‘economy’ and ‘public interest’. Second, consumption patterns have signifi cant differences according to the socio-demographic characteristics. Third, there are signifi cant differences in selection criteria, the place of purchase, purchase cost and manufacturer for baby cosmetics, in accordance with the consumption pattern. Fourth, in respect of the satisfaction level and the purchase intention for baby cosmetics, the general baby cosmetics was the highest. As shown as the above, the consumption pattern of mothers has the effect on the purchase of baby cosmetics. Due to low birth rate, young married couples want to raise their children specially. Atopy and skin diseases are increased by the environmental pollution. The demand for baby cosmetics is also increasing. Based on the assumption that there must be a casual relationship between the consumption pattern of mothers(the actual purchaser) and the purchase of baby cosmetics, this study aims to explain the purchase behavior for baby cosmetics and provide the basic data for establishing the effective marketing strategies. Survey questionnaires were distributed targeting the mothers residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi, and 338 questionnaires were used for the fi nal analysis. The result are as follows. First, consumption patterns are divided into ‘showing off’, ‘following the trend’, ‘economy’ and ‘public interest’. Second, consumption patterns have signifi cant differences according to the socio-demographic characteristics. Third, there are signifi cant differences in selection criteria, the place of purchase, purchase cost and manufacturer for baby cosmetics, in accordance with the consumption pattern. Fourth, in respect of the satisfaction level and the purchase intention for baby cosmetics, the general baby cosmetics was the highest. As shown as the above, the consumption pattern of mothers has the effect on the purchase of baby cosmetics.

중·고령 1인가구의 소비패턴과 삶의 만족도

김시월(Si Wuel Kim),조향숙(Hyang Sook Cho) 한국FP학회 2015 Financial Planning Review Vol.8 No.3

최근 우리나라의 가족 변화를 살펴보면, 가족의 해체, 미혼가구의 증가, 남녀의 수명차이 등으로 다양한 가구 유형 중에서도 1인가구가 증가하고 있으며(조만·이창무, 2014; 김시월·조향숙, 2012; 통계청, 2012), 이러한 현상은 과도기의 일시적 현상이 아니라 앞으로 일반적인 가계의 형태로 자리 잡아 갈 것으로 전망되고 있다(여윤경, 2003; 심영, 2002). 이러한 1인가구의 증가는 1인가구에 대한 다양한 분석이 필요하며, 특히 삶의 만족도 연구가 요구된다. 이에 소비와 소득 등이 삶의 만족도와 관계가 밀접하므로 삶의 만족도와 소비구조를 연구하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 우리나라에서 급증하는 중·고령 1인가구를 대상으로 1인가구의 소비패턴과 삶의 만족도를 살펴보고자 하였다. 구체적인 연구의 내용은 첫째, 중·고령 1인가구의 소비 현황을 살펴보았고, 둘째, 중·고령 1인가구의 소비패턴 유형을 살펴보았으며, 셋째, 중·고령 1인가구의 삶의 만족도를 유형화하고, 넷째, 중·고령 1인가구의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 중·고령 1인가구의 연간 소비지출액은 8,308 천 원이었고, 비목 중 식비, 광열비, 보건의료비를 많이 지출하고 있었으며, 피복비, 문화생활비, 교육·보육비는 거의 지출하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 중·고령 1인가구의 소비패턴 유형을 살펴보기 위하여 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 식비 중심형, 다양한 활동형, 주거비 중심형, 보건의료비 중심형 등의 소비패턴으로 분류되었다. 셋째, 중·고령 1인가구의 삶의 만족도를 유형화하기 위하여 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 2개의 요인으로 분류되어 요인I: 인간관계 만족도, 요인II: 경제/건강/여가 만족도로 명명하였다. 중·고령 1인가구의 삶의 만족도 수준은 요인I: 인간관계 만족도는 보통 수준보다 약간 높았고, 경제/건강/여가 만족도는 보통 수준을 밑도는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 중·고령 1인가구의 삶의 만족도에 연령대와 소비패턴이 미치는 효과를 분석한 결과 요인I: 인간관계 만족도에는 상호작용 효과를 보이지 않았으나, 요인II: 경제/건강/여가 만족도와 전체 삶의 만족도에는 상호작용 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구는 중·고령 1인가구의 소비패턴을 밝히고, 삶의 만족도 향상에서 소비패턴이 지니는 중요성을 파악하여, 향후 1인가구 복지향상을 위한 정책마련과 교육에 도움이 될 것이다. Recently, it is looking at the country"s family change, family breakdown of the increase in single households, households falls on various types of household in gender differences in life increases. There are this phenomenon is a temporary phenomenon of the transition period is expected to go ahead as it established itself in the form of a typical household. And these days, because of the increase in household consumption and income falls, etc. It is to study the structure of life satisfaction and consumption is very important, for household and ultimately close relationship between satisfaction with life. Accordingly, this study examined life satisfaction and consumption patterns of older single households, the household type that have recently been increased at a rapid pace in the country. Specifically, the study examined the consumption pattern of the middle aged and older single households. Also, the study classified the life satisfaction of the middle aged and older single households. Finally, the study examined the factors that affect the life satisfaction of the middle aged and older single households. Analysis result of this study as follows; First, middle and older single households were annual consumption expenditure of household falls on the 8,308 one thousand won, item of expenditure of food, utilities, had to spend a lot of health care, clothing, culture, living, education, child care was found almost no expenditure. Second, as a result of the cluster analysis to investigate the spending patterns of older types, food-oriented, multiple activities, housing-oriented, has been classified as a health care-oriented consumption patterns. Third, middle and older single households conducted by two factors results are sorted by a factor analysis to the satisfaction of life falls a typed consumer households factors I: human relationship satisfaction, factors II: it was named economic/health/leisure satisfaction. Satisfaction of the quality of life of older households falls factors I: relationship satisfaction was slightly higher than normal levels, economic/health/leisure satisfaction was found below the normal level. Fourth, middle and older household days on life satisfaction of consumers ages and consumption patterns analysis of the effects of the factors I: human relationship satisfaction. There was no interaction effect, factor II: economic / health / recreation and overall life satisfaction has appeared to exhibit interaction effects. This study reveals the consumption patterns of older single households, identifies the importance of consumption patterns in the life satisfaction, which will help establish policies for improving education and future welfare for single households.

남자 청소년의 식행동 패턴에 따른 간식 섭취, 생활 습관 요인 및 비만과의 연관성 연구

김민지,송수진,박소현,송윤주 한국영양학회 2015 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.48 No.3

Purpose: Along with the adaptation of a Western dietary pattern and low physical activity, pediatric obesity is increasing in Korea, especially for boys. The aim of this study was to identify dietary behavior patterns and examine the snack consumption, dietary habit, and pediatric obesity by pattern groups. Methods: Boys aged 15~19 years were recruited from one high school in Seoul. A questionnaire including dietary behaviors and lifestyle factors was administered and height and weight were measured. A total of 932 boys participated except boys who had missing or incomplete response (n = 30). Three dietary behavior patterns were identified by cluster analysis; ‘Healthy pattern’, ‘Mixed pattern’ and ‘Unhealthy pattern’. Results: Snack consumption differed according to dietary behavior patterns group. The healthy and mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of white milk and fruit consumption while the unhealthy pattern as well as the mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of sweetened snack and ice cream consumption. Food availability at home of each food differed according to pattern groups but showed a similar trend with food consumption. Regarding dietary habits, the mixed pattern showed higher proportion of taking dietary supplement and eating dessert while the unhealthy pattern showed lower proportion of eating regular meals and appropriate amount of meals. When the healthy pattern was set as a reference group, the odds ratio of pediatric obesity was 1.11 (CI 0.65-1.87) in the mixed pattern group and 1.88 (CI 1.14-3.10) in the unhealthy pattern group. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary behaviors including snack consumption and lifestyle factors were connected. Unbalanced diet and undesirable dietary practice are important determinants in pediatric obesity. 본 연구는 만 15~19세 남자 고등학생 902명을 대상으로식행동, 간식 섭취, 식환경, 생활 습관에 대해 설문 조사를실시하였고, 비만 판정을 위해 신장과 체중을 측정하여 식행동 패턴에 따른 간식 섭취 및 기타 요인과 비만과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 1) 청소년 식생활 지침의 항목을 이용하여 식행동을 평가한 결과 대상자들은 3가지 패턴으로 분류되었다. 식생활과 생활 습관 모두 건강한 패턴과 식생활과 생활 습관 면에서 건강한 요소와 비건강한 요소가 혼재되어있는 혼합 패턴, 그리고 마지막으로 식생활과 생활 습관이 전반적으로바람직하지 않은 비건강 패턴이었다. 2) 각 패턴 별로 간식 섭취가 차이를 보였는데, 건강한 패턴은 과일, 우유, 호상요구르트의 섭취 빈도가 높았고, 혼합 패턴은 과일이나 호상요구르트 섭취 빈도가 높은 반면라면, 아이스크림, 탄산음료, 사탕 섭취 빈도도 같이 높았으며, 비건강 패턴은 과일, 우유, 호상요구르트의 섭취 빈도가 다른 두 패턴에 비해 가장 낮은 반면 라면, 단 간식, 탄산음료 등의 간식 섭취 빈도는 가장 높았다. 3) 식환경을 포함한 생활 습관 요인도 패턴마다 상이했는데, 가정 내 식품 비치율은 각 식품 섭취 빈도와 유사하게 건강한 패턴과 혼합 패턴의 가정 내 과일 비치율이 비건강 패턴에 비해 높았다. 또한 혼합 패턴이 건강기능성 식품이나 식이 보충제 복용 비율이 가장 높았고, 비건강 패턴은식사 속도, 수면 시간은 짧고 스크린 시간이 하루 2시간 이상인 비율이 가장 높았다. 4) 패턴 별 비만과의 연관성은 건강한 패턴을 기준으로하였을 때, 혼합 패턴의 교차비는 1.11이었으나 유의하지않았고, 비건강 패턴의 교차비는 1.88로 유의적이었다. 이상의 결과로부터 청소년의 식행동 패턴에 따라 간식섭취 뿐 아니라 식습관, 생활 습관 요인이 차이를 보였으며이러한 요인들이 비만과의 연관성에도 영향을 주었다. 식행동은 식품 섭취나 생활 습관 요인들과 서로 상호작용을하므로 앞으로 청소년 비만 예방 및 관리를 위한 전략으로적절한 영양 교육과 함께 식행동과 생활 습관을 함께 개선해 나갈 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 것이 필요하다.

장애인가구의 소비패턴 연구 - 근로빈곤과 근로비빈곤 가구를 중심으로 -

임재현 한국장애인복지학회 2012 한국장애인복지학 Vol.- No.18

This study was to identify consumption patterns of households with the disabled, to compare and analyze the determinants of consumption patterns of working poor households and working non-poor households with the disabled. For this, ‘The Third Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled(2010)’ data were used to analyze. According to analysis results, the proportion of working poor households with the disabled was 11.7% and the proportion of working non-poor households with the disabled was 33.7%. Consumption patterns of households with the disabled were the types of future-oriented, housing and social relations, basic-livelihood and health care, and living essential consumption. Proportion of food and housing costs was the highest in all consumption patterns. But the types of future-oriented were lower food and housing costs compared to other types, and were stable consumption pattern a lot of savings. The types of housing and social relations were higher proportion of housing costs and the offerings and donations, the types of basic-livelihood and health care were higher proportion of food and housing costs, and health and medical care costs, and the types of living essential consumption were very high proportion of purchased costs of daily essentials. As working poor households with the disabled are likely to be included the types of future-oriented compared to the types of basic-livelihood and health care, the age, the severity of disability, and whether the owning a home were the significant factors. The major difference between both types were the education level and regular employee. 본 연구는 장애인가구의 소비패턴 유형을 파악하여 근로빈곤과 근로비빈곤 가구의 소비패턴 결정요인을 비교하였다. 장애인가구의 소비패턴을 분석하기 위해서 제3차 장애인고용패널조사(2010년) 자료를 사용하였다. 분석결과, 근로빈곤 장애인가구의 비율은 11.7%로 나타났으며, 근로비빈곤 장애인가구의 비율은 33.7%로 나타났다. 장애인가구의 소비패턴 유형은 미래지향형, 주거 및 관계형, 기본생활 및 보건의료형, 생활필수소비형으로 나타났다. 미래지향형 소비패턴은 식비와 주거비의 비중이 다른 유형에 비해 낮고, 식비 다음으로 저축을 많이 하는 가구로 안정적인 소비패턴을 보였다. 주거 및 관계형 소비패턴은 식비와 주거비 다음으로 헌금 및 기부금의 비중이 상대적으로 높았고, 기본생활 및 보건의료형 소비패턴은 식비와 주거비 다음으로 보건의료비 비중이 상대적으로 높았고, 필수소비형 소비패턴은 식비와 주거비 다음으로 생필품 구입비 비중이 높았다. 근로빈곤 장애인가구의 소비패턴은 기본생활 및 보건의료형 소비패턴이 가장 많았으며, 근로비빈곤 장애인가구는 미래지향형 소비패턴이 가장 많았다. 기본생활 및 보건의료형 소비패턴에 비해 미래지향형 소비패턴에 포함될 가능성이 높은 요인으로 근로빈곤 장애인가구는 장애인의 연령 및 장애정도, 자가여부로 나타났으며, 근로비빈곤 장애인가구는 장애인의 연령 및 학력수준, 장애정도, 상용직 근로여부, 자가여부로 나타났다. 근로빈곤 장애인가구와 근로비빈곤 장애인가구의 소비패턴 결정요인의 주요한 차이는 학력수준과 상용직 근로여부로 나타났다.

The Price Elasticity on Alcoholic Beverages in Korea

김다윗,윤미은,김미경,성우림,천성수 알코올과 건강행동학회 2015 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the price elasticity on alcoholic beverages’ consumption and figure out the consumption pattern and its changes in Korea from 1997 to 2010 for using the official data relating alcohol consumption and its’ price. Methods: The alcohol 'unit' price of each type of alcoholic beverage in each year from 1997 to 2010 was extracted and its price inflation was compared with the consumer price inflation. Also, alcohol consumption of each type of beverage was calculated to see any changes over the years. Finally, the price elasticity of each alcoholic beverage was calculated to see the effect of the price changes on the alcoholic beverages’ consumption rate. Results: The price inflation rate from 1997 to 2010 was 3.682% for soju, 4.584% for wine, 1.887% for beer, and –1.48% for spirit and whisky and other similar kinds. The consumption rate decreased for soju 3611g (83%), but it was increased for beer 558g (120%), for spirit and whisky kinds 358g (208%), and for wine 107g (396%). The price elasticity of soju as –0.112, and beer as –0.153 showed that there is no significant effect of the price on the consumption rate, but the spirit and whisky kinds displayed as 1.840, wine 1.457, did show significant effect. Conclusion: From 1997 to 2010, the price inflation of alcoholic beverages was higher than the consumer price inflation. Of the total alcoholic beverage consumption, soju consumption was the highest with 60%. Especially, the phenomenon of producing lower alcoholic content liquor from 2006 caused a decrease in the total alcohol consumption. This means that the alcoholic beverage consumption of the drinkers(ℓ) remained the same, but only the unit consumption(g) has decreased. Thus, the decrease in the total unit alcohol consumption is not caused by the changes in consumption patterns of the drinkers. The price elasticity shows that the price does not have an effect on the drinking patterns. This may mean that the price of alcoholic beverages in Korea is still too cheap that it does not have a significant effect on the consumption pattern.

The Price Elasticity on Alcoholic Beverages in Korea

David H Kim,Mieun Yun,Mikyung Kim,Woorim Sung,Sungsoo Chun 알코올과 건강행동학회 2015 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the price elasticity on alcoholic beverages’ consumption and figure out the consumption pattern and its changes in Korea from 1997 to 2010 for using the official data relating alcohol consumption and its’ price. Methods: The alcohol 'unit' price of each type of alcoholic beverage in each year from 1997 to 2010 was extracted and its price inflation was compared with the consumer price inflation. Also, alcohol consumption of each type of beverage was calculated to see any changes over the years. Finally, the price elasticity of each alcoholic beverage was calculated to see the effect of the price changes on the alcoholic beverages’ consumption rate. Results: The price inflation rate from 1997 to 2010 was 3.682% for soju, 4.584% for wine, 1.887% for beer, and –1.48% for spirit and whisky and other similar kinds. The consumption rate decreased for soju 3611g (83%), but it was increased for beer 558g (120%), for spirit and whisky kinds 358g (208%), and for wine 107g (396%). The price elasticity of soju as –0.112, and beer as –0.153 showed that there is no significant effect of the price on the consumption rate, but the spirit and whisky kinds displayed as 1.840, wine 1.457, did show significant effect. Conclusion: From 1997 to 2010, the price inflation of alcoholic beverages was higher than the consumer price inflation. Of the total alcoholic beverage consumption, soju consumption was the highest with 60%. Especially, the phenomenon of producing lower alcoholic content liquor from 2006 caused a decrease in the total alcohol consumption. This means that the alcoholic beverage consumption of the drinkers(ℓ) remained the same, but only the unit consumption(g) has decreased. Thus, the decrease in the total unit alcohol consumption is not caused by the changes in consumption patterns of the drinkers. The price elasticity shows that the price does not have an effect on the drinking patterns. This may mean that the price of alcoholic beverages in Korea is still too cheap that it does not have a significant effect on the consumption pattern.