임상용 Ga-68 표지 방사성의약품의 합성을 위한 자동합성장치 개발

PARK Jun Young,SON Jeongmin,KANG Won Jun 대한임상검사과학회 2023 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.55 No.4

The germanium-68/gallium-68 (68Ge/68Ga) generator has high spatial utilization and requires little maintenance, making it economical and easy to produce. Thus, the frequency of use of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals is rapidly increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study attempted to develop an automated synthesizer for the routine clinical application of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. The automated synthesizer was based on a fixed tubing system and the structure was designed after adjusting the position of the parts to reflect the synthesis method. Using various components that can be supplied in Korea, the automated synthesizer was manufactured at a much lower price cost than that of a commercialized automated synthesizer sold by companies. 68Ga-DOTA-[Tyr3]-octreotide (68Ga-DOTATOC) was synthesized to evaluate the performance of the automated synthesizer. 68Ga-DOTATOC could be synthesized with about 65% of non-decay corrected yield, and the synthesized 68Ga-DOTATOC met all quality control standards. We have synthesized 68Ga-DOTATOC more than 100 times, and only faced a few problems caused by mechanical errors. In this study, we successfully developed a simple automated synthesizer for 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals with high reproducibility. As various 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have recently been developed, it is expected that the automated synthesizer developed in this study will be useful for routine clinical use.

가변 운율 모델링을 이용한 고음질 감정 음성합성기 구현에 관한 연구

민소연(Min, So-Yeon),나덕수(Na, Deok-Su) 한국산학기술학회 2013 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.14 No.8

본 논문은 고음질의 대용량 코퍼스 기반 음성 합성기에 감정 음성 코퍼스를 추가하여 보다 다양한 합성음을 생성할 수 있는 방법에 관한 것이다. 파형 접합형 합성기에서 사용할 수 있는 형태로 감정 음성 코퍼스를 구축하여 기존의 일반 음성 코퍼스와 동일한 합성단위 선택과정을 통해 합성음을 생성할 수 있도록 구현하였다. 감정 음성 합 성을 위해 태그를 사용하여 텍스트를 입력하고, 억양구 단위로 일치하는 데이터가 존재하는 경우 감정 음성으로 합성 하고, 그렇지 않은 경우 일반 음성으로 합성하도록 하였다. 그리고 음성에서 운율을 구성하는 요소로 휴지기(break)가 있는데, 감정 음성의 휴지기는 일반 음성보다 불규칙한 특성이 있다. 따라서 합성기에서 생성되는 휴지기 정보를 감 정 음성 합성에 그대로 사용하는 것이 어려워진다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 가변 휴지기(Variable break)[3] 모델링을 적용하였다. 실험은 일본어 합성기를 사용하였고, 그 결과 일반 음성의 휴지기 예측 모듈을 그대로 사용하면서 자연스러운 감정 합성음을 얻을 수 있었다. This paper is related to the method of adding a emotional speech corpus to a high-quality large corpus based speech synthesizer, and generating various synthesized speech. We made the emotional speech corpus as a form which can be used in waveform concatenated speech synthesizer, and have implemented the speech synthesizer that can be generated various synthesized speech through the same synthetic unit selection process of normal speech synthesizer. We used a markup language for emotional input text. Emotional speech is generated when the input text is matched as much as the length of intonation phrase in emotional speech corpus, but in the other case normal speech is generated. The BIs(Break Index) of emotional speech is more irregular than normal speech. Therefore, it becomes difficult to use the BIs generated in a synthesizer as it is. In order to solve this problem we applied the Variable Break[3] modeling. We used the Japanese speech synthesizer for experiment. As a result we obtained the natural emotional synthesized speech using the break prediction module for normal speech synthesize.

Research on In-band Spurious Evasion Techniques of Hybrid Frequency Synthesizer

김승우,유우성 한국전기전자학회 2015 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.19 No.2

The study aims to a design hybrid frequency synthesizer in spectrum analyzer and to propose new techniques designed for evasion of in-band spurious. The study focuses on calculating the exact location of multiple phase locked loop of hybrid frequency synthesizer and spurious of direct digital synthesizer to evade in-band spurious outside of frequency range that the user wants to see and thereby simulating technique to improve input related spurious of spectrum analyzer for algorithm. The proposed technique is designed to calculate spurious evasion algorithm in central processing system when in-band spurious arises, and to move output frequency of DDS(direct digital synthesizer) into the place where no in-band spurious exists thereby improving performance of frequency synthesizer. The study used simulation and result representation to prove the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Research on In-band Spurious Evasion Techniques of Hybrid Frequency Synthesizer

Kim, Seung-Woo,Yoo, Woo-Sung Institute of Korean Electrical and Electronics Eng 2015 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.19 No.2

The study aims to a design hybrid frequency synthesizer in spectrum analyzer and to propose new techniques designed for evasion of in-band spurious. The study focuses on calculating the exact location of multiple phase locked loop of hybrid frequency synthesizer and spurious of direct digital synthesizer to evade in-band spurious outside of frequency range that the user wants to see and thereby simulating technique to improve input related spurious of spectrum analyzer for algorithm. The proposed technique is designed to calculate spurious evasion algorithm in central processing system when in-band spurious arises, and to move output frequency of DDS(direct digital synthesizer) into the place where no in-band spurious exists thereby improving performance of frequency synthesizer. The study used simulation and result representation to prove the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

고성능 레이다용 저잡음 하이브리드 주파수합성기 설계 및 제작

김동식(Dong-Sik Kim),김종필(Jong-Pil Kim),이주영(Ju-Young Lee),강연덕(Yeon Duk Kang),김선주(Sun-Ju Kim) 한국항공우주학회 2020 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.48 No.1

본 논문에서는 고성능 레이다를 위한 저잡음, 고안정 성능을 보유한 새로운 구조의 주파수합성기를 설계 및 제작 하였다. 날로 발전하는 스텔스 기능과 고해상도의 SAR 영상을 확보하기 위해서는 높은 주파수 순도와 초저잡음 특성이 요구되고 있으며, 이를 만족하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 DAS, DDS의 장점을 합성한 새로운 하이브리드 주파수합성기를 개발하였으며, 시험을 통하여 그 성능을 확인하였다. 개발된 주파수 합성기는 X대역에서 10% 이상의 운용대역폭을 보유하고 있으며, 1usec 이하의 빠른 주파수변환속도를 보유하고 있다. 또한, X대역 주파수에서 10kHz 옵셋 주파수에서.136dBc/Hz의 우수한 위상잡음을 보유하고 있다. 이는 기존 X대역 레이다용 주파수합성기보다 10dB 이상 개선된 성능이다. 또한, 개발된 하이브리드 주파수합성기에서 생성되는 주파수를 이용하여 L대역과 C대역에서도 활용이 가능하며, 추후 국내 AESA 레이다뿐만 아니라 고해상도 SAR레이다 그리고 고성능 지상레이다에 적용하여 성능개선이 가능하다. Modern radar system requires high spectral purity and low phase noise characteristics for very low RCS target detection and high resolution SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image. This paper presents a new X-band high stable frequency synthesizer for high performance radar system, which combines DAS (Direct Analog Synthesizer) and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer) techniques, in order to cope with very low phase noise and high frequency agility requirements. This synthesizer offers more than 10% operating bandwidth in X-band frequency and fast agile time lower than 1 usec. Also, the phase noise at 10kHz offset is lower than –136dBc/Hz, which shows an improvement of more than 10dB compared to the current state of art frequency synthesizer. This architecture can be applied to L-band and C-band application as well. This frequency synthesizer is able to used in modern AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar system and high resolution SAR application.

Design of PLL Frequency Synthesizer for a 915㎒ ISM Band wireless transponder using CPFSK communication

김성훈(Seung-Hoon Kim),조상복(Sang-Bock Cho) 대한전기학회 2007 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.4

In this paper, the fast locking PLL Frequency Synthesizer with low phase noise in a 0.18um CMOS process is presented. Its main application is for the 915㎒ ISM band wireless transponder upon the CPFSK (Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying) modulation scheme. Frequency synthesizer, which in this paper, is designed based on self-biased techniques and is independent with processing technology when damping factor and bandwidth fixed to most important parameters as operating frequency ratio, broad frequency range. and input phase offset cancellation. The proposed frequency synthesizer. which is fully-integrated and is in 320M ~ 960㎒ of the frequency range with 10㎒ of frequency resolution. And its is implemented based on integer-N architecture. Its power consumption is 50㎽ at 1.8V of supply voltage and core area is 540㎛ × 450㎛. The measured phase noises are -1l7.92㏈c/㎐ at 10㎒ offset, with low settling time less than 3.3㎲.

소형화된 Ka-대역 주파수 합성기 모듈 설계 및 제작

김현미,양승식,이만희,염경환,Kim, Hyun-Mi,Yang, Seong-Sik,Lee, Man-Hee,Yeom, Kyung-Whan 한국전자파학회 2007 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.18 No.5

본 논문에서는 복합 소형화된 Ka-대역 주파수 합성기 모듈을 제작하였다. 본 논문을 통하여 소형화 구성시 배치 방법과 체계적인 검증 방법을 제시하였다. 제작된 주파수 합성기는 X-대역 전압 제어 발진기(VCO: Voltage Controlled Oscillator)의 주파수를 3체배하여 구성하였으며, 제작된 모듈은 500 MHz 주파수 가변 범위와 약 14 dBm의 출력 전력, 그리고 100 kHz 오프셋 주파수에서 -96.17 dBc/Hz의 위상 잡음 특성을 보여주고 있다. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a Ka-band synthesizer module. In addition, the systematic layout procedure and the test procedure were presented for the construction of compact synthesizer. To implement the Ka-band synthesizer, X-band VCO is employed as VCO and its frequency was multiplied by 3 with frequency tripler. The fabricated frequency synthesizer shows a frequency tuning range of 500 MHz, output power of about 14 dBm, and a phase noise of -96.17 dBc/Hz at the 100 kHz offset frequency.

고 해상도 VCO 튜닝 기법을 이용한 MB-OFDM UWB용 주파수 합성기

박준성(Joon-Sung Park),남철(Chul Nam),김영신(Young Shin Kim),부영건(Young Gun Pu),허정(Jeong Hur),이강윤(Kang-Yoon Lee) 大韓電子工學會 2009 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.46 No.8

본 논문에서는 UWB용 송수신기에서 LO 주파수를 생성해주는 주파수 합성기의 설계 결과를 보여주고 있다. 빠른 채널 스위칭 시간을 만족하기 위해서 1개의 PLL 과 여러 개의 분주기들과 SSB 믹서를 이용한 Sub-Band Generator로 구성하였으며, 전류 소모 및 면적을 최소화 하도록 설계하였다. 또한, 효과적인 주파수 플래닝을 통하여, 1개의 PLL로부터 생성된 6336 ㎒의 단일 주파수를 입력으로 받아 UWB Band Group 1에 해당하는 3432 ㎒, 3960 ㎒, 4488 ㎒의 중심 주파수를 발생시키는 Sub-Band Generator를 설계하였다. VCO의 튜닝 범위를 넓히면서도, 해상도를 높이기 위하여 MIM 커패시터, Varactor, DAC를 이용한 새로운 고 해상도 VCO 튜닝 기법을 제안하였다. 또한, 본 논문에서 제안한 주파수 합성기의 구조는 기저 대역 모뎀의 ADC를 위한 클록을 공급하기 때문에, 모뎀에서 ADC에 클록을 공급하기 위한 PLL을 제거할 수 있는 장점이 있다. VCO의 튜닝 범위는 1.2 ㎓이며, 6336 ㎒의 출력 주파수에서의 위상 잡음은 1 ㎒ 옵셋에서 -112 ㏈c/㎐ 로 측정 되었다. UWB용 PLL 및 Sub-Band Generator는 0.13 ㎛ CMOS 공정으로 설계하였으며, 전체 Chip 면적은 2 x 2 ㎟ 이다. 전력 소모는 1.2 V 의 공급 전원에서 60 ㎽이다. This paper describes a 3 to 5 ㎓ frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDM (Multi-Band OFDM) UWB (Ultra-Wideband) application using 0.13 ㎛ CMOS process. The frequency synthesizer operates in the band group 1 whose center frequencies are 3432 ㎒, 3960 ㎒, and 4488 ㎒. To cover the overall frequencies of group 1, an efficient frequency planning minimizing a number of blocks and the power consumption are proposed. And, a high-frequency VCO and LO Mixer architecture are also presented in this paper. A new mixed coarse tuning scheme that utilizes the MIM capacitance, the varactor arrays, and the DAC is proposed to expand the VCO tuning range. The frequency synthesizer can also provide the clock for the ADC in baseband modem. So, the PLL for the ADC in the baseband modem can be removed with this frequency synthesizer. The single PLL and two SSB-mixers consume 60 ㎽ from a 1.2 sV supply. The VCO tuning range is 1.2 ㎓. The simulated phase noise of the VCO is -112 ㏈c/㎐ at 1 ㎒ offset. The die area is 2 x 2 mm².

A CMOS Frequency Synthesizer for 5~6 GHz UNII-Band Sub-Harmonic Direct-Conversion Receiver

Chan-Young Jeong,유창식 대한전자공학회 2009 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.9 No.3

A CMOS frequency synthesizer for 5~6 GHz UNII-band sub-harmonic direct-conversion receiver has been developed. For quadrature downconversion with sub-harmonic mixing, octa-phase local oscillator (LO) signals are generated by an integer-N type phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer. The complex timing issue of feedback divider of the PLL with large division ratio is solved by using multimodulus prescaler. Phase noise of the local oscillator signal is improved by employing the ring-type LCtank oscillator and switching its tail current source. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the phase noise of the LO signal is lower than -80 dBc/Hz and -113 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1MHz offset, respecttively. The measured reference spur is lower than -70 dBc and the power consumption is 40 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage.

디지털 MMDS 하향변환기용 저 위상잡음 주파수 합성기의 설계

김영진 한국정보통신학회 2002 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.6 No.2

본 논문에서는 저 위상잡음과 고안정 특성을 나타내는 디지털 MMDS용 위상고정 발진기를 설계하였으며 전압제어 발진기용 능동소자의 비선형 등가모델에 의하여 저 위상잡음 파라미터와 안정된 전압제어 발진기의 필요충분 조건을 분석하였다. 설계된 전압제어 발진기에 위상고정루프를 적용하여 위상고정 마이크로파 발진기를 구현하였으며 고안정 전압제어 발진기에 대하여 시뮬레이션한 결과 -90dBc/Hz @ 10KHz의 위상잡음을 보였으며 위상고정 마이크로파 발진기에 대한 실험 결과 -85dBc/Hz @ 10KHz의 위상잡음을 얻었다. 고안정도와 저 위상잡음특성을 나타내는 위상고정 마이크로파 발진기의 설계모델을 디지털 MMDS 단말기용 고안정 주파수 합성기로 응용할 수 있음을 보였다. In this paper, Phase locked microwave oscillator having the low phase noise and high stability for digital MMDS down converter was designed. we have been analyzed the low phase noise properties by the active device nonlinear equivalent circuits and derived the necessary and sufficient conditions for high stable voltage control oscillator. And it is applied to phase locked loop, we design the phase locked microwave oscillator of frequency synthesizer. Experimental results of designed phase locked oscillator shows -85dBc/Hz @ 10KHz phase noise properties and simulation result is -90Bc/Hz @ 10kHz respectively we shows that proposed low phase noise and stable conditions of phase locked microwave oscillator can be applied to design the high stable digital MMDS frequency synthesizer.