The economic benefits of big science R&D: With a focus on fusion R&D program in Korea

Choi, Wonjae,Tho, Hyunsoo,Kim, Youbean,Hwang, Sungha,Kang, Dongyup North-Holland 2017 Fusion engineering and design Vol.124 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper is focused on the analysis of spillover benefits of the ongoing R&D program on nuclear fusion in Korea. An empirical analysis was conducted on the economic spillover effects of nuclear fusion research and development (R&D) program by investigating cases of actual participating enterprises. The 24 representative enterprises were selected from about 250 enterprises that participated in the KSTAR and ITER projects. The analysis showed that the effect of increasing sales was a total of 1,538,600MKRW in the 24 enterprises that participated in the KSTAR and ITER projects; about 527 human resources have been fostered in industrial enterprises. Additionally, network analysis results show some cases in which the participating enterprises have extended their businesses into international and domestic fields of nuclear fusion and particle accelerators as well as into private markets.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Recently, many studies have been conducted in advanced countries to analyze the spillover effects of big science equipment that has already been constructed, particularly for partnerships with industrial enterprises that have participated in the construction process as well as in terms of relevant technological innovation. However, there has been no systematic study conducted in South Korea on the effect of constructing a big scientific research facility on the participating industrial enterprises. </LI> <LI> The purpose of this study is to conduct an empirical analysis of the spillover effects of a nuclear fusion research and development (R&D) program by investigating cases of actual participating enterprises and identifying implications for relevant policies. </LI> <LI> The Nuclear Fusion Energy Development Plan was begun with the KSTAR construction project under the National Nuclear Fusion R&D Program, established in 1995. Currently, the Program has been divided into the KSTAR project, the ITER project, the DEMO project, and basic research and human resources fostering projects. In addition, about 250 companies are participating in the KSTAR and ITER projects. </LI> <LI> In this article, to verify the presence of theory-based spillover effects in South Korea and to identify relevant implications, the South Korean case of nuclear fusion research was analyzed with respect to the three types of R&D spillover effect described in previous studies, which are market spillover effect, network spillover effect, and knowledge spillover effect. </LI> <LI> In-depth interviews were performed with 24 enterprises (10%) out of about 250 enterprises that have participated in nuclear fusion R&D program (69 enterprises in the KSTAR project and 180 enterprises in the ITER projects). Analytical results show that the economic spillover effect of nuclear fusion R&D program was significant. Spillover effects of each type are shown below. First, with regard to the market spillover effect, the contribution ratio of nuclear fusion R&D program to the increase of the sales of the 24 enterprises that participated in the KSTAR and ITER projects was 19.1% on average; the total amount of sales increase was estimated to be 1,538,600MKRW. The analysis showed that the 24 participating enterprises have created a sales-increasing effect greater than the financial input to the KSTAR and ITER projects (762,600MKRW). Second, with regard to the knowledge spillover effect, 238 new jobs were created in the 24 participating enterprises through participation in the KSTAR and ITER projects; a total of 527 human resources in the industrial enterprises have experienced nuclear fusion. Finally, analysis of the network spillover effect showed that 15 enterprises (62%) out of the 24 enterprises participating in the nuclear fusion R&D program have extended their businesses to other relevant technological fields. </LI> </UL> </P>

기업 내 학력의 외부효과와 학습조직의 관계 분석

이호준,이성은,정승환,정설미,정동욱,Lee. Ho Jun,Lee. Seong Eun,Jeong. Seung Hwan,Jeong. Seol Mi,Jeong. Dong Wook 한국교육재정경제학회 2015 敎育財政 經濟硏究 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 인적자본기업패널의 2~5차년도 자료를 활용하여 기업 내에서 학력의 외부효과가 존재하는지를 분석하고 학력의 외부효과와 학습조직의 관계 를 탐색하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 또한, 본 연구는 학습조직을 7가지 하위요 소로 분류하고 각 하위요소와 외부효과 간의 관련성을 분석함으로써 외부효과 와 밀접한 관련이 있는 학습조직의 특성을 도출하여 학력의 외부효과를 제고 하기 위한 정책적 시사점을 논의하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 관찰하기 어려운 개별 기업의 이질적인 특성과 특정 시점의 고정적인 특성을 동시에 통 제할 수 있는 이원고정효과모형(Two-way Fixed Effect Model)을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 기업 내 학력의 긍정적인 외부효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났으 며, 학습조직의 성향이 강할수록 기업 내 학력의 외부효과가 더욱 증대됨을 확인하였다. 특히, 기업 내 팀원에게 많은 권한이 부여되는 조직문화를 가질수 록, 기업 내에서 구성원 간 의사소통이 활발할수록, 학력의 외부효과가 더 커 지는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 결과는 학력의 외부효과를 촉진시키기 위해서는 학습조직으로 조직을 변화시키려는 노력이 필요하며 구성원에게 더 많은 자율 권을 위임하고 구성원 간의 소통을 강화하려는 노력이 필요함을 말해 준다. 이런 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 교육정책이나 교육프로그램의 효과를 평가하는 과정에서 비수혜자들에게 미친 외부효과까지도 충분히 고려될 필요가 있으며 외부효과를 높이기 위해서 학습조직의 특성을 가진 조직 문화로 변화 시키려는 노력이 필요함을 정책적 시사점으로 제시하는 바이다. The purpose of this article is to empirically examine the existence of spillover effect from peers in companies, and to investigate the relationship between the spillover effect and learning organization. Furthermore, we analyze what characteristics of learning organization are critical to make differences of the spillover effect. For resolving endogenous problems which may occur by unobserved heterogenous company features and time specific effect, we implement two-way fixed effect model. As results, we found that there were positive spillover effect, which meas that the more educated peers are in organization the more one's productivity improve. Moreover, our results indicates that this positive spillover effect is more likely to be reinforced in learning organization. It is also required to highlight that the spillover effect may be facilitated in organizations where more inclined to empower decision-making authority from top to bottom for improving local knowledge. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the more communication with colleagues seems to enhance spillover effect in a organization. These results, foremost, imply that it is imperative to re-examine the effect of education or education programs which are targeted to a particular group. For more comprehensive understanding about the effect of education, we recommend that the spillover effect should be considered as an unintended effect. Our result that the organization culture as a learning organization may reinforce the spillover effect suggest changing organization culture into learning organization may improve productivity of the organization.

ICT 산업의 R&D 투자가 타 산업에 미치는 파급효과 측정

정우진,김현석,조신 한국지식경영학회 2019 지식경영연구 Vol.20 No.1

This paper examines spillover effects of R&D investment in the ICT industry to other industries by analyzing panel data composed of 6 manufacturing industries for the period of 1983~2011. Major findings are as follows; (1) The increase of R&D investment in ICT industry has a significantly positive relationship with the increase in the value-added of the remaining 5 industries with 3~10 year lags, depending on the source of R&D funds and R&D stage. (2) More specifically, public R&D shows the spillover effects during 3~7-year lag periods, whereas private R&D started to exert spillover effects from 9-year lag. The result implies that the public R&D appropriately targets projects with more spillover effects. (3) Basic research, applied research, and development showed the spillover effects for the period of 9~10, 7~10, and 10-year lag, respectively. (4) The R&D investment in 5 other industries such as machinery, chemicals, and materials does not have positive spillover effects to the remaining industries. Few studies have been done to analyze the R&D spillover effects to other industries, with certain limitations. This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the spillover effects of the different R&D funds and R&D stages, and by considering various time-lag effects.

기업의 사회적 책임이 기업 이미지에 미치는 영향 - 차원별 파급효과와 메시지 유형을 중심으로 -

김성진,김종근 한국마케팅학회 2010 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.11 No.4

Previous researches have proven that corporate social responsibility(adhere CSR) is positively related to corporate performance. But Most of CSR related researches have several limitations. One of limitations is that those researches treated CSR as unidimensional construct. Almost researchers in the area of CSR concepts insisted that CSR is consist of multi dimensions. Carroll's four dimensions of CSR have been utilized by numerous academicians. Carroll asserted that CSR is composed of four dimensions: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibility. But Carroll's dimensions were revised as three dimensions by Schwartz and Carroll, because ethical and philanthropic responsibility are not mutually exclusive. If CSR construct is composed of multiple dimensions, a message related to one of dimensions changes beliefs or evaluations about other dimensions that are not mentioned in the message. This phenomenon is called as "spillover effect". According to Ahluwalia, Unnava, and Burnkrant, negative information spills over to attributes that are associated with the target attributes but not mentioned in the message. Like this, this preponderant effect of negative information over positive information has been termed the "negativity effect". In this paper, authors try to prove the spillover effect and negativity effect among Schwartz and Carroll's three dimensions(economic, legal, and ethical responsibility) of CSR. The results of this study show that messages related to legal and ethical responsibility cause spillover effect and influence consumers' evaluation to other dimensions. Moreover, when negativity effect is added on spillover effect, spillover effect is more increased. It means that negative messages related to legal and ethical responsibility is more harmful to corporate image than negative message related to economic responsibility. The results of this study will help companies to manage corporate image using CSR messages as marketing communication tools. Companies should manage messages related to legal and ethical responsibility for more efficiently managing corporate image. Specially, because negative messages related to legal and ethical responsibility are more harmful to corporate image, companies must take care not to spread out negative message related to legal and ethical responsibility. Finally, we discuss the implications of the findings and limitations. 기존의 많은 연구들은 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)이 기업 성과와 높은 관련성이 있음을 보여 왔다. 하지만 대부분의 연구들이 기업의 사회적 책임을 단일 차원으로 보거나 구체적인 활동 중심으로 보고 있다는 한계점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 이를 극복하기 위해 Schwartz and Carroll(2003)이 제시한 CSR의 세 가지 차원을 바탕으로, 각 차원별 메시지가 소비자들의 기업 이미지에 미치는 영향을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 세 가지 기업의 사회적 책임 차원 중 법적 책임과 윤리적 책임에 대한 메시지는 파급효과가 일어나 다른 차원들에 대한 평가 결과에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 긍정적 메시지일 때보다 부정적 메시지일 경우, 부정성 효과로 인한 파급효과가 더 커져, 법적 책임과 윤리적 책임에 대한 부정적인 메시지는 경제적 책임에 대한 메시지보다 기업 이미지를 더 크게 훼손시키는 것으로 나타났다.

GCC지역 국가의 대한국 외국인직접투자(FDI)의 생산성파급효과 평가

지영한 韓國中東學會 2013 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.34 No.2

This study is to find out what kinds of effects the foreign direct investment (FDI) makes on the competitiveness of the domestic manufacturing companies. For this study, the database for related information by industry and technical level has been constructed to analyze the FDI's effects on the competitiveness according to total manufacturing industries, each industry, region, industrial technical level and company size. First, it was found out that the FDI makes a positive impact on the increase in competitiveness of all domestic manufacturing industries. This can be inferred that the technical transfer and employee movement would help the industries in hosting country to get the advanced technologies from FDI, thus making the spillover effect. This also applies to the companies in the same industry. First, it was found out that the FDI makes a positive impact on the increase in competitiveness of all domestic manufacturing industries. This can be inferred that the technical transfer and employee movement would help the industries in hosting country to get the advanced technologies from FDI, thus making the spillover effect. This also applies to the companies in the same industry. Second, it was found that the productivity spillover effect does not take place in case of regional perspective. Therefore, the more consideration should be taken when the FDI is to be introduced for regional spillover effect. Third, in the industrial technical level, the spillover effect was found to be bigger when it comes to high class technology group such as electrical parts, computer, video & telecommunication devices in terms of total industries and same industry. It means that the higher the technical level is, the bigger the spillover effect is. Fourth, in terms of company size, FDI into the medium sized companies with the number of employees ranging from 50 to 300 showed more productivity related spillover effect than that into larger companies with 300 or more employees in terms of total industries or small industry. Therefore, it is required that the characteristics of medium-sized companies and the transfer of technology shall be considered to make up plans for introduction of FDI. It is also required that the policy should be directed in a way that the industrial and corporate characteristics and transfer of technology can be easily made rather than simple growth in FDI volume. Finally, more studies are required to find out the backward and forward spillover effect of FDI over total domestic industries in the future.

녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안(Ⅱ)

김현노,신동원,강성원,안소은,최아름,정인섭,이종한,홍승헌,김성부,한혜진 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ❏ 환경-경제-사회의 조화로운 발전을 위한 녹색경제에 대한 중요성이 지속적으로 증대됨에 따라, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제도 증대되는 추세에 있음 ㅇ 녹색경제가 지향하는 목적은 환경에 미치는 부정적 영향력을 최소화하면서, 경제적·사회적 측면의 녹색산업과 녹색일자리 등을 창출하는 것이어야 함 ㅇ 하지만 녹색경제 관련 환경규제가 녹색경제에 미치는 실질적인 영향을 고려하여 설계 및 집행되고 있는지는 확실치 않음 ❏ 본 연구는 1차 연도 연구로드맵에 기반하여, 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 피규제자 측면의 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 규제의 실효성 확보 방안에 대해 모색하고자 함 ㅇ 녹색경제로의 전환을 위한 국내외적 관심과 함께 관련 환경규제도 증대되고 있는 실정이며, 녹색산업은 환경규제에 순응하는 과정에서 환경오염 저감기술을 적용한 제품과 서비스의 수요 동기에 의해 발전하므로 이해관계자들의 규제 순응 정도와 규제의 질적인 실효성을 높이는 노력이 필요함 ㅇ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제를 대상으로 규제의 사후영향평가 관점에서 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 환경규제 파급효과 분석을 실시함으로써, 환경규제 순응도 제고 및 실효성 확보 방안에 대해 제시하고자 함 Ⅱ. 환경규제 순응도 분석 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화와 관련된 환경규제 순응도를 조사하고, 환경규제 개선 차원에서 규제 순응도 제고를 위한 정책방안을 제시하고자 함 ㅇ 정책의 목표 달성을 위해 규제집행기관의 효율적 집행뿐만 아니라 규제대상 집단의 규제 순응도 중요한 요인으로 작용함 ㅇ 녹색경제를 활성화하려면 전통적인 규제방식으로는 환경친화적인 기술 개발 등에 한계가 있을 것으로 판단되므로, 규제대상인 기업들의 자발적인 참여와 순응을 이끌어 내는 것이 중요함 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 중 건설폐기물과 관련된 환경규제를 선정하고, 규제 이해관계자(정부, 피규제집단, 이해관계자)를 대상으로 규제 순응도 조사를 실시함 ㅇ 설문조사를 위하여 단계별(진입, 생산 및 공정, 사용) 규제인 건설폐기물 처리기준, 건설폐기물 처리업, 순환골재 의무사용, 순환골재 품질기준 및 인증과 관련된 규제를 선정하고 분석함 - 규제별 집행기관 이해관계자, 피규제집단을 대상으로 설문조사 실시 - 피규제집단(이해관계자 포함) 300명, 규제 집행 공무원 50명을 대상으로 설문 실시 - 조사방법은 전화조사와 온라인 조사를 병행 ㅇ 순응도 조사 항목으로 규제인지도, 규제명확도, 규제의 필요성, 규제내용의 적절성, 규제수준의 적절성, 규제목적 달성도(환경-경제-사회적), 규제준수도, 규제집행의 적정성, 처벌수준의 적절성, 규제 개선방안으로 구성함 ❏ 건설폐기물과 관련된 규제의 경우, 규제의 필요성과 규제의 목적(환경-경제-사회적 목적)에 대해서는 긍정적으로 평가하는 것으로 나타나지만, 규제 집행과정에서 자원순환의 활성화를 저해하는 요인이 일부 나타났고, 이는 녹색경제로의 이행을 막는 요소로 작용할 수 있음 ㅇ 규제 순응도를 높이기 위한 방안으로, 규제정보를 용이하게 접할 수 있도록 하는 접근성 제고, 교육 및 홍보 등을 통한 순환골재 활용 관련 인식 전환을 추진해 순환골재 사용을 활성화할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 또한 규제 설계의 합리성, 기준의 명확성, 규제 이해의 용이성에 대한 고려, 규제집행을 위한 예산과 인력 등에 대한 논의도 필요할 것으로 판단됨 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제가 녹색경제 활성화에 기여하기 위해서는, 현행 규제의 성과를 측정할 수 있는 성과지표와 연계해 규제 성과를 정기적으로 평가 및 개선할 필요성이 있음 Ⅲ. 환경규제 파급효과 분석 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 시행 이후, 규제를 통해 달성하고자 했던 목표를 이루었는지 여부와 녹색경제에 미치는 파급효과 분석을 실시함 ㅇ 녹색경제 활성화를 주요 목표로 상정하고, 규제가 지향하는 환경, 경제, 사회적 목적달성 여부를 확인하고, 녹색경제 지표의 영향력을 살펴봄으로써 규제의 실효성을 점검하고자 함 ㅇ 규제의 효과성 여부를 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 측면을 고려하여 분석 ㅇ 규제로 인한 녹색산업 및 녹색일자리에 대한 영향요인 분석 ❏ 순환골재 관련 규제 강화 이후 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 측면에서 긍정적인 영향이 나타남 ㅇ (환경) 천연골재 채취량 감소, 천연재활용률이 증대되는 효과가 나타남 ㅇ (경제) 순환골재 사용 증대로 인하여 재활용시장이 활성화되고 관련 분야의 산업 및 고용이 증대되는 효과가 나타남 - 순환골재를 생산하는 중간처리업체와 건설폐기물의 수집운반업체가 규제 강화 이후 증가 ㅇ (사회) 건설폐기물의 재활용에 대한 사회적 관심은 지속적으로 증대되고 있으며, 이를 위한 정부의 노력도 지속적으로 이루어짐 - 건설폐기물을 순환골재로 재활용할 경우, 매립비용의 절감과 사회적 편익 발생 ❏ 순환골재 의무사용과 순환골재 인증 관련 규제는 녹색경제에 긍정적인 역할을 한 것으로 나타남 ㅇ 순환골재 사용 활성화를 통해서 관련 분야의 고용자 수와 자산총계가 증가한 것으로나타나 녹색산업과 일자리 측면에서 긍정적인 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있음 ㅇ 인증 수가 증가할수록 업체의 자산이 증가하는 것으로 나타나 업체의 전문성 강화를 통해 기업 성과에 긍정적인 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있음 ❏ 녹색경제에 대한 관심이 국내외적으로 증대됨에 따라, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우 규제 집행의 적절성에 대한 고려뿐만 아니라 효과성 분석을 통하여 규제의 개선방안을 제시할 필요가 있음 Ⅳ. 녹색경제로의 전환을 위한 환경규제 개선방안 ❏ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제에서 환경영향뿐만 아니라 경제적·사회적 영향력을 고려함에 따라, 기존 환경규제를 규제의 적절성과 효과성 측면에서 검증하고, 그 결과를 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 규제 개선에 반영할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 사례 연구에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우 전통적인 방식으로는 친환경 기술개발 등에 한계가 있으므로 이를 개선하여 규제 대상자의 순응도를 제고할 필요성이 있음 ㅇ 또한 녹색경제 관점에서 규제의 효과성 및 파급효과 분석을 통하여, 규제 목적 달성 여부를 점검하고 녹색경제의 활성화에 기여하였는지 판단하는 것이 중요함 ❏ 본 연구는 피규제집단의 측면에서 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제의 개선방안을 제시하기 위하여, 규제 순응도 분석(정성적 분석)과 규제 파급효과 분석(정량적 분석)방법을 통한 사례분석을 실시하고, 규제사후영향평가를 위한 가이드라인을 제시함 ㅇ 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 경우, 가이드라인에 기반한 주기적인 재검토를 통하여 규제에 대한 순응도를 제고하고, 규제의 목적 달성 여부 및 파급효과에 대해 살펴봄으로써 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 규제의 실효성을 점검하여야 함 ㅇ 또한 규제사후영향평가에 대한 관심이 증대됨에도 불구하고 활성화되지 못하는 원인으로 평가체계의 부재, 규제집행기관의 부담 등이 제시됨에 따라, 가이드라인 제시를 통하여 규제사후영향평가의 활성화를 제시하고자 함 Ⅴ. 결론 ❏ 본 연구는 3년차 연속사업으로, 2차 연도에는 피규제자의 규제 순응도 제고 및 규제 실효성 확보방안에 대해 제시함 ㅇ 1차 연도의 연구로드맵에 기초하여 단계별 연구를 실행함으로써, 최종적으로 피규제자 및 규제자 모두에 대한 포괄적 환경규제 영향평가도구를 개발하여 녹색경제 활성화를 모색하고자 함 - 1차 연도에는 녹색경제의 개념 및 범위 제시, 환경규제 분석(행정학적 측면, 녹색경제 측면), 녹색경제 관련 환경규제 사례연구를 통한 시사점 도출, 환경규제 DB구축, 녹색경제지표 활용에 대한 검토 및 지표 제시 - 2차 연도에는 피규제자 입장에서 규제 순응도 제고 및 규제 실효성 확보 방안 제시 - 3차 연도에는 규제자 입장에서 규제 효율성 제고 방안 마련 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제의 경우, 전통적인 규제방식이 아닌 피규제집단에 대한 동기 부여와 녹색경제 관점(환경-경제-사회적)의 목적 달성을 위한 자발적인 참여 유도가 중요하므로, 규제 순응도 조사를 통해 규제 집행의 적절성을 점검할 필요가 있음 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화에는 환경적 영향뿐만 아니라 경제적, 사회적 측면의 영향요인에 대한 고려도 필요하므로, 규제의 효과성 및 파급효과 분석을 통한 규제 개선방안이 제시되어야 함 ❏ 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안 제시를 목적으로 사례분석을 실시하고, 규제사후영향평가를 위한 가이드라인을 제시함 ㅇ 향후 녹색경제 관련 환경규제의 효과성 검증을 통한 규제 개선 방향이 제시될 필요성이 있음 ㅇ 규제사후영향평가의 중요성이 증대되고 있음에도 불구하고 활성화되지 못하는 원인으로 규제집행기관의 부담, 평가체계와 교육 및 매뉴얼 부재 등이 제시되었고, 본 가이드라인 활용이 사후영향평가 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단됨 ❏ 본 연구는 피규제자 입장에서 규제의 순응도 제고와 규제의 실효성을 확보하기 위한 방안으로 규제의 사후영향평가를 제안하고, 이를 평가하기 위한 가이드라인을 제시하였음 ❏ 3차 연도 연구에서는 규제자 입장에서 녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안에 대해 제시하기 위하여 규제관리시스템, 규제의 생성과 집행 차원의 문제에 대해 살펴봄으로써, 최종적으로 피규제자와 규제자 측면을 모두 고려한 녹색경제 활성화 방안에 대해 제시하고자 함 Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research ❏ Environmental regulations related to the green economy are on the increase in line with the growing importance of the green economy envisioned for the harmonious development of the environment, economy, and society. ㅇ While minimizing environmental impact, the green economy should also contribute economically and socially to areas including green industries and green jobs. ㅇ However, it is uncertain whether environmental regulations related to the green economy are designed and enforced by fully considering the green economy's actual impacts. ❏ Based on the research road map established in the first year of research, the study aims to seek measures for improving regulatory compliance by reviewing from the perspective of the regulated group and find ways for ensuring the effectiveness of regulations, as they are needed for promoting the green economy. ㅇ Environmental regulations are increasing in line with the rising interest in the transition to the green economy at national and international levels. Considering that green industries grow depending on the motivation to require products and services that use pollution reduction technologies, there is a need to enhance stakeholders' compliance with environmental regulations and improve the qualitative effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ By studying environmental regulations related to the green economy with a post impact assessment in mind, we analyzed measures to improve regulatory compliance and the spillover effect of environmental regulations, thereby proposing measures to improve the compliance with and the effectiveness of environmental regulations. Ⅱ. Analysis of Compliance with Environmental Regulations ❏ The research surveyed compliance with environmental regulations related to promoting the green economy and presented policy suggestions for improving regulatory compliance from the perspective of improving environmental regulations ㅇ In achieving policy objectives, compliance of the regulated group is as important as the effective enforcement of enforcement agencies. ㅇ As conventional regulatory measures have limitations in promoting the green economy, for example by encouraging the development of environmentally-friendly technologies, it is crucial to induce the voluntary participation and compliance of businesses subject to regulations. ❏ Among various environmental regulations related to the green economy, those imposed on construction waste were selected, and a survey on regulatory compliance was conducted by involving stakeholders (the government, the regulated group, and stakeholders). ㅇ For the survey, criteria for processing construction waste in each phase (of entry, production, processing, and use), regulations on construction waste treatment businesses, obligatory use of recycled aggregate, quality standards for recycled aggregate, and regulations related to certification were selected and analyzed. - The survey targeted stakeholders in enforcement agencies and the regulated group. - Three hundred people in the regulated group (including stakeholders) and fifty enforcement officials participated in the survey. - The survey was conducted via telephone and online ㅇ In order to study regulatory compliance, survey questions covered awareness of regulations, clarity of regulations, need for regulations, adequacy of regulations, adequacy of regulation standards, level of achievement of regulatory objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives), level of regulatory compliance, appropriateness of regulatory enforcement, adequacy of imposed penalties, and suggestions for regulatory improvement. ❏ When asked about regulations imposed on construction waste, respondents positively assessed the needs and objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives). Still, the survey revealed a number of factors undermining the vitalization of resource circulation in the enforcement process, which may impede the transition to the green economy. ㅇ Concerning measures for enhancing regulatory compliance, there is a need to encourage active use of recycled aggregate, which can be achieved by changing the perception towards using recycled aggregate through efforts such as making regulatory information more accessible, training, and awareness-raising activities. ㅇ Moreover, it is necessary to discuss the rationality of regulatory design, the need to explain regulations in plain terms, the clarity of criteria, and the budget and human resources needed for enforcement. ❏ In order for environmental regulations related to the green economy to contribute to the vitalization of the green economy, there must be performance indicators capable of measuring the achievements of currently-imposed regulations so that achievements are evaluated on a regular basis, and improvements can be made. Ⅲ. Analysis of Spillover Effect of Environmental Regulations ❏ Considering that environmental regulations related to the green economy are currently in place, the study looked into whether the regulations achieved their objectives and their spillover effect on the green economy. ㅇ Under the main objective of promoting the green economy, this study reviewed the effectiveness of regulations by looking into the environment for successful regulation, the achievement of environmental, economic, and social objectives, and the impact of green economy indicators. ㅇ We analyzed from environmental, economic, and social perspectives whether regulations achieved their intended effectiveness. ㅇ The effect regulations have on green industries and green jobs were investigated. ❏ The strengthening of regulations on recycled aggregate had positive environmental, economic, and social impacts. ㅇ (Environment) The extraction of natural aggregate decreased, and the recycling rate of natural resources increased. ㅇ (Economy) Active use of recycled aggregate resulted in revitalizing the recycling market and promoting related industries and employment. - After the reinforcement of regulations, more interim disposal businesses that produce recycled aggregate and businesses that collect and transport construction waste were established. ㅇ (Social) Society is growing more interested in recycling construction waste, and the government is continuously working to that end. - Producing recycled aggregate with construction waste saved landfill costs and created social benefits. ❏ Regulations related to the obligatory use of recycled aggregate and the certification of recycled aggregate were found to have a positive impact on the green economy. ㅇ The analysis showed that efforts made to promote the use of recycled aggregate increased the number of employees and total assets, which means they positively influenced green industries and green jobs. ㅇ It was found that the increase in certifications led to the growth in assets owned by related businesses, representing that such certificates have a positive impact on business performance in the form of strengthened expertise. ❏ Interest in the green economy grew on national and international levels, and there is a need to review the adequacy of enforced environmental regulations related to the green economy and their effectiveness so that measures for improving regulations can be determined. Ⅳ. Improvement of Environmental Regulations for the Transition to the Green Economy ❏ As environmental regulations related to the green economy must consider economic and social impacts as well as environmental ones, it is necessary to verify the adequacy and effectiveness of existing environmental regulations and reflect the findings in improving regulations for promoting the green economy. ㅇ As shown in the case study, environmental regulations related to the green economy have limitations in promoting the development of environmentally-friendly technologies when approached from a traditional perspective, so there is a need to improve compliance of the regulated group. ㅇ Moreover, it is critical to determine whether regulations have fulfilled their objectives and contributed to promoting the green economy by analyzing the effectiveness of regulations from the perspective of the green economy and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures to improve environmental regulations for promoting the green economy from the perspective of the regulated group, the study analyzed regulatory compliance (qualitative analysis), investigated the spillover effect of regulations (quantitative analysis), and proposed a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ Environmental regulations related to the green economy must be regularly reviewed based on the proposed guideline. Such a review is needed to study compliance with regulations, achievement of regulatory objectives, and the spillover effect, and to determine the effectiveness of regulations enforced to promote the green economy. ㅇ Moreover, the study proposed measures to promote the post impact assessment of regulations by offering a guideline, based on the study results that showed the absence of evaluation system and the burden on enforcement agencies are some of the factors preventing an active post impact assessment of regulations despite the growing interest. Ⅴ. Conclusion ❏ In the second year of the continuous three-year study, we focused on the regulated group and proposed measures to improve compliance with regulations and ways to ensure the effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ Based on the research roadmap established in the first year of research, this study aimed at promoting the green economy progresses in stages for the ultimate purpose of developing a comprehensive impact assessment tool for evaluating environmental regulations both from the perspectives of regulating and regulated groups. - The first-year research focuses on: presenting the concept and scope of the green economy; analyzing environmental regulations (in terms of public administration and green economy); deriving implications from a case study on environmental regulations related to the green economy; building a database of environmental regulations; reviewing the use of green economy indicators; and presenting indicators. - The second-year research presents measures to improve regulatory compliance by considering from the regulated group's perspective and ensure the effectiveness of regulations. - The third-year research plans to seek measures to improve the efficiency of regulations from the regulating group's perspective. ❏ When it comes to environmental regulations for promoting the green economy, it is essential to motivate the regulated group rather than taking a traditional approach and induce voluntary participation in fulfilling objectives from the perspective of the green economy (environmental, economic, and social perspectives). Therefore, a survey on regulatory compliance is required as it can help review the adequacy of regulatory enforcement. ❏ To promote the green economy, economic and social factors as well as environmental impacts must be considered, which means measures for improving regulations must be proposed by verifying the effectiveness of regulations and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures for improving environmental regulations, which are needed for promoting the green economy, we performed a case study and presented a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ The results indicate the need to suggest the direction for improving regulations by verifying the effectiveness of environmental regulations related to the green economy. ㅇ As the burden on enforcement agencies, and the lack of training and manuals were identified as factors impeding an active post impact assessment of regulations despite its growing importance, the guideline is expected to contribute to activating post impact assessments. ❏ This study proposed a method for conducting the post impact assessment of regulations as a way of improving compliance with regulations from the perspective of the regulated group and ensuring the effectiveness of regulations. An evaluation guideline was also proposed. ❏ In the third year of research, we plan to delve into the regulation management system and issues related to the creation and enforcement of regulations so as to offer from the perspective of the regulated group measures for improving environmental regulations aimed at promoting the green economy. The ultimate objective is to propose measures to promote the green economy by considering from the perspectives of both the regulated group and the regulators.

오프라인 범람 효과에 관한 연구 : 온라인 게임 사용자를 중심으로

김용영 한국경영정보학회 2010 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.1

Online games are not only tools for enjoyment, they are also the linking pins connecting between the online and the offline worlds. The reason why the researchers have focused on online and offline connections is that online games go beyond the games themselves and have a great impact on offline, real world behavior. From the positive perspective, online gamers get flow experience and stress relief in playing online games. Negatively, however, they may overindulge themselves in online games, become addicted to them, or even commit suicide. The effects affecting other domains can be termed ‘spillover’. There are two types of spillover: forward spillover that the existing boundary is expanded into new domains and reverse spillover that new domains ebb into existing domain. The boundary that the scope is expanded from offline to online only means the boundary expansion based on the existing domain. After the boundary was expanded, the behavior displayed at the existing life field would affect that of the new domain. In addition, the behavior enacted at the new domain would impact the existing domain. With the process behaving as forward and reverse spillovers, there are interaction effects on online and offline behavior. However, there is little research dealing with the spillover effects from the offline to the online domain. This study concentrates on the individual behavior of online gamers centering on offline dependence. The flow experience and immersion can be affected by offline dependence as well as by the online game itself. With the purpose of finding the factors affecting both flow and immersion, we are interested in the moderator effects of offline dependence influencing both flow and immersion from social interaction. At the section of literature review, boundary theory/spillover effect, social capital/social interaction, and flow/immersion are covered. With this theoretical background, we developed the research model and eight hypotheses with three independent variables: skills, challenge, and social interaction, and two dependent variables: flow and immersion, and one moderator: offline dependence. For each construct, we used measurement items recognized for reliability and widely used in the previous research. We slightly modified some items proper to the research context and developed new items for the construct of offline dependence. In turn, we collected the data from one of universities in Korea. Above all, we analyzed 197 valid data points on reliability and validity and got statistically significant results. The results showed that flow is strongly influenced by skills, challenge, and social interaction, but immersion is only influenced by skills and social interaction and not challenge. The results revealed that the moderating effect of offline dependence affected only the relationship from social interaction to the immersion on the lower offline dependence group. Unexpectedly, we got another significant moderating effect from skill to immersion on the higher offline dependence group. The findings suggest some implications. First, this study empirically tested the spillover effect from offline to online domain and confirmed it. Second, the results showed that the reason why the lower offline dependence group was more addicted to online games than the higher group was the bridging of social capital making friends on the online games. Third, this research confirmed that flow and immersion were mutually exclusive constructs as provided by the two-factor theory. Finally and unexpectedly, the results showed the higher offline dependence group intended to immerse in online games and provided a possible reasons: achievement motive.

한국과 독일 주식시장에서의 변동성 전이

김병준 ( Byoung Joon Kim ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2014 유라시아연구 Vol.11 No.4

본 연구에서는 한국과 독일의 주식시장을 대상으로 시장변동성의 상호간 전이현상에 관하여 분석하였다. 시장변동성의 전이효과 측정은 대칭 및 비대칭 이변량 GARCH-BEKK 모형을 사용하였는데 이는 사전에 국가 상호간의 공변적 상관관계에 아무런 제약을 가하지 않은 모형으로 변동성 전이 방향성 및 강도를 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 장점이 있기 때문이다. 또한 예기치 않은 전일의 수익률충격을 상승충격과 하락충격으로 구분한 비대칭모형을 사용한 이유도 예기치 않은 수익률 상승의 충격과 예기치않은 수익률 하락의 전이효과가 일반적으로 서로 다르게 나타나는 이른바 비대칭 현상 때문이다. 한편,본 연구에서는 1997년 1월 1일부터 2012년 12월 31일까지의 4,173일간의 일별자료를 기준으로 표본을 구성하였는데 2008년 Lehman Brothers의 파산신청을 계기로 촉발된 전세계적 글로벌 금융위기 국면을 별도의 소표본으로 독립시켜 변동성 전이현상을 관측하였다. 본 연구에서 연구대상국을 한국과 독일로 선정한 까닭은 여러 가지가 있으나 기본적인 이유를 들자면다음과 같다. 우선 한국은 비록 2005년부터 개발대상국에서 탈피하여 선진국권으로 분류되고는 있으나 아직까지 개도국권의 영향력을 벗어나지 못하고 있으며 독일은 EU가 창설된 이후 유럽중앙은행 등 대표적인 EU기구를 관장하고 있는 선진국이라 할 수 있다. 과거 여러 가지 위기 때마다 관측되어 온 사실은 위기의 진원지가 선진국에 있었을지라도 오히려 그 피해는 개도국권에서 더 많이 발견되었는데 주로‘안전지대로의 회피(Flight-to-Quality)’라는 자금흐름의 성격을 반영한 결과였다. 즉, 선진국발 변동성충격, 특히 하락 충격으로 발생한 충격은 개도국권 시장의 급속한 자금이탈과 더불어 수익률의 급락 등많은 부작용을 불러왔다. 이를 반영하여 미국과 개도국 간의 충격전이에 관한 연구들은 많이 행해진데 반해 EU의 대표국인 독일과 개도국간의 충격전이에 관한 연구는 아직까지 거의 행하여지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이 같은 문제점을 인식하여 개도국의 대표국인 한국과 선진국의 대표국인 EU의 독일을 대상국으로 선정하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과 나타난 주요 시사점은 다음과 같다. 우선 전체기간 대상, 대칭모형의 추정결과로는 한국에서 독일로의 충격전이가 유의적인 양(+)의 방향을 나타낸 반면, 독일에서 한국으로의 충격전이는 유의적인 음(-)의 방향을 나타내 독일주식이 한국에서는 전반적으로 분산투자 효과가 생긴 것으로 판단되었다. 둘째, 전체 표본기간에서의 비대칭 모형의 결과는 상승충격은 양국간 유의적 양(+)의 모습을 보였던반면 하락충격은 양국간 양뱡향 모두 유의적인 음(-)의 값을 기록하여 결국 시장의 하락충격에서는 양국이 공통적으로 서로의 충격을 완화시켜 주는 이른바 분산투자의 위험경감효과를 보여주었다. 셋째, 글로벌 금융위기국면에서의 대칭모형의 추정결과를 보면, 전체 국면과는 정반대의 결과를 도출했는데 즉, 한국에서 독일로의 충격은 유의적인 음(-)으로 나타난 반면 독일에서 한국으로의 충격은 유의적인 양(+)의 모습을 나타내어 일견 금융위기 때는 선진국의 충격이 더 강하게 전달된다는 사실을 입증하여 주었다. 그러나 넷째 결과를 보면 이 같은 셋째의 결과를 희석시켜 주는데 비대칭모형의 추정결과는 상승충격의 경우는 대칭모형과 유사하게 도출되는데 반해 하락충격의 경우 흥미롭게도 독일에서 한국으로의 하락충격은 유의적인 음(-)의 결과를 보였고 반대로 한국에서 독일로의 하락충격은 유의적인 양(+)의 모습을 보임으로써 한국에서의 하락충격은 독일로 전달되는데 반해 독일에서의 하락충격은 한국으로 와서는 그 효과가 상쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 위의 결과들을 종합하면 본 연구에서 특기할만한 새로운 사실이 도출되었는데 그것은 선진국에서 그것도 위기국면에서의 하락충격이 한국으로 상쇄효과를 보임으로써 특이하게 독일 주식이 한국에서의 포트폴리오 전략상 반드시 포함되어야 할 주식인 것으로 발견되었다는 점이다. 이 같은 사실은 변동성 전이에 관하여 많은 연구들 중에서 최초로 입증된 흥미로운 사실이라 할 수 있다. In this study, mutual volatility spillover effects between stock markets of Korea and Germany have examined, using symmetric and asymmetric bivariate GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) BEKK (Baba, Engle, Kraft, and Kroner) regression models. The GARCH-BEKK model is based on a framework without any restrictions on the conditional correlations of the multivariate model. Accordingly this model can differentiate directions and magnitudes of volatility spillovers. Additionally, the asymmetric model can differentiate downward shock (resulting from unexpected increase in return) and upward shock (unexpected decrease in return), therefore it is chosen in this study to find out existence of this asymmetry. It is shown that there is a obvious distinction between downward and upward shock from many recent studies. Total sample period of this paper is 4,173 days from the beginning of 1997 to the end of 2012. However, to discover the volatility spillover effect in times of crisis more precisely, I add another sub-sample period of Global Financial Crisis from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009. Major findings are as follows. First, shock spillover from Korea to Germany is shown to be significantly positive, contrary to the significantly negative effect of that from Germany to Korea, from the estimation of symmetric model during the whole sample period of 1997 to 2012. Second, downward shock spillovers stemming from the unexpected decrease in market return in both directions turn out to be negative in the whole sample period, suggesting mutual diversification effect between these two countries. Third, during the Global Financial Crisis times, results for the shock spillovers from the symmetric model are changed to be just the opposite from the results during the whole sample period. In other words, shock spillover from Germany to Korea turns out to be positive whereas that from Korea to Germany is shown to be negative. Finally and most importantly, downward shock from Germany to Korea during the GFC times turns out to be significantly negative while that from Korea to Germany shows still positive, signaling diversification effect in portfolio formation from Korea especially in the crisis times. The last finding is perhaps for the first time and quite surprising and valuable among the studies for international volatility spillovers in the global stock market. The last finding is the existence of significantly negative shock spillover, i.e., shock reduction from the developed market to the emerging market.

기술기반창업의 경제적 파급효과 분석

오승환,홍찬영,정성문 한국창업학회 2023 한국창업학회지 Vol.18 No.6

창업은 저성장에 빠진 상황에서 경제의 동력을 확보하고 향후 미래산업을 이끌 산업을 발굴하는 수단이 된다. 일반적으로 창업이 경제성장을 가져오는 경로는 고용(노동)을증대시키고 기술진보를 가져오면 경제성장을 촉진하는 요소로 작용하게 된다. 특히, ‘혁신기술 또는 새로운 아이디어를 가지고 새로운 시장을 창조하여 제품이나 용역을 생산및 판매하는 형태의 창업’으로 정의되는 ‘기술창업’은 일반창업 대비 더 큰 경제적 부가가치를 창출하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 기술창업기업의 국민 경제적 파급효과를 분석하기 위한 분석틀을 제시하고 그 효과에 대한 실증분석 결과를 제시하고자한다. 기술창업이 갖는 경제적 파급효과를 살펴보기 위해 산업연관분석을 활용하였는데,산업연관표를 이용하여 기술기반 산업 내에서 창업기업과 비창업기업 간 경제적 파급효과의크기를 비교하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 고기술(high-tech) 산업 창업기업의 경우 부가가치 창출에 있어서는 높은 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타나났는데, 이는 기술창업이 향후 디지털전환 시대의 부가가치 창출에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 보여주는 결과이다. 중-고기술(medium high-tech) 산업 창업기업의 경우 생산유발효과, 부가가치유발효과, 고용유발효과 모든 측면에서 준수한 역할을 수행하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 서비스업 분야에서는 전문과학기술과 사업지원서비스 산업 창업기업들의 경제적 파급효과가높은 것으로 나타났다. 분석을 통해 산업별 창업 정책의 효과를 살펴볼 수 있었으며, 이를 기반으로 산업별 맞춤형 창업 정책에 대한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. Start-ups are a means of securing the driving force of the economy in asituation of low growth and discovering industries that will lead to futureindustries. In particular, 'technology-based start-ups', defined as 'start-up in theform of producing and selling products or services by creating a new marketwith innovative technology or new ideas', is known to create greater economicadded value than general start-ups. This paper present an analysis framework toanalyze the national economic spillover effect of technology start-ups andpresent the results of empirical analysis on their effects. An input-outputanalysis was used to examine the economic spillover effect of technology-basedstart-ups, and the magnitude of the economic spillover effect betweentechnology start-ups and non-technology start-ups within a technology-basedindustry was compared. The results show that start-ups within high-techindustry have a high effect on creating added value, which shows that high-techstart-ups can play an important role in creating added value in the futuredigital transformation era. In the case of start-ups within medium high-techindustry, it was found that they play a good role in all aspects of productionspillover effect, value-added spillover effect and employment spillover effect. Inaddition, start-ups in the professional science and technology and businesssupport service industry are shown to have a high effect on creating added value. Through the analysis, various policy implications for customized start-uppolicy were presented in this paper.

우리나라 사회간접자본의 공간적 외부효과: 지방재정지출 구조조정에 대한 함의

문시진,이근재,최병호 국토연구원 2015 국토연구 Vol.84 No.-

This study estimates a regional production function for 16 regions in the period 1998~2010 to investigate spatial spillover effects of SOC. Various spatial scopes are analyzed in this study according to geographical distance, economic linkage and regional similarities in per capita income, industrial structure and population density. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, it is found that the SOC for transportation has a positive spillover effect on output growth in other regions as whole, however, the non-transporting SOC has a negative spillover effect. Secondly, as transportation capitals are divided into roads and the others like railways, airports and sea ports, the spillover effect of roads turns up negative on the neighboring regions and the regions in the same Economic Region. On the contrary, the other transporting SOCs are found to contribute positively to the economic growth of those regions. Thirdly, road SOC produces a positive spillover effect but the rest of transporting SOCs produce a negative spillover effect on the non-neighboring regions and the regions in the different Economic Region. These empirical findings provide some of implications to the central and local governments under a substantial pressure on fiscal restructuring. Among others, a careful consideration of spatial spillover effects of SOC investment are necessary to improve the investment efficiency when the governments make decisions on the locations and types of SOC investments. 본 논문은 사회간접자본이 타 지역의 생산에 미치는 공간적 외부효과를 분석하였는데, 사회간접자본을 도로, 철도, 공항, 항만 등 교통 SOC와 상하수도, 수리치수, 전기가스, 통신 등의 비교통 SOC로 크게 구분하여 분석하였다. 교통 부문은 도로와 철도, 공항, 항만 등의 비도로 부문으로 다시 세분화하여 분석하였다. 또한 외부효과의 파급효과가 공간적 범위에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있으므로, 공간적 범위를 지리적 근접성, 동일 경제권역, 그리고 지역적 유사성 등을 기준으로 다양화하여 분석하였다. 분석방법은 타지역의 사회간접자본이 포함된 생산함수를 추정함으로써 공간적 외부효과를 분석하였는데, 추정 자료는 1998년에서 2010년의 기간에 대한 시도별 패널자료를 이용하였다. 실증분석 결과에 따르면 먼저, 교통 부문 사회간접자본은 정(+)의 외부효과, 비교통 부문 사회간접자본의 경우 부(-)의 외부효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타난다. 둘째, 교통 부문 사회간접자본 중에서 가장 비중이 큰 도로의 경우 인접지역 간 및 동일 광역경제권역 내에 속한 지역 간에 부(-)의 외부효과를, 비인접지역 간 및 동일 광역경제권이 아닌 지역 간에 정(+)의 외부효과를 발견할 수 있다. 셋째, 도로를 제외한 철도, 공항, 항만과 같은 비도로 사회간접자본은 인접지역 간 및 동일 광역경제권역 내에 속한 지역 간 정(+)의 외부효과, 비인접 및 동일 경제권이 아닌 지역 간에 부(-)의 외부효과가 나타난다.