카카오추출물을 이용한 마스카라 제조 및 평가

강선영 ( Sun Young Kang ),김진 ( Jin Kim ),김정희 ( Jeong Hee Kim ) 한국미용학회 2014 한국미용학회지 Vol.20 No.4

Although utilization of natural materials has assumed increasing significance in a study of cosmetics, most of mascaras are made of the chemical materials. These ingredients induced the stimulation and inflammation of ophthalmology. Therefore that is can substituted for hypoallergenic mascara of Theobroma cacao L.. We assessed anti-oxidation potential, anti-microbial activity of Theobroma cacao L.. Wemade mascaras containing Theobroma cacao L. and evaluated safety and effectiveness to compare with a mascara on the market. Theobroma cacao L. was included a lot of Theobromine and Caffeine. The ant ioxidative activity was compared that Theobroma cacao L. was higher than other natural materials. As anti-microbial activity test results, the clear zone against Staphylococcus aureus was 12 mm from mascaras in 5% and 10% of Theobroma cacao L. The growth activity of Human skin fibroblast was compared the mascaras in which was added Theobroma cacao L. and black oxide of iron. The mascara in 10% of Theobroma cacao L. (97.23%) has better cellviability than control mascara (86.69%) on 1000 ppm. At the patch test result, 2 of 10 people were appeared erytherma on mascara of the black iron oxide but disappeared on the mascaras of Theobroma cacao L.. The coloration value of the Theobroma cacao L.`s mascaras were similar to the control mascara except mascara in 10% of Theobroma cacao L. Based on these findings, we thought that suggest apossibility in future for development of the other cosmetics contained natural materials.

Haploid embryogenesis and molecular detection of somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (TcSERK) genes in sliced ovary cultures of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Ramasamy Gnanam,Ramasamy Sivachandran,Ravi Nagganatha Suganthan,Krishnan Rajalakshmi,Subramanian Rajesh,Raman Renuka,Duraialaguraja Sudhakar,Muthurajan Raveendran,Vellaichamy Jegadeeswari 한국식물생명공학회 2022 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.16 No.3

Somatic embryos were induced from sliced unpollinated ovaries of cocoa. The influence of genotypes and cold pre-treatment were studied on the induction of callus and haploid embryogenesis. Among the five cocoa genotypes studied, CCRP 5 and CCRP 1 had recorded a maximum callus induction frequency of 66.00% and 62.00%, respectively, from sliced ovaries on WPM medium supplemented with 2-iP (1.0 mg L−1), Zeatin (1.0 mg L−1), and AgNO3 (5.0 mg L−1). Sliced ovaries isolated from cold pre-treated (4 °C for 1 day), 4–6 mm long (containing mature ovule) flower buds recorded the maximum callus induction frequency (67%). The highest percentage of embryogenic calli was noticed from ovaries of pre-treated (4 °C for 1 day) flower buds of CCRP 5 (31.00%). During proliferation and sub-culturing, callus morphogenesis such as white com- pact, light creamy nodular, proliferative beige shaded embryogenic, and light brown watery spongy non-proliferative calli were observed. Induction of globular and heart stage somatic embryos was noticed in WPM medium supplemented with ascorbic acid (35.2 mg L−1), Zeatin (1.0 mg L−1), Kinetin (3.0 mg L−1), and sucrose (30.0 g L−1). Further, the cotyledon- ary stage embryos and shoot conversion were observed in WPM medium supplemented with MgSO4 (4.0 g L−1), K2SO4 (12.0 g L−1), glucose (1.0 g L−1), and sucrose (30.0 g L−1). Histological and scanning electron microscopic studies revealed an asynchronous pattern of somatic embryos development (globular, heart, and torpedo stage) from embryogenic calli. The molecular confirmation of embryogenic competence with different types of ovary callus at different stages was confirmed with the detection of the TcSERK gene through semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The TcSERK gene expression was higher in embryogenic friable calli and lower in callus with early embryo induction. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells from ovary calli were haploids (1n = 10). This study would be a starting step for the induction of haploid embryogenesis from sliced ovaries of the well-adapted regional genotypes of cocoa, for obtaining rapid homozygosity; as induction of haploids through androgenesis in an earlier study could not yield fruitful results.

The Relationship between Lignin and Morphological Characteristics of the Tracheary Elements from Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Hulls

( Byung Yeoup Chung ),( Jae Young Cho ),( Seung Sik Lee ),( Yoshiharu Nishiyama ),( Yuji Matsumoto ),( Kenji Liyama ) 한국식물학회 2008 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.51 No.2

Tracheary elements (TEs) were physically separated from the hulls of cacao pods (Theobroma cacao L.). Their morphological features were extensively investigated with scanning electron microscopy and chemical characterization. Spiral TEs were covered with a thin layer of primary wall that had a web-like structure on its outer surface. These TEs had a spiral circularity diameter of 8.2 ± 0.6 μm and an estimated secondary wall thickness of about 2.1 ± 0.2 μm. Polarized microscopy analysis revealed that the cellulose microfibrils were aligned parallel to that thickening. Lignin content was 36.1%, with a 0.13:1.00 molar ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl units and a 1.09:1.00 molar ratio of erythronic acid and threonic acid. Total yields of the alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation and ozonation products were 324.5 and 148.8 μmol g?1 of extract-free TEs, respectively. Based on these morphological and lignin characteristics, we conclude that fully ripened cacao hulls exhibit the same features of secondary wall thickening as those seen at an earlier stage.

카카오 열수 추출물 투여의 마우스 면역세포 활성효과

류혜숙 한국식품영양학회 2020 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.33 No.6

Theobroma cacao L., a fruit of cacao trees, is a perennial plant, which belongs to Sterculiaceae, and is native to the Amazon in South Africa. It also has been known for its various biologically active effects, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial. The spleen cell proliferations of mice were measured at 48 hours after treatment of Theobroma cacao L. water extracts in seven concentrations(0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 μg/mL) an ELISA assay. The production of cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ), is secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS, was detected by ELISA assay using the cytokine kit. From the results of in vitro study, both splenocytes and cytokine production activated by peritoneal macrophages have increased when water extracts were supplemented in the range between 250 and 500 μg/mL concentration. Notably, splenocytes production has a signigicant proliferation at 500 μg/mL concentration. The result from this research suggests that supplementation with Theobroma cacao L. water extracts may enhance the immune function by stimulating the splenocyte proliferation and improving the cytokine production activating macrophage in vitro.

Comparative proteomic analysis of non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus, somatic and zygotic embryos of Theobroma cacao L.

N’goran Georges Poh Konan,Minyaka Emile,N’zi Jean-Claude,Kouassi Modeste Kan,Kouamé Christophe,N’dri Denis,Djeni Theodore N’dede 한국식물생명공학회 2023 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.17 No.5

The induction, development, and maturation of somatic embryos in cocoa are subjected to numerous failures during the various development stages. Understanding the biochemical/molecular events governing somatic embryogenesis in T. cacao will help to overcome these failures. The present study focused on cocoa somatic embryogenesis proteomic variations with the aim to shed light on the constraints of somatic embryos during their development stages (induction, expression, and maturation). These were investigated using combinations of LC–MS/MS coupled with TripleTOF 5600 + and Orbitrap Fusion methods during cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) somatic embryogenesis. Non-embryogenic callus (NC), embryogenic callus (EC), somatic embryos (ESN), and zygotic embryos (EZM) were used as samples. Sample analyses followed by bioinformatics research identified a total of 1762 proteins. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were derived from NC (429), EC (301), ESN (911), and EZM (511) and classified according to ontological categories. The analysis of KEGG pathways in NC and EZM showed that they were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. While in EC and ESN, they are enriched in endoplasmic reticulum protein processing. Based on protein–protein interaction analysis, proteins in EC and ESN were highly regulated and involved in environmental stress. On the other hand, proteins in NC and EZM, highly regulated were involved in energy metabolism. This proteomic study provides clues to understand the low rate of conversion to plant in somatic embryogenesis and helps to build a model for improved culture medium.

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Solvent Fraction from Theobroma cacao L. Extract

Young-Sun Kim(김영선),Jin-Young Lee(이진영),Young-Je Cho(조영제),Bong-Jeun An(안봉전) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.10

본 연구는 카카오를 화장품 소재로 활용하기 위하여 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 검증하여 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 검토하였다. 아세톤 추출물을 이용하여 클로로포름층, 에틸아세테이트층, 부탄올층, 물층의 극성별로 분획을 실시하였다. 카카오 분획물의 전자공여능은 100 μg/ml에서 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 76.2%, 부탄올 분획물이 53.9%의 소거능을 나타내었다. 또한, superoxide anion radical 소거능 측정 결과, 에틸아세테이트 분획물과 부탄올 분획물이 50 μg/ml에서 각각 76.09%, 51.4%의 소거능이 나타났고, Fe2+, Cu2+의 첨가에 따른 지방산패 억제능에서 Fe2+를 첨가한 군에서는 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 50 μg/ml에서 64%로 Cu2+를 첨가한 군보다 저해능이 높았다. 항염증 효과 측정으로 hyaluronidase 저해 활성을 측정한 결과, 부탄올 분획물의 경우 100 μg/ml에서 53.04%의 저해활성을 나타내었으며, lipoxygenase 저해 활성 측정결과 10 μg/ml에서 51.32%의 저해활성을 나타내었다. 대식세포를 이용한 nitric oxide (NO) 저해활성을 측정한 결과 카카오 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 가장 높은 NO 저해활성을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 대식세포 내에서 에틸아세테이트 분획물 100 μg/ml 농도에서 iNOS, COX-2 단백질 발현을 저해하였다. Solvent extracts of Theobroma cacao L. (TCL) were investigated for anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in order to consider TCL as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. TCL(A) extract was fractioned according to polarity with CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water. Following TCL(A) fractionation, the electron-donating ability of the n-BuOH and EtOAc solvent fractions (each 100 μg/ml) was about 76.2% and 53.9%, respectively. The superoxide anion radical inhibitory effect of the n-BuOH and EtOAc solvent fractions (each 50 μg/ml) was about 76.09% and 51.4%, respectively. Results of lipid oxidation showed that Fe2+ had a greater chelating effect than Cu2+. The Fe2+ chelating effect of the EtOAc solvent fraction (50 μg/ml) was about 64%. Hyaluronidase inhibition related to the anti-inflammatory effect was 53.0% with EtOAc at 100 μg/ml, while the lipoxygenase inhibitory effect was about 51.32% at 10 μg/ml. The anti-inflammatory activity in the EtOAc fraction inhibited the generation of nitric oxide. Results also showed that iNOS protein expression increased in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, at 100 μg/ml EtOAc, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression significantly decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Qualitative Attributes of Soil and Cocoa Forastero in Bahia, Brazil

Guilherme Amorim Homem De Abre,Quintino Araujo,Jose Claudio Faria 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Study of Purine Alkaloids and Phenolic Substances if Cocoa Beans Grown in Different Soils in Southeastern Bahia, Brazil

Quintino Araujo,Guilherme Loureiro,Jose O Souza Jr,Jose C Faria 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6