Study on Social Transformation in Contemporary China: From the Perspective of Structural Holes

( Cheng Ming Huang ) 한국비교경제학회 2014 비교경제연구 Vol.21 No.1

Since 1978, China`s reform and opening up have led to the rapid development, the entire society presents a great historic change, which is known as the “China miracle”. The market-oriented path selected by contemporary China not only brings the change of the economic operation mode, but also the re-integration of the traditional interest structure. Compared with the former socialist countries and western countries, Chinese social transformation, both in the real structural restriction condition and the development logic, has obvious uniqueness. The process and characteristics of social transformation in contemporary China are studied in the paper. The social transformation of China is mainly embodied in the following changes: from planned economy to market economy, from agricultural(rural) society to industrial(city) society, from closed society to open society, from ethics society to legal society, from state monopoly to social participation, from nationalization to internationalization, and from single culture to multiculturalism, etc.. The social transformation in China on the basis of economic system transformation is not only the change in the social stratification structure, but also the structural change of city population, social culture and other social ideology. Therefore, the social transformation of China is a comprehensive, holistic social structure transformation on various aspects of society, national ideology, culture, political and psychological revolution. The social transformation of China reflects the following characteristics: (1) the combination of mandatory and inductive power, (2) the comprehensive change of social structure, and (3) the flat management in social structure According to the analysis of the structural holes theory, since structural holes is more advantageous to enhance the competitive advantage of players and the value of the entire network, individuals or organizations in the society must establish “structural holes” as many as possible, which implies extensive connection with individuals or groups who are not directly linked with them. By doing this, the players can obtain information and control advantage, and develop the advantage in the competition. Chinese traditional social relations based on family structure obviously lack the natural advantage of building structural holes, so it is necessary to transform into the social relations based on individual as the center. The structural holes theory indicates that the chance of acquiring new information depends on the weak tie between the player and his local network. Most local information in the network is widely shared, and the new information usually comes from non-repeating contact. The player must communicate with external groups to seek larger development opportunities, but the traditional family structure has hampered the external continuous information exchange, which is difficult to adapt to the development of social transformation, Chinese traditional social relations based on family structure will be resolved gradually. Contemporary social transformation in China provides an opportunity for the change of traditional family structure, and the deconstruction of traditional family structure in turn promotes the transformation of the society, and create conditions of breaking the closed boundaries for the individual and organization in the Chinese social structure. With the deepening of social transformation, great changes have taken place in Chinese traditional family structure and social relations, which is characterized by the performance of family culture, urbanization process and population structure. The formation of structural holes in Chinese social networks is increased by population frequent flow, interpersonal expansion and the conversion from closed lifestyle to open-type lifestyle. This paper shows that the social transformation in China has a great impact on traditional family structure formation, and disintegration and reconstruction of the traditional family structure also change the social relations and ocial interest distribution. In this paper, the structural holes theory is not used to analyze the operation of social capital as usual, but used to study the social transformation as a new attempt. Therefore, the discussion will contribute to understand the problems faced by social transformation, the direction of the institutionalization and its social base in China from a new perspective.

Study on Social Transformation in Contemporary China: From the Perspective of Structural Holes

황청밍 한국비교경제학회 2014 비교경제연구 Vol.21 No.1

Since 1978, China's reform and opening up have led to the rapid development, the entire society presents a great historic change, which is known as the "China miracle". The market-oriented path selected by contemporary China not only brings the change of the economic operation mode, but also the re-integration of the traditional interest structure. Compared with the former socialist countries and western countries, Chinese social transformation, both in the real structural restriction condition and the development logic, has obvious uniqueness. The process and characteristics of social transformation in contemporary China are studied in the paper. The social transformation of China is mainly embodied in the following changes: from planned economy to market economy, from agricultural (rural) society to industrial (city) society, from closed society to open society, from ethics society to legal society, from state monopoly to social participation, from nationalization to internationalization, and from single culture to multiculturalism, etc.. The social transformation in China on the basis of economic system transformation is not only the change in the social stratification structure, but also the structural change of city population, social culture and other social ideology. Therefore, the social transformation of China is a comprehensive, holistic social structure transformation on various aspects of society, national ideology, culture, political and psychological revolution. The social transformation of China reflects the following characteristics:(1)the combination of mandatory and inductive power, (2) the comprehensive change of social structure, and(3)the flat management in social structure. According to the analysis of the structural holes theory, since structural holes is more advantageous to enhance the competitive advantage of players and the value of the entire network, individuals or organizations in the society must establish "structural holes" as many as possible, which implies extensive connection with individuals or groups who are not directly linked with them. By doing this, the players can obtain information and control advantage, and develop the advantage in the competition. Chinese traditional social relations based on family structure obviously lack the natural advantage of building structural holes, so it is necessary to transform into the social relations based on individual as the center. The structural holes theory indicates that the chance of acquiring new information depends on the weak tie between the player and his local network. Most local information in the network is widely shared, and the new information usually comes from non-repeating contact. The player must communicate with external groups to seek larger development opportunities, but the traditional family structure has hampered the external continuous information exchange, which is difficult to adapt to the development of social transformation, Chinese traditional social relations based on family structure will be resolved gradually. Contemporary social transformation in China provides an opportunity for the change of traditional family structure, and the deconstruction of traditional family structure in turn promotes the transformation of the society, and create conditions of breaking the closed boundaries for the individual and organization in the Chinese social structure. With the deepening of social transformation, great changes have taken place in Chinese traditional family structure and social relations, which is characterized by the performance of family culture, urbanization process and population structure. The formation of structural holes in Chinese social networks is increased by population frequent flow, interpersonal expansion and the conversion from closed lifestyle to open-type lifestyle. This paper shows that the social transformation in China has a great impact on traditional family structure formation, and disinte...

지식의 구조로서 변환기하를 다루기 위한 성취기준 방향 탐색

노나은,최영기 대한수학교육학회 2020 학교수학 Vol.22 No.3

While Korean students learn more about Euclidean geometry earlier than other countries, they learn transformation geometry less. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a way to find consistency and systematicness of the geometric curriculum in Korea, focusing on transformation geometry. For this reason, the importance of transformation geometry was discussed in terms of the structure of knowledge. Also, we analyzed the transformation-based perspective expressed in the curriculum standards of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics(CCSSM) and the Korean 2015 revised mathematics curriculum in terms of curriculum articulation. As a result, the topics of transformation geometry that can be dealt with in school geometry were "congruent transformation", "symmetry", "similar transformation", and "analytic approach to transformation". In the case of CCSSM, the standards for each topic were structured to have a curriculum articulation, but in the case of Korea, the curriculum articulation of each topic was insufficient. Among the topics of transformation, 'similar transformation' was selected, which is important but not emphasized in Korea, and suggested what can be changed when the relevant standards are systemized into a transformation-based perspective. 우리나라는 다른 나라보다 논증기하를 보다 일찍, 그리고 많은 내용을 배우는 반면 변환을 통한 기하 지도 내용은 적게 다루는 편이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 변환기하를 중점으로 우리나라 기하 교육과정의 일관성과 체계성을 모색하는 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 변환기하의 중요성을 지식의 구조 관점에서 논의하였다. 또, 미국 Common Core State Standards for Mathematics(이하 CCSSM) 교육과정과 2015 개정 수학과 교육과정 성취기준에 드러난 변환기하학적 관점을 교육과정 연계성 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과 학교 기하에서 다룰 수 있는 변환기하의 주제는 ‘합동변환’, ‘대칭’, ‘닮음변환’, ‘변환의 해석적 접근’이 있었다. CCSSM의 경우에는 각각의 주제에 대한 성취기준이 연계성을 가지도록 계열화되어있었으나 우리나라의 경우에는 해당 주제에 대한 연계성이 다소 부족하였다. 이에 변환기하의 주제 중에서, 중요하지만 우리나라에서 강조하여 다루고 있지 않은 ‘닮음변환’을 선정하여 관련 성취기준들을 변환기하학적 관점으로 계열화하였을 때 달라질 수 있는 점을 제시하였다.

수학 문제 변형 유형과 문제 변형 주체에 따른 교사 담론 구조

최상호 대한수학교육학회 2021 학교수학 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of teacher discourse according to the types and subjects of transformation of mathematical problems. To this end, the data was collected by observing the first semester (44 classes) class of a teacher with 20 years of experience practicing a teaching method that promotes student participation. Among the classes in one semester, there were 10 classes in which a teacher or a student transformed and communicated a problem while a teacher solved a given problem with students and guided the transformation of the problem. The type of problem transformation in the 10th class was to change the assumptions and conditions of the existing problem or to extend the problem. According to the two types of problem transformation and the subject of the problem transformation (teacher, student), each case of a total of 4 semesters was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, there was a structure of the teacher's discourse that induces problem transformation based on the student's participation independently from the problem transformation type and subject, transforms and solves the problem, and then arranges the routine of problem solving and problem transformation. In this way, the communication process between the teacher and the student according to the type and subject of problem transformation can be embodied in the teacher's discourse structure, thereby helping to develop a pedagogical method in which students participate in the problem transformation process in the future. 본 연구의 목적은 수학 문제 변형 유형과 변형 주체에 따른 교사 담론 구조를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 학생들의 참여를 촉진하는 교수법을 20년 실행한 경력 교사의 중학교 1학년 1학기(44개 차시) 수업을 관찰하여 자료를 수집하였다. 한 학기 수업 중에서 교사가 학생들의 참여를 바탕으로 주어진 문제를 해결하고 문제 변형을 안내하는 과정에 교사 또는 학생이 문제를 변형하며 의사소통하는 수업은 10개 차시였다. 10개 차시 수업에서 문제 변형의 유형은 기존 문제의 가정과 조건을 변경하거나 문제를 확장하는 것이었다. 문제 변형의 두 가지 유형과 문제 변형의 주체(교사, 학생)에 따라 각각 1차시씩 총 4개 차시 분량의 수업 사례를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 문제 변형 유형과 주체와는 독립적으로 학생들의 참여를 바탕으로 문제 변형을 유도하고, 문제를 변형하고 해결한 후, 문제 해결과 문제 변형의 루틴을 정리하는 교사의 담론 구조가 있었다. 이렇게 문제 변형 유형과 주체에 따른 교사와 학생 간의 의사소통 과정을 교사의 담론 구조로 구체화함으로써 향후 문제 변형 과정에 학생들이 참여하는 교수법 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

MICE 기업의 디지털 전환(DX) 결정요인에 관한 연구

노현숙,현병환 한국관광진흥학회 2022 관광진흥연구 Vol.10 No.3

In 2004, Professor Erik Stolterman of Sweden first referred to 'a phenomenon in which human life is improved in a better direction using IT technology' as Digital Transformation (DX). If you look at the transformation, you can use digital technology to improve your business and expand and change your business area. In other words, the core of the 4th industrial revolution can be seen as digital transformation in all areas of individuals and businesses. A company's digital transformation requires a cool-headed, correct awareness and desirable response to situations that can be both an opportunity and a threat depending on the circumstances and judgment. The MICE industry is no exception. Since 2010, the MICE industry has been combined with digital technology and has become a driving force for innovative growth in industries that have entered a low-growth phase, leading the growth and innovation of the MICE industry. In particular, a number of events in the form of Untact and hybrids were held in the context of COVID-19, accelerating the digital transformation of MICE companies. This study reveals that in order to implement a successful digital transformation that increases business performance and efficiency, a positive organizational culture of a company is a prerequisite, and it studies the perception and attitude of MICE company members to develop a strategic perspective for digital transformation of MICE companies. is to establish Against this background, the purpose of this study is to examine the perception of digital transformation of MICE companies and to empirically analyze the factors that promote digital transformation. To this end, literature research was conducted, and prior research was conducted on the relationship between digital transformation awareness and technology acceptance, external responses to digital transformation and digital transformation readiness, digital transformation intention and digital transformation implementation, and data on MICE company employees were collected. I want to analyze Through this, we intend to present theoretical and practical implications for digital transformation of MICE companies preparing for the 4th industrial innovation and post-corona era. 2004년 스웨덴의 에릭 스톨터만(Erik Stolterman) 교수가 최초로 ‘IT 기술을 활용해 인간의 삶이 보다더 나은 방향으로 개선되는 현상’을 디지털 전환(Digital Transformation, DX)이라고 언급하였으며, 기업측면의 디지털 전환을 살펴보면 디지털 기술을 활용해 비즈니스를 개선하고 사업영역이 확장·변화되는 것이다. 즉 4차 산업혁명의 핵심은 개인과 기업의 모든 영역에서 디지털 전환으로 볼 수 있다. 기업의 디지털 전환은 상황과 판단에 따라 기회도 위협도 될 수 있는 상황에 냉철하고 올바른 인식을 갖고 바람직한 대응을 해야 한다. MICE 산업도 예외는 아니다. 2010년 이후 MICE 산업은 디지털 기술과 결합되며 저성장 국면에 진입했던 산업의 혁신적 성장 원동력이 되었고, MICE 산업의 성장과 혁신을 주도하고 있다. 특히 코로나 19 상황에서 언텍트(Untact)와 하이브리드 형태의 행사가 다수 개최되며 MICE기업의 디지털 전환은 가속화되었다. 본 연구는 경영성과와 효율성을 높이는 성공적인 디지털 전환을 실행하기 위해서는 기업의 긍정적 조직문화가 배경이 전제되어야 함을 밝히고, MICE 기업 구성원들의 인식과 태도를 연구해 MICE 기업의 디지털전환을 위한 전략적 시각을 정립하는데 있다. 이러한 배경 하에 MICE 기업의 디지털 전환에 대한 인식을살펴보고, 디지털 전환을 촉진하기 위한 요인을 실증적으로 분석하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 문헌연구를 하고 디지털 전환 인식과 기술 수용성, 디지털 전환에 대한 외부반응과 디지털 전환 준비정도, 디지털전환 의사와 디지털 전환 실행 간의 관계에 대한 선행연구를 조사하고 MICE 기업 종사자에 대한 자료를 수집하여 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 4차 산업 혁신을 대비하고 포스트 코로나 시대를 준비하는 MICE 기업의 디지털 전환을 위한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

중고 데님 의류의 구조 변형을 통한 업사이클링 디자인 개발 –Liu Qing의 구조 변형법 적용을 중심으로-

이소방,이영재 한국패션비즈니스학회 2024 패션 비즈니스 Vol.28 No.1

This study explores application of upcycling design methods in structural transformation of second-hand denim clothing, aiming to achieve sustainable design objectives. By drawing inspiration from Liu Qing's research methods in the field of circular utilization of denim clothing, this study collected and analyzed cases of structural transformation of used denim clothing from 2020 to 2023. It summarized structural transformation design methods for used denim clothing. Through the development of design works, this study aims to find out the best upgrading and renovation design strategy by applying the method of structural renovation design. This study aims to support the development of a sustainable fashion industry and promote recycling and upcycling of discarded clothing fabrics, thereby reducing resource waste and environmental impact.

전환학습이론: 고등교육기관에서 중년여성학습자의 의미구조의 변화

박경호 한국성인교육학회 2009 Andragogy Today : International Journal of Adult & Vol.12 No.4

A qualitative research was conducted in the framework of a higher education context and examined how that culture shaped the meaning making process. In-depth interviews were held with 30 middle aged women in a higher education. The participants experienced perspective transformation affiliated with more subjective factors. The participants have restructured their meaning structures through a positive culture of the higher education. The specific factors that affected the change of meaning structures are the role of emotion, spiritual intervention, relationship, and positive university environment. Enhanced self-confidence and self-esteem facilitated them to build a positive self-image. Positively changed self-image also helped the participants shift their meaning structures leading them into perspective transformation. The participants have not exactly experienced Mezirow's 10 stage of perspective transformation. Self-confidence and self-esteem acquired through academic achievement, support and acknowledgment fostered the change of points of view and habits of mind. Assimilative, unconscious, and whole person learning played a key role in perspective transformation. The result of perspective transformation was to build a new self-identity with self-confidence, new life goal, spiritual deepening, and other centered life. There is a necessity to incorporate subjective factors such as emotion, spirituality, mentoring, modeling, friendship, and group dynamics. It also should acknowledge the impact of social and cultural context in the process of perspective transformation. The nature of the transformative learning should focus more on relationship and social dimension rather than autonomous and individual approach. 고등교육기관에 재학 중인 30명의 중년 여성학습자들을 대상으로 질적 연구방법을 사용하여 전환학습의 성격을 분석하였다. 학습자들이 인지, 정의, 행동적 영역에서 의미구조의 변화가 발생하였다. 이성적이며 개인중심적인 서구의 전환학습과 다르게 감정, 영성, 관계 등과 같은 주관적 요인들에 의해 관점전환이 발생하였다. 전환학습은 학업, 영적요인, 대인관계, 긍정적인 학교환경과 대학생활을 통하여 형성된 자아감의 상호작용에 의해 발생하였다. 학업과 대인관계를 통한 자신감과 자존감의 형성이 새로운 자아개념을 만들었고 이는 의미구조의 변화를 촉진시켰다. 메지로가 주장한 10단계의 관점전환 과정을 학습자들이 반드시 경험하지 않았으며 갈등이나 난국 같은 딜레마대신 긍정적인 학교경험을 통하여 향상된 자신감 및 자존감으로 인해 학습자는 자아를 더욱 긍정적으로 탐색하며 의미구조를 변화시켰다. 비판적 성찰과 이성적 담론 보다는 주관적 요인과 사회문화적 맥락에서 동화적, 무의식적, 전체적인 학습을 통하여 관점전환이 발생하였다. 관점전환의 결과는 자신감, 도전의식, 새로운 목표형성, 타자중심을 포함하는 새로운 정체성의 확립이다. 전환학습의 본질이 개인적, 이성적, 자율적 차원이기보다는 정서적, 관계적, 사회적 차원이며 사회문화적 맥락의 중요성이 확인되었다.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND ECONOMIC CATCH-UP: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ASEAN EXPERIENCES

DEVASMITA JENA 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2021 Journal of Economic Development Vol.46 No.3

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) features a mix of high- and low- income countries, thus, the success of ASEAN economic integration can be assessed by examining whether low-income countries catch up with the high- income countries of the ASEAN in terms of economic growth and development. To achieve sustainable growth, the lower income countries must transform from being agriculture dominant economy to being more industry-and services-oriented economy as economic convergence is tightly linked with convergence in economic structures. Extant studies have shown that countries that open to international trade experience rapid structural transformation. This study tries to empirically examine the role of trade in structural transformation across the ASEAN countries during 2000-2018 and whether it has also led to structural convergence. Augmented Chenery-Syrquin model for structural transformation in panel data framework is adopted for analysis. The results reveal that there is evidence of structural convergence, with trade acting as a significant driver. However, the process convergence is still incomplete as the lower income countries have not been able to take full advantage of trade openness, owing to their heavy dependence on agricultural sector. The decline in share of agriculture due to trade is greater for high-income countries as compared to that of low-income countries. Also, for the low-income countries, impact of trade in industrial sector is negligible.

지속가능한 전환을 위한 지역의 구조정책 사례 연구: 독일의 WIR 프로그램을 중심으로

이상호 한독경상학회 2024 경상논총 Vol.42 No.3

To identify problems and solutions arising from structural change in regions, this article focuses on Germany’s “Change through Innovation in the Regions” (WIR) program as an object of study. Structural change in regions can be understood as an ongoing process of path development and modification, potential, capacity and technological change, and infrastructure adjustment, but from the perspective of transformative change, it can also be understood in terms of broader structural changes and structural disconnection. The research findings of the WIR program clearly show that regional alliances and actors are implementing structural change and transformation in different ways. Despite differences in interdependencies, what the regions have in common is a focus on vocational skills development, labor mobility, and access to skilled labor. Due to the complexity of structural change processes and the limited capacity and resources of regional actors, regional alliances show initial transformative momentum, but path dependencies and inertial power structures make it difficult to move toward sustainable transformation. The influence of regional alliances on transitional development is limited, and the success of innovation and networking activities in the region depends largely on individual organizations and individuals. To complement transformative policies, exchanges and interdependencies should be a key component of the linkages between regional structures and transformative policies.

기업별노조의 산별노조전환에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

유병홍(Yoo Byung Hong) 한국인사관리학회 2010 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.34 No.2

Aiming to transfer from its enterprised based structure to the industrial based for long years, some of unions affiliated to the Korean Confederations of Trade Unions(hereafter the KCTU) such as metal industry unions and public sector unions have finally succeeded in building industrial based union structure. The transformation related factors were divided into two groups, structural and actor factors. Furthermore, internal and external factors of unions were taken into consideration. Sample sizes are 277 unions from metal and public sectors including both those which already have succeeded in transferring to industrial unions and those which have not yet transferred. This study used event history analysis method. The result showed that firstly, structural factor facilitates or impedes the transformation to industrial unionism. Secondly, the actor factor, the strategic choice by union leaders, the level of activism of each enterprised unions, and the success of transformation of other unions influenced in transferring to industrial unionism. Lastly, the transformation of unions varied by sector, the private and public sector. The result of this study has important implication in that, firstly, the strategic choice played a limited role in transferring to industrial unionism in Korea. Secondly, however, actor factor has influenced in transformation. Actor factor in this study includes not only each individual enterprise level union but also the umbrella federations and the other organizations in relations to the each union. Thirdly, unions taking transformation process would not as many as before due to the weakening influential power of Korean labor union movements and for a while those unions which already joined industrial union will coexist with others of enterprise based.