타이완 지역 오스트로네시아어 사동문 논항 격 유형

박은석 영남중국어문학회 2023 중국어문학 Vol.- No.92

This paper studied the case types of the causative arguments of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan. The languages of the Austronesian family in Taiwan have a unique focus structure that is largely divided into agent focus and non-agent focus(patient focus, locative focus, instrumental focus, peripheral focus). This unique focus structure affects the argument case structure of the causative sentences. This paper investigates the case structure of the two argument causative sentences, three argument causative sentences, and four argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, respectively, and classifies the types. It can be seen that the case structure types of the argument differs according to the focus structure types in all of the two argument causative sentences, three argument causative sentences, and four argument causative sentences. In the case of the agent focus two argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. And in all languages, there was a common characteristic that the causer appears as the nominative case. The case structure in which the causer appears as the nominative and the causee appears as the ablative was the most with 8 languages. In the case of the non-agent focus two argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. In the non-agent focus two argument causative sentences, the patient focus sentence and the locative focus sentence were found as the non-agent focus sentence. Languages with non-agent focus, and with the case structure in which the causer appears as the genitive and the causee appears as the nominative were the most with 11 languages. In the case of the agent focus three argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. And in all languages, there was a common characteristic that the causer appears as the nominative case. In the case of the non-agent focus three argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 14 types. there was a common characteristic that almost all of the causer appears as the genitive case. Four types of non-agent focus sentence were discovered in the non-agent focus three argument causative sentences, patient focus sentence, locative focus sentence, instrumental focus sentence, and peripheral focus sentence. Languages with non-agent focus, and with the case structure in which the causer appears as the genitive and the causee appears as the nominative and object appears as the ablative were the most with 5 languages. It is difficult to systematically classify the case structure of four argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan because examples of four argument causative sentences were found only in Puyuma, Sakijaya, and Saroan references. However, considering only the examples found, there was a commonality in that the causer appeared as the genitive case in all three languages. After examining and classifying case types of causative arguments of Austronesian languages in Taiwan, this study compares them with the case types of causative arguments suggested by Dixon (2000:30-83). As a result, it was found that the case types of causative arguments of Austronesian languages in Taiwan and the case types of causative arguments suggested by Dixon only partially matched each other and most of them did not match.

使役文と原動文との似通い -使役と原動の対立の弱まり-

早津恵美子 한국일본어학회 2013 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.36

In Japanese causative sentences such as “Nakamachi-de meishi-wo koshirae-saseru (=koshiraeru),” there are some examples which retain their naturalness even if the causative form V-(s)aseru is replaced by the non-causative verb form without -(s)aseru to refer to the same event. This paper investigates the grammatical and lexical conditions required for causative and non-causative sentences to express the same referential meaning, as in the above example, in relation to the semantic types of causative sentences. In terms of such causative sentences which express the same referential meaning as the non-causative sentences, the case whereby a causer makes use of an actor as the supervisor to achieve his/her desired outcome and enjoy the outcome is only restricted to prominent causative (i.e., literal causative or “tsukaidate” (Hayatsu, 2007)) sentences. This is supported by features of sentence structures such as the categorical meaning of non-causative verbs, explicit expression of an actor in a sentence, and the social semantic relationship of the nouns expressing the actor and the causer. These referential similarities of causative and non-causative sentences are manifested as co-indexed referents of the two types of sentences, but can also be interpreted as a weakening of causative and non-causative voice opposition. 使役文には、「仲町で名刺を拵えさせる(≒拵える)」のように、使役動詞のかわりに「-(サ)セル」のつかない原動詞で述べても同じ事態を指す文として不自然でないものがある。本稿では、こういった使役文と原動文との似通いがどのような文法的·語彙的条件のもとで生じるかを、使役文の意味タイプとの関係も含めて考察した。原動文との似通いが生じる使役文は、使役主体が自らの実現させたい状況を実現させるために主宰者として動作主体を利用し、自らはその結果を享受するということがきわだつ使役文であり、使役文の意味タイプとしては、早津(2007)で「つかいだての使役」とされるものに限られる。そしてこのことは、原動詞のカテゴリカルな意味、動作主体の文中での明示の仕方、動作主体を表す名詞のカテゴリカルな意味に窺える使役主体との関係、といった文構造の性質に支えられている。使役文と原動文とのこういった似通いは、二つの文の指示対象の同一性という現象であるが、ヴォイスとしての使役と原動との対立の弱まりという面も備えている。

초등학교 고학년 읽기부진학생의 문장읽기에서 통사 처리 특성

황민아(Mina Hwang) 한국언어청각임상학회 2008 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.13 No.3

배경 및 목적: 읽기부진학생들의 통사처리 능력을 다룬 선행 연구들에 서는 주로 구어에 대한 문법검사를 이용하거나 메타통사적(metasyntactic) 과제에 대한 수행을 검 사함으로써 일상적으로 문장을 읽고 이해하는 과정에서의 통사처리 특성을 구체적으로 밝히지 못 하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 고학년 읽기부진학생들이 문장을 읽고 이해할 때 통사처리의 특성을 조사하는 것이다. 방법: 초등학교 4~6학년 읽기부진학생 50명과 일반학생 52명을 대상으 로 구문 구조의 복잡성이 다른 두 유형의 문장(단순문장, 관형절 포함 복문)에 대한 문장-그림 확인 과제를 실시하였고, 이해정확도와 반응시간을 측정하였다. 단순문장은 규범어순(Subject-Object- Verb: SOV, 이하 SOV)과 비규범어순(Object-Subject-Verb: OSV, 이하 OSV) 문장을 포함하였 고, 관형절문장은 주격관형절과 목적격관형절을 포함하였다. 결과: 이해정확도의 측면에서 읽기부 진학생은 관형절문장 뿐 아니라 단순문장 이해에 있어서도 일반학생에 비하여 유의미하게 저조한 수행을 보였다. 두 집단 학생들 모두 단순문장에서는 OSV문장보다 SOV문장을, 관형절문장의 경 우에는 목적격관형절문장보다 주격관형절문장을 더 정확하게 이해하였다. 집단과 어순, 집단과 관 형절유형의 상호작용은 유의미하지 않았다. 이해반응시간에 대한 자료분석 결과, 단순문장이해 검 사에서 어순과 집단의 상호작용이 유의미하였는데, 일반학생들만 SOV문장에 대한 반응시간이 OSV문장에 비해 유의미하게 빨랐고, 읽기부진학생들에게는 어순에 따른 반응시간의 차이가 유의 미하지 않았다. 논의 및 결론: 읽기부진학생들은 전반적으로 일반학생에 비하여 통사처리에 어려움 을 보였지만 어순이나 관형절유형에 따른 이해검사의 수행 양상은 일반학생과 유사하였던 본 연구 의 결과를 통해 이들이 일반학생들과 비슷한 방식으로 통사분석을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나, 단순문장에 대한 이해반응시간에서의 집단과 어순의 상호작용은 읽기부진학생들이 일반학생들 에 비하여 문장이해시 어순정보를 활용하는 효율성이 떨어지는 증거로 여겨진다. Background & Objectives: Studies on syntactic skills of students with reading disabilities or poor readers focused on their metasyntactic skills or their subtest scores on grammar from standardized tests of spoken language, not on their syntactic processing during sentence reading. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of syntactic processing of poor readers while they read and comprehended given sentences. Methods: A total of 102 elementary students (50 poor readers and 52 normal readers) at grades 4 to 6 participated in this study. Each participant performed two sentence comprehension tasks using two types of sentences of different syntactic complexity (simple sentences of noun-noun-verb form and complex sentences containing a relative-clause). A half of simple sentences were of SOV order and the other were of OSV order. Complex sentences contained either a subject relative-clause or an object relative-clause. A sentencepicture verification method was used for both sentence comprehension tasks and response times (RT) as well as response accuracies were measured. Results: The poor readers were significantly less accurate than the normal readers in performing both simple-sentence and complex-sentence comprehension tasks. Both groups of students’ comprehension accuracies were greater for SOV sentences than for OSV sentences, and were greater for subject relative-clauses than for object relative-clauses. No statistically significant interaction effects involving group and sentence types were noted in accuracy measures of the two tasks. In the analysis of RT for simple sentence comprehension, a significant interaction effect between group and word-order was noted. The normal readers were significantly faster in comprehending SOV sentences than in comprehending OSV sentences, while such RT difference across sentence types was not observed in the poor readers. Discussion & Conclusion: In general, the poor readers showed difficulties in syntactic processing during sentence comprehension relative to their normal peers. However, they did not exhibit atypical patterns of syntactic processing as their performance patterns in two sentence comprehension tasks were similar to those of the normal readers. The significant interaction effect between group and word-order of simple sentences in the RT measures was interpreted as an evidence of the poor readers’ inefficiency in utilizing word-order and case-markers in analyzing the syntactic structures of sentences.

한국어의 피동과 비피동 - 피동문의 유형 분류를 중심으로 -

김영일 한국문화융합학회 2024 문화와 융합 Vol.46 No.1

본고의 목적은 피동의 주요 특성을 활용하여 한국어 피동문의 유형을 분류하는 것이다. 이를 위해 피동에 대한 교차 언어적인 연구를 살펴보고 피동의 주요 특성 네 가지를 추출하였다. 이것을 활용하여 한국어 피동문의 유형을 분류하고 각 유형별 특성과 차이를 기술하였다. 연구 결과, 원형적인 피동문에해당하는 유형Ⅰ과 유형Ⅱ, 비원형적인 피동문에 해당하는 유형Ⅲ과 유형Ⅳ를 확인할 수 있었으며, 종래 피동문으로 논의되어 온 문장 중에 비피동문의 존재를 확인할 수 있었다. 논의를 통해 한국어 피동문의 특성과 실체를 좀 더 구체적으로 들여다볼 수 있었으며, 원형적 접근법을 활용하여 여러 유형의피동문을 연속체로 기술함으로써 한국어 피동문에 대한 이해를 확장할 수 있었다. The purpose of this paper is to classify the types of Korean passive sentences using the main characteristics of passive voice. To achieve this goal, we conducted a review of cross-linguistic research on passive voice and identified four key characteristics. These characteristics were then used to classify Korean passive sentences, with a detailed description of the characteristics and differences of each type. As a result, we identified Types I and II as prototypical passive sentences and Types III and IV as non-prototypical passive sentences. Additionally, we confirmed the existence of non-passive sentences among those previously discussed as passive sentences. Through this discussion, we examined the characteristics and reality of Korean passive sentences more closely. Furthermore, our understanding of Korean passive sentences was expanded by employing a prototypical approach to describe various types of passive sentences as a continuum.

소유 의미 해석문의 유의 관계에 대하여

도재학,최호철 고려대학교 한국언어문화학술확산연구소 2017 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.37 No.-

This paper aims at revealing and distinguishing types of sentence meanings and the synonymous relation of them. First of all, types of sentence meanings are divided into locutionary meaning and uttered meaning, and each can be subdivided into designative meaning and interpretative meaning. Based on these classifications, six synonymous constructions that can mean typical [POSSESSION] in the dimension of locutionary meaning are illustrated and analyzed. In this process, it is verified that the meanings of sentences are not to have a homogeneous value in equivalent levels, but to have various kinds of semantic properties in different levels. Given the types of sentence by meaning, there are two kinds of sentential synonymous relation; between meaning-designating sentences or between meaning-interpreted sentences. Actually, six constructions that denote [POSSESSION] are synonymous in a level of meaning-interpreted sentence, not meaning-designating sentence. 본 연구에서는 소유의 의미를 표현하는 것으로 논의되어 온 다양한 구문 구성을 대상으로 그들 사이에서 확인되는 문장의 유의 관계에 대해 논의하였다. 이를 위해 문장의 유형과 문장 의미의 유형에 관해 논의하면서, 문장의 유형으로서는 ‘언표 문장’과 ‘발화 문장’, ‘의미 표시문’과 ‘의미 해석문’을 구별하였고 문장 의미의 유형으로서는 ‘언표 의미’와 ‘발화 의미’, ‘표시 의미’와 ‘해석 의미’를 구별하였다. 그리고 언표 차원에서 원형적인 소유 의미를 표현하는 여섯 가지 구문 유형을 다루면서 이들은 실상 ‘의미 해석문’으로서 유의 관계를 이루는 것이며 ‘의미 표시문’으로서는 세 가지 유형의 소재 구문만이 유의 관계를 이룬다는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 문장의 의미가 동등한 차원에서 동질적인 성격을 가지는 것이 아니라 서로 이질적인 언어 내외적 요인들이 참조되는 것임을 다시금 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 문장의 유의 관계는 어휘적 또는 통사적 방책으로만 성립되는 것이 아니고 여러 문장 구성 요소들의 복합적인 작용을 통해 성립되는 다층적인 것임을 보였다.

持ち主のやりもらい構文の構造とヴォイス性 ー元になる文との関係からー

송혜선 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2020 건지인문학 Vol.0 No.29

In this paper, give/take-type verb sentence structure was analyzed using the concept of the original verb sentence structure. As a result, in the original verb sentence structure, the sentence structure that affects the part of the action object, that is, the body and possessions, constituted the “owner give/take-type verb” sentence structure. The “owner give/take-type verb” sentence structure is a verb sentence structure in which give/take-type verbs are combined with the transitive verb sentence structure that the “no” role action object affects the possessions of “wo” role and “ni” role. A verb sentence structure such as "Taro washed Jiro's hair" affecting the "wo" role possessions becomes a sentence like "Taro gave Jiro a wash to the hair" in the give-type sentence and it becomes the sentence structure like "Jiro got his hair washed by Taro." in a take-type sentence. In addition, the original verb sentence structure such as ``Taro applied a moxa on Jiro's back'' affecting the ``ni'' role possessions becomes a sentence like ``Taro gave Jiro a moxa on the back'' in a give-type sentence, and ``Jiro got a moxa from Taro on the back'' in a take-type sentence. In other words, the "no" role, which is the beneficiary in the give-type verb sentence, changed to the "ga" role in the take-type verb sentence, and the affected "wo" role and "ni" role do not change. In addition, as a result of examining the voice feature of the ``owner give/take-type verb sentence structure'', it is observed that there is a confrontation structure, the same structure as "owner passive form", in which the owner of ``no'' role is replaced with ``ga'' role in take-type verb sentence structure.

使役文と原動文との似通い

早津?美子(하야츠 에미코) 한국일본어학회 2013 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.36

In Japanese causative sentences such as “Nakamachi-de meishi-wo koshirae-saseru (=koshiraeru),” there are some examples which retain their naturalness even if the causative form V-(s)aseru is replaced by the non-causative verb form without -(s)aseru to refer to the same event. This paper investigates the grammatical and lexical conditions required for causative and non-causative sentences to express the same referential meaning, as in the above example, in relation to the semantic types of causative sentences. In terms of such causative sentences which express the same referential meaning as the non-causative sentences, the case whereby a causer makes use of an actor as the supervisor to achieve his/her desired outcome and enjoy the outcome is only restricted to prominent causative (i.e., literal causative or “tsukaidate” (Hayatsu, 2007)) sentences. This is supported by features of sentence structures such as the categorical meaning of non-causative verbs, explicit expression of an actor in a sentence, and the social semantic relationship of the nouns expressing the actor and the causer. These referential similarities of causative and non-causative sentences are manifested as co-indexed referents of the two types of sentences, but can also be interpreted as a weakening of causative and non-causative voice opposition.

인지 작용 양상에 따른 한국어 감탄 표현 연구

정선주 ( Sun Ju Jeong ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2007 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.40

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the pattern and the characteristics of exclamatory sentences according to the aspects of cognitive working of Korean. Since the researches of such sentences have mainly been achieved in terms of the classification of type of sentences, researches of ‘-ku-’ class final ending , such as ‘-ku, -kuna’, or the mood-related take most parts. The main interests of this research are to establish the boundary of the exclamatory sentences in terms of pragmatics in a broad sense; to set it up extensively; and to study the aspects of cognitive working when we speak to exclamatory sentences. The exclamatory sentences can be classified into two types: 1. reflected exclamatory sentences: instant expression when a person responses from a stimulus 2. cognitive exclamatory sentences: relatively more lagged responses than reflected exclamatory sentences due to time required to think and response.

중국어 ‘是…的’ 구문의 상황유형에 따른 시간 표현 공기 제약 연구

이은경 한국중국언어학회 2022 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.99

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the past or non-past temporal expressions in ‘Shi(是)…De(的)’ form and the cleft sentence in the co-occurrence phenomenon. In the process of analysis, the relationship between aspectual properties of verb and focus type with the formation of cleft sentence, as well as the relationship between nominalized sentence and the cleft sentence were observed. The State situation type verbs cannot appear in the cleft sentence in ‘Shi(是)…De(的)’ form with temporal expressions. However, they can appear in the ‘O+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form in few cases where the T is past or present temporal expression, and is considered to be nominalized sentence. Activity situation type verbs are effected by the duration. Activity situation type verbs with strong durative property generally cannot appear in ‘Shi(是)…De(的)’ form, but in a small number of verb cases can appear in temporal expression in ‘S+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form and form a cleft sentence. Furthermore, a small number of activity situation type with strong durative property can appear in the ‘O+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form, in which case they will be interpreted as either cleft sentence or nominalized sentence. Semelfactive situation type can be used in both ‘S+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ and ‘O+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form, but only if the T is in the past temporal expression, and in such case both forms can function as cleft sentence with the T being the argument focus. Activity situation type with less durative property were observed to be a halfway point between the activity situation type with strong durative property and the semelfactive situation type. Activity situation type with less durative property can only appear in ‘S+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form where the T is the past temporal expression, in which can it will be the argument focus. In case of co-occurrence with non-past temporal expressions, the ‘O+Shi(是)+T+VP+De(的)’ form will be recognized as nominalized sentence. Achievement and accomplishment situation type verbs can appear in ‘S+Shi(是)+T+VPDe(的)’ and O+Shi(是)+T+VPDe(的)’ form when the T is past temporal expression, and form a cleft sentence. These verbs cannot appear in ‘Shi(是)…De(的)’ form with non past temporal expressions. When ‘Shi(是)…De(的)’ form functions as a cleft sentence with information structure having presupposition and argument focus, it is generally in case of co-occurrence with past temporal expression, but never in co-occurrence with non-past temporal expression. It is believed that this is due to the fact that proposition, which expresses the past event, is more appropriate to contain the presupposition and the argument focus. There are many contextual limitations in cases of non-past temporal expression, which requires that the event must either be on-going or expected because it does not express a completed event.

「してもらう」文の文タイプの移行について ― 受益性を表さないタイプを中心に ―

權勝林 ( Kwon¸ Seung-lim ) 한국일어교육학회 2023 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.64

本稿は受益性を表さない「してもらう」文を対象に、文タイプの移行関係について記述したものである。<ものがたり文>の「してもらう文」は、聞き手への働きかけ性が認められると<まちのぞみ文>、さらに<さそいかけ文>への移行が頻繁に起こるのである。 分析対象と文タイプの移行関係を示すと次のとおりである。 [1] 「してもらおう」タイプ:<さそいかけ文>へ移行 [2] 「してもらいたい」タイプ:<まちのぞみ文>から<さそいかけ文>へ移行 [3] 「してもらってもいい」タイプ:<ものがたり文>から<さそいかけ文>へ移行 [4] 「してもらっては困る/してもらわないと困る」タイプ: <ものがたり文>から<さそいかけ文>へ移行 [5] 「してもらわないといけない」タイプ:<ものがたり文>から<さそいかけ文>へ移行 [1]タイプは動詞の意志形で聞き手への働きかけを表す場合である。[2]タイプは「たい」形が後接するので、それ自体<まちのぞみ文>であるが、聞き手への働きかけを表すことができる。[3]から[5]タイプは当為的モダリティ形式と共起し、基本的には<ものがたり文>であるが、<さそいかけ文>への移行が見られる。[2]の場合、否定形あるいは過去形になると、文タイプの移行が行われないことがある。[4]と[5]タイプのうち後方省略タイプは、<まちのぞみ文>または<さそいかけ文>への移行が行われやすくなる。 This paper is about the transition of the sentence type of ‘sitemorau’ sentences that do not show beneficialness. The ‘sitemorau’ sentence, as a ‘monogatari bun (narrative sentence)’, is frequently converted to ‘machinozomi bun (optative sentence)’ and ‘sasoikake bun (hortative sentence)’, especially when an intention to do something against the listener is recognized. In this paper, the following sentence types were analyzed and described. [1] sitemoraou type:can be converted into a hortative sentence [2] sitemoraitai type:optative sentence to hortative sentence [3] sitemorattemoii type:narrative sentence to hortative sentence [4] sitemorattewakomaru/sitemorawanaitokomaru type: narrative sentence to hortative sentence [5] sitemorawanaitoikenai type:narrative sentence to hortative sentence Type [1] is the case that uses the verb’s volition type to express an intention to do something to the listener. Type [2] is an ‘optative sentence’ in itself since the ‘~tai’ combines right after, and it can also express an intention to do something to the listener. And the type [3]-[5] in the above are combined with deontic modality form and are basically narrative sentences that may convert to hortative sentences. In addition, if the rear form of the [4] or [5] types is omitted, it is easier to convert them into an optative sentence or a hortative sentence.