생물학적 경쟁과 적응에 대한 예비 생물 교사의 인식

조지선 ( Jiseon Jo ),차희영 ( Heeyoung Cha ),양필승 ( Pilseung Yang ) 한국과학교육학회 2016 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.36 No.5

본 연구는 예비 생물 교사들이 경쟁과 적응의 생물학적 의미를 일상생활에서 쓰이는 의미와 동일하게 이해함으로써 자연선택과 진화를 인식하는데 어려움이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 예비 생물 교사 53명을 대상으로 지필검사를 하였고, 13명을 면담하였다. 지필 검사지는 세 종류로 경쟁과 적응의 일반적 의미를 묻는 검사 지와 생물학적 의미를 묻는 검사지, 자연선택개념 검사지였다. 면담은 반구조화 면담으로 진행하였다. 자료 분석은 4단계로 진행하였다. 먼저, 예비 생물 교사가 생각하는 경쟁과 적응의 일반적 의미를 국어사전에 제시된 정의와 비교하였다. 두 번째로, 예비 생물 교사가 생각하는 경쟁과 적응의 생물학적 의미를 생물학적 정의와 비교하였다. 세 번째로, 예비 생물 교사가 생각하는 경쟁과 적응의 일반적 의미와 생물학적 의미를 비교하였다. 이를 바탕으로 생물학적 경쟁과 적응에 대한 예비 생물 교사의 대안개념 유형을 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 이 대안개념 유형이 자연선택과 진화를 설명할 때도 나타나는지 확인하였다. 연구 결과 예비 생물 교사들은 경쟁의 생물학적 의미를 일반적 의미와 혼용하여, 경쟁은 의도 또는 목적을 위해 싸우거나 다투는 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 적응은 개체 수준에서 생물이 살아남기 위해 환경에 맞춘다는 목적론적으로 인식하고 있었다. 즉 적응을 일반적 의미와 혼동하였고, 적응을 진화와 연결지어 설명할 때도 적응을 일반적 의미로 이해하여 적응이 계속되면 진화가 이루어진다고 생각하고 있었다. 이 연구는 그동안 국내 연구자들의 관심을 받지 못했던 경쟁과 적응 개념에 대한 중요성을 부각시키고, 효율적인 진화 교수·학습의 밑바탕이 되는 경쟁과 적응의 선개념 유형을 분석하여 제시했다는 데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to find out whether pre-service biology teachers` biological meanings of competition and adaptation is the same as everyday meanings to understand natural selection and evolution. Fifty three pre-service biology teachers answered written tests and thirteen of them were interviewed. The tests on general meanings on competition and adaptation, tests on biological meanings on competition and adaptation and tests on natural selection were administered. Questions on semi-structured interviews were composed of only biological meanings about competition and adaptation. Analyzing data through four steps, pre-service biological teachers` general meanings on competition and adaptation were compared with the definitions of Korean dictionary and compared with biological definitions. Pre-service teachers` alternative conceptions about biological competition and adaptation were classified and the alternative conceptual types were checked when explaining natural selection and evolution. They realized competition is battle for intention or purpose like everyday meaning of competition. However, they didn`t realize adaptation happen in the population level. They thought that adaptation, like in everyday life meaning, is getting suitable to environment for survival on an individual level. By relating adaptation to evolution, they thought that long-lasting adaptation become evolution. This study has significance with respect to suggesting the alternative concepts of competition and adaptation based on effective evolution teaching from constructivism viewpoint and highlighting the importance of the concepts of biological competition and adaptation, which have been concerned rarely for a long time.

『리용악시선집』 재수록 작품의 개작과 그 의미

이경수(Lee Kyungsoo) 한국근대문학회 2012 한국근대문학연구 Vol.13 No.1

Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems, which has been discussed to represent the poet's poetic world after his crossing over into North Korea, was published in 1957 by Publishing Company of Joseon Writers' Alliance. It contains his old works and some works selected from his four collections of poems published previously as well as his new works after his crossing over into North Korea. It has total 38 poems republished, and 36 of them had form and content adapted for the occasion. It is important to examine the meanings of the adaptations in order to understand the poet's activities of poetry writing after his crossing over into North Korea. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate the adaptation patterns and meanings of the works republished in Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems of 1957. There are two groups of works in the selection; one is comprised of works from his previous collections of poems, and the other contains the remaining works. In the study, the investigator set out to closely examine the selection criteria of republished ones and the degree and significance of adaptation in adapted works. There are a couple of criteria to select works to be republished in Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems: first, his representative works were the first choices along with the ones whose completion level was high; secondly, the ones from his two collections of poems published after Liberation(Violets and Collection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems) were more preferred choices than those from his two collections of poems published in the latter half of the 1930(The Watershed and The Old House); and finally, of his works from the late period of Japanese ruling, the ones that were sentimental, dark, or exhibited anxious mentality were excluded. In Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems, poetic forms were adapted by altering the stanza composition and line changes. As a result, the ones whose line changes were uneven in his previous collections became overall even in the selection. In addition, the number of lines in a stanza became even among the works. After those adaptations, the works settled in a more visually stable structure and delivered acoustic rhythms that were more stable and easier to remember during recitation. Those adaptations of poetic forms with rhythms under consideration seem to have been influenced by the discussions about "metrics" among the North Korean poetical circles from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. In the selection, the adaptations of poetic content widely varied in pattern from changing postpositions and endings of words to greatly revising the content. Significant adaptations were found in the following cases: first, such phrases as could feel decadent or sentimental were revised or removed; secondly, the real names of literary figures were replaced by noncommittal expressions or removed; thirdly, tone changes were prominent. In the adapted poems, tones of ordering or requesting became more prevalent, and tones of asking were replaced with declarative ones in many cases; and finally, unnecessary expressions were omitted in the adapted poems, which seems to have been a strategy of attracting popularity. Those content adaptations must have been under the influence of North Korea's directions and keynotes in art and literature policies demanded during the restoration and construction period after war. 월북 이후 이용악의 시세계를 대표하는 것으로 논의되어 온 『리용악시선집』은 1957년 조선작가동맹출판사에서 출간되었는데, 월북 이후 새롭게 쓴 작품들 외에도 이전에 쓴 시와 앞서 출간된 네 권의 시집에 수록된 시들을 선별해 재수록하고 있다. 총 38편의 재수록 시 중 36편에서 시 형식 및 내용상의 개작이 발견되므로, 월북 이후 이용악의 시작 활동을 살펴보기 위해서는 이러한 개작이 지니는 의미를 밝히는 작업이 요청된다. 이 논문은 1957년에 출간된 『리용악시선집』에 재수록된 작품의 개작의 양상과 의미를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 『리용악시선집』수록 작품의 경우에는 이전의 시집에 수록된 작품을 재수록한 경우와 나머지 경우로 나누어 볼 수 있는데, 이 논문에서는 재수록된 작품들을 대상으로 재수록 시의 선별 기준과 개작 여부 및 정도를 면밀히 살펴보고 그 의미를 밝히고자 했다. 『리용악시선집』 재수록 작품을 선별한 기준은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대표작 및 완성도가 높은 작품을 우선 선정했다. 둘째, 1930년대 후반에 출간된 두 권의 시집(『분수령』, 『낡은 집』)에 수록된 작품들보다는 해방 이후 출간된 두 권의 시집(『오랑캐꽃』, 『이용악집』) 수록시를 선호했다. 셋째, 일제 말기 작품들 중 감상적이거나 어둡고 불안한 심리를 드러낸 작품은 제외했다. 연 구성을 달리하거나 행갈이를 수정하는 등의 시 형식의 개작이 나타난 경우, 이전의 시집에 수록된 시들에서 들쭉날쭉하던 행갈이가 『리용악시선집』 재수록 시에 와서 대체로 고르게 변화된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한 연을 구성하는 행의 개수도 대체로 비슷하게 수정하는 방향으로 개작이 이루어졌다. 따라서 시각적으로 한결 안정된 구조를 취하게 됨은 물론이고, 시를 낭송했을 때 청각적으로 느껴지는 리듬 또한 좀 더 기억하기 쉬운 안정감 있는 형태를 띠게 된다. 리듬을 고려한 시 형식의 개작은 1950년대 후반에서 1960년대 초반까지 북한 시단에서 이루어진 '운률론'에 대한 논의에서도 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 시 내용의 개작은 작게는 조사 및 어미로부터 크게는 내용을 대폭 수정하는 데 이르기까지 다양한 유형으로 나타나는데, 그 중에서도 의미 있는 개작으로 판단되는 경우는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 퇴폐적이거나 감상적으로 느껴질 만한 구절을 수정하거나 삭제했다. 둘째, 문인들의 실명이 거론된 경우 두루뭉술한 표현으로 교체하거나 실명을 삭제했다. 셋째, 어조변화가 눈에 띄는데, 개작된 시에서 명령형이나 청유형의 어조가 좀 더두드러지는 방향으로 수정이 이루어졌고, 그밖에도 의문형의 어조를 평서형으로 수정한 경우도 여러 차례 눈에 띄었다. 넷째, 개작된 시에서 불필요한 군더더기 표현은 생략되었다. 이는 대중성 확보를 위한 전략으로 보인다. 이러한 내용상의 개작에는 전후복구건설기에 요구된 북한 문예정책의 방향과 기조가 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다.

Effect of Major Selection Motivation Major Satisfaction of Health Related Departments on Their School Life Adjustment

Cheul Jang,Keoncheol Lee 대한스포츠물리치료학회 2020 정형스포츠물리치료학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Purpose: This study assessed the effects of major selection and major satisfaction levels on university life adaptation among health students. Methods: This study included 300 first- and second-grade college students attending classes for physical therapy, occupational therapy, and dental hygiene at K University in Busan Metropolitan City. We assessed their motivations regarding major selection and its influence on their adaptation to school life through a mobile questionnaire applied for 6 weeks between October 30 and December 9, 2018. Data from 200 respondents were included in the analysis after excluding data deemed to have been provided insincerely and questions without responses. Correlation and multi-cycle analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0 to test the data collected. Results: The choice and satisfaction with the major selected were significantly associated with college life. Outdoor motivation was among the factors that less affected academic, social, and personal-emotional adaptation, which are sub-factors of university life adaptation. Among the factors that less affected the satisfaction level, curriculum satisfaction and awareness satisfaction affected academic adaptation; general satisfaction, curriculum satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction affected social adaptation; relationship satisfaction and awareness satisfaction affected personal-emotional adaptation; and curriculum satisfaction and relationship satisfaction affected environmental adaptation. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that the choice and satisfaction with majors were an important variable in predicting adaptation to college life. Thus, increasing the adaptation of university students requires educational services related to major satisfaction and social awareness, as well as a trust-based system for maintaining emotional ties.

대학 신입생의 전공선택동기와 대학생활적응의 관계에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감의 매개효과

조은미,박해임,천성문 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2018 지역과 세계 Vol.42 No.1

The purpose of this study is to confirm the mediating effect of career decision self-efficacy and social self-efficacy in the relationship between college freshmen's major selection motivation and college life adaptation. The subjects of this study were 287 freshman students in 4 - year college in B city. The research tools used major selection motivation, college life adaptation, career decision self - efficacy, and social self - efficacy scale. Based on the collected data, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0. At this time, the procedure proposed by Baron and Kenny(1986) was used and the bootstrapping method was used to verify the statistical significance of the mediator effect. The results of this study are as follows: First, major selection motivation, college life adaptation, career decision self - efficacy and social self - efficacy were statistically highly correlated respectively. Second, career decision self - efficacy and social self - efficacy had a partial mediating effect on the major selection motivation and college life adaptation. Third, it was confirmed that the indirect effect of major selection motivation on career decision self - efficacy, social self - efficacy, and college life adaptation was significant. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed. 본 연구의 목적은 대학 신입생의 전공선택동기와 대학생활적응과의 관계에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감의 매개효과를 확인하는 것이다. 연구대상은 B시에 소재하고 있는 4년제 대학 신입생 287명이며, 연구도구는 전공선택동기, 대학생활적응, 진로결정자기효능감, 사회적자기효능감 척도를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 SPSS 23.0을 사용하여 상관분석과 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 전공선택동기, 대학생활적응, 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감은 각각 유의하게 높은 상관을 보였다. 둘째, 전공선택동기와 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감은 각각 부분 매개효과가 있었다. 셋째, 간접효과 유의성 결과 전공선택동기가 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감 각각을 거쳐 대학생활적응으로 가는 간접효과가 유의함을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 관해 논의하였다.

대학 신입생의 내재적‧외재적 전공선택동기와 진로결정자기효능감 및 사회적자기효능감, 대학생활적응에 관한 구조적 관계

박해임(Park, HaiIm),천성문(Cheon, SeongMoon),조은미(Cho, EunMi) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2017 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.24

본 연구의 목적은 대학 신입생의 대학생활적응과 관련된 변인들 간의 구조적 관계를 분석하고, 이들의 관계에서 그것을 매개하는 변인의 효과를 확인하는 것이었다. 연구대상은 부산시에 소재하고 있는 5개의 4년제 대학 신입생이며, 2017년 6월 1일부터 6월 14일까지 14일간 총 320부를 배부하여 이 중 33부를 제외한 287부를 분석에 사용하였다. 연구도구는 전공선택동기, 진로결정자기효능감, 사회적자기효능감, 대학생활적응 척도를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23.0을 활용하여 기초통계분석을 실시하였고, Amos 21.0을 활용하여 2단계 구조방정식 모형을 분석하고, Bootstrap 분석으로 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하였다. 그 결과로는 첫째, 내재적 외재적 전공선택동기, 진로결정자기효눙감과 사회적자기효능감, 대학생횔적응은 각각 정적인 관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 구조방정식모형 분석결과 내재적 전공선택동기는 대학생활적응과의 관계에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감 부분매개하고 있고, 외재적 전공선택동기는 대학생활적응과의 관계에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감을 완전매개하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 대학신입생들이 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적자기효능감을 높여 대학생활적응을 도울 수 있는 상담과 프로그램의 개입이 필요함을 논한다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship between the variable related to freshman s college life adaptation, and to confirm the effect of mediating variables them in their relationships. The subjects of this study were freshmen at five 4-year colleges in Busan. A total of 320 copies were distributed for 16 days from June 1, 2017 to June 16, 2017, and 287 copies were used for analysis except for 37 copies. The research tools used major selection motivation, career decision self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and college life adaptation scale. The collected data were subjected to basic statistical analysis by using Spss 23.0, and were analyzed two-step structural equation modeling by using Amos 21.0, were verified the significance of the mediation effect through Bootstrap analysis. As a result, first, it was confirmed that the intrinsic and extrinsic major selection motivation, career decision self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and college life adaptation, respectively, have a positive relationship. Second, the structural equation analysis showed that the intrinsic major selection motivation is partially mediated by the career decision self-efficacy, social self-efficacy between relationship with the college life adaptation, and the extrinsic major selection motivation is completely mediated by the career decision self-efficacy and social self-efficacy between relationship with the college life adaptation. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that counseling and program intervention are needed to help adapt to college life, so the college freshmen should increase the career decision self-efficacy and social self-efficacy.

Model-guided adaptive sampling for Bayesian model selection

Qingzhao Yu,Bin Li 한국통계학회 2020 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.49 No.4

We propose an adaptive design for variable selection in Bayesian modeling process. First randomly select some models to evaluate (e.g. by posterior model probability). Using these models, we predict the performance of all models in the candidate pool, based on which more models are selected and evaluated, in which models with good predicted performance or large prediction variances have high probabilities of being selected. Newly sampled models are used to update the performance predictions of candidate models. Repeat the process until informative models are not likely to be left unsampled in terms of the preset model selection criterion. When there are high-dimensional variables, we propose the use of highest-resolution-minimumaberration-fractional-factorial design to select candidate-model sets to enable inferences on main efects and low-level interactions of variables. Simulations and a real data example have shown that the proposed adaptive design is efcient in fnding informative models compared with other variable selection procedures.

Simple Statistical Tools to Detect Signals of Recent Polygenic Selection

Piffer, Davide Korean Society for Bioinformatics 2014 Interdisciplinary Bio Central (IBC) Vol.6 No.1

A growing body of evidence shows that most psychological traits are polygenic, that is they involve the action of many genes with small effects. However, the study of selection has disproportionately been on one or a few genes and their associated sweep signals (rapid and large changes in frequency). If our goal is to study the evolution of psychological variables, such as intelligence, we need a model that explains the evolution of phenotypes governed by many common genetic variants. This study illustrates simple statistical tools to detect signals of recent polygenic selection: a) ANOVA can be used to reveal significant deviation from random distribution of allele frequencies across racial groups. b) Principal component analysis can be used as a tool for finding a factor that represents the strength of recent selection on a phenotype and the underlying genetic variation. c) Method of correlated vectors: the correlation between genetic frequencies and the average phenotypes of different populations is computed; then, the resulting correlation coefficients are correlated with the corresponding alleles' genome-wide significance. This provides a measure of how selection acted on genes with higher signal to noise ratio. Another related test is that alleles with large frequency differences between populations should have a higher genome-wide significance value than alleles with small frequency differences. This paper fruitfully employs these tools and shows that common genetic variants exhibit subtle frequency shifts and that these shifts predict phenotypic differences across populations.

TCP 선택을 위한 자동 적응 프레임워크

황재현(Jae-Hyun Hwang),유혁(Chuck Yoo) 한국통신학회 2009 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.34 No.2b

본 논문에서는 기존의 TCP 변종들을 바탕으로 종단 간의 경로 상에서 나타나는 네트워크 특성에 가장 적응이 잘 이루어진 변종의 알고리즘을 선택하는 TCP의 자동 적응 프레임워크를 제안한다. 프로토콜 선택의 문제가 중요한 이유는 모든 네트워크 환경에 적합한 단일 버전의 프로토콜이 존재하지 않기 때문이며, 이것은 각 네트워크 마다 TCP의 성능 저하 원인이 서로 다르기 때문이다. 이러한 판단 및 프로토콜의 적응이 가능하게 하기 위해 본 논문에서는 기존에 연구되어 왔던 여러 가지 네트워크 측정 기법들과 TCP 변종들을 하나로 합치는 과정을 거쳤으며, 여기에 각 TCP들의 성능 정보들을 제공하여 세션 중간에 적절한 전송 알고리즘을 선택하여 사용할 수 있도록 하였다. 시뮬레이션 실험을 통해 우리는 종단 간으로 여러 환경 하에서 높은 성능을 이끌어낼 수 있다는 것을 보였으며, 제안한 방법이 지금까지 연구되어온 여러 TCP 변종들이 실제로 적절하게 활용될 수 있도록 하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 판단한다. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptation framework that selects a TCP variant adapted to current end-to-end path among available TCP variants. There is no single version of TCP that is suitable to all network environments since the causes for performance degradation are different one another according to characteristics of network environments. Thus, determining that which TCP variants should be selected in order to get best performance is very important. To enable adaptation through such determination, we integrate the existing network estimation schemes and some TCP variants into our framework then make light-weight performance knowledge database for TCP selection. Through implementing and evaluating the proposed framework, we show that our solution can help TCP get high and stable performance on the various types of network environments by pure end-to-end.

Optimal Gabor Filters for Steganalysis of Content-Adaptive JPEG Steganography

( Xiaofeng Song ),( Fenlin Liu ),( Liju Chen ),( Chunfang Yang ),( Xiangyang Luo ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.1

The existing steganalysis method based on 2D Gabor filters can achieve a competitive detection performance for content-adaptive JPEG steganography. However, the feature dimensionality is still high and the time-consuming of feature extraction is relatively large because the optimal selection is not performed for 2D Gabor filters. To solve this problem, a new steganalysis method is proposed for content-adaptive JPEG steganography by selecting the optimal 2D Gabor filters. For the proposed method, the 2D Gabor filters with different parameter settings are generated first. Then, the feature is extracted by each 2D Gabor filter and the corresponding detection accuracy is used as the measure for filter selection. Next, some 2D Gabor filters are selected by a greedy strategy and the steganalysis feature is extracted by the selected filters. Last, the ensemble classifier is used to assemble the proposed steganalysis feature as well as the final steganalyzer. The experimental results show that the steganalysis feature extracted by the selected optimal 2D Gabor filters also can achieve a competitive detection performance while the feature dimensionality is reduced greatly.

고른기회전형 입학생의 대학입학 및 적응과정에 대한 탐색적 연구

정제영,김성기,박주형 한국교육정치학회 2017 敎育政治學硏究 Vol.24 No.1

As a policy tool to decrease social and educational inequity in college entrance system, Korean government introduced equal opportunity selection for unprivileged students. However, it is revealed that equal opportunity selection itself does not guarantee the success of college students. To improve the meaning of equal opportunity selection, this study investigated the experiences of college students who entered university through that selection process. Authors explored research question, using data collected by several times of Focus Group Interview. Through semi-structured interview questions, the research team met 20 students from different departments in a univeristy located in Seoul. The interviews are recorded and transcribed into words. The result of study shows that students were lack of information about equal opportunity selection and usually tried to prepare application by themselves. Second, real problems occurred during the university life for college students using equal opportunity selection. Compared to other college students, their academic capacity, self-efficacy, relationships and economic situations were low and troublesome. To make equal opportunity selection meaningful, government and university should give institutional, emotional and financial support to those students as affirmative action. This study shows the necessity to support college students entered through equal opportunity selection affirmatively to achieve the purpose of entrance policy. 사회·졍제적 약자 계층의 고등교육기회를 적극적으로 보장하기 위한 제도로 고른기회전형이 시행되고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 전형을 통해 대학교에 입학한 학생들의 대학적응을 돕기 위해 어떤 학생들이, 어떤 과정을 통해 고른기회전형에 지원하는지 그리고 대학에 입학한 후 어떤 경험을 하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 서울지역 모 대학의 고른기회전형을 통해 합격한 학생 20여명을 대상으로 질적 연구방법 중 하나인 FGI 면담방법을 활용하여 자료를 수집·분석하였다. 연구결과, 대부분의 학생들은 고른기회전형방법에 대한 체계적인 정보를 제공받지 못한 체 개인적인 노력을 통해 해당 대학의 전형정보를 찾았다. 다만, 제한적이나마 학교나 사교육관계자들의 도움을 통해 입학을 준비하는 경우도 있었다. 대학에 입학한 후 고른기회전형 학생들은 외국어를 비롯한 특정한 과목에 대한 학업역량 미비로 인해 학업적응을 하는데 어려움을 겪었고, 동료학생들과의 관계 맺기에 있어서 심리적 박탈감으로 수동적인 태도를 보였다. 고른기회전형 대상학생들은 정부와 학교로부터 기본적인 학교생활을 위한 다양한 혜택(장학금 및 근로장학금 기회)을 받기는 했으나 다른 일반 학생과의 여건이 다르기 때문에 생기는 문제(생활비 마련을 위한 과다한 아르바이트 활동 등)를 극복할 수준의 지원을 받은 것은 아니었다. 또한 정서적 측면에서 대학의 체계적인 지원이 부족했다는 것을 발견하였다.