Comparison of Ginseng Saponin Effects on the Isolated Aortic Contractile Response Between Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats

Seoh, Yoo-Seung,Lee, Eun-Sook,Choi, Deok-Ho,Park, Hyeun-Gyoon,Kim, Ok-Min,Kang, Moo-Jin,Lim, Dong-Yoon 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.1

본 연구에서는 인삼사포닌 성분 즉, 총인삼사포닌(GTS), panaxadiol-type saponin (PDS) 및 panaxatriol-type saponin (PTS)이 정상 혈압쥐(NR) 및 자연발증 고혈압쥐(SHR)의 대동맥편에서 혈관수축약물의 수축반응에 대한 영향을 관찰하고자 시도하였으며, 얻어진 연구결과는 다음과 같다. Phenylephrine (아드레날린성 α_1-수용체 효능약)과 고농도 칼륨 (막탈분극약)은 NR 및 SHR의 대동맥편에서 각각 현저한 혈관수축반응을 나타내었다. 이들의 수축반응은 SHR보다 NR에서 현저하게 나타났다. NR에서 고농도 칼륨(5.6x10^-2 M)에 의한 혈관수축반응은 GTS(300 g/ml), PDS(300 g/ml) 및 PTS(300 g/ml)의 존재 하에서 각각 별다른 영향을 받지 않았다. 반면에, phenylephrine (10^-6 M)에 의한 혈관수축반응은 현저하게 억제되었다. SHR에서 고농도 칼륨(5.6x10^-2 M)에 의한 혈관수축반응은 GTS(300 g/ml), PDS(300 g/ml) 및 PTS(300 g/ml)의 존재하에서 각각 별다른 영향을 받지 않았으나 고농도의 PTS(600 g/ml)의 전처치에 의해서 유의하게 억제되었다. Phenylephrine (10^-6 M)에 의한 혈관수축반응은 PTS의 전처치에 의해서 용량 의존적(150-600 g/ml)으로 유의하게 억제되었으나 GTS(300 g/ml) 나 PDS(300 g/ml)의 존재 하에서는 별다른 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상과 같은 실험 결과를 종합하여 보면, 인삼사포닌 성분은 흰쥐 적출 대동맥편에서 아드레날린성 1-아드레날린 수용체 차단작용과 일부 미지의 기전에 의해서 혈관이완작용을 일으키며, 이러한 인삼사포닌 성분에 대한 반응에서 NR과 SHR간에 혈관 평활근의 감수성의 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 인삼사포닌 성분 중 PTS가 혈관이완작용에 대한 효력이 가장 큰 것으로 사료된다. The present study was attempted to investigate the effects of total ginseng saponin (GTS), panaxadiol-type (PDS) and panaxatriol-type saponin (PDS) on contractile responses of vasoconstrictors in aortic smooth muscle stripes of normotensive (NR) and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). Phenylephrine (an adrenergic α1-receptor agonist) and high potassium (a membrane depolarizing agent) caused greatly contractile responses in both NR and SHR aorta, respectively. Phenylephrine- and high potassium-induced contractile responses were greater in NR than those in SHR aortic smooth muscle stripes. In NR, the contractile responses of high potassium (5.6 ×10^-2 M) were not affected in the presence of GTS (300 ㎍/ml), PDS (300 ㎍/ml), and PTS (300 ㎍/ml), respectively whereas phenylephrine (10^-6 M) - induced contractile responses were markedly inhibited. In SHR, the contractile responses of high potassium (5.6×10^-2 M) were not affected in the presence of GTS (300 ㎍/ml), PDS (300 ㎍/ml), and moderate doses of PTS (150-300 ㎍/ml), respectively but greatly blocked by high concentration of PTS (600 ㎍/ml). Phenylephrine (10-6 ㎛)-induced contractile responses were inhibited in a dose dependent fashion (150-600 ㎍/ml) by the pretreatment with PTS while not altered in the presence of GTS (300 ㎍/ml) and PDS (300 ㎍/ml), respectively. Taken together, these experimental results suggest that ginseng saponins cause vascular relaxation through blockade of adrenergic α1-receptors and some unknown mechanisms, and that there is some difference in sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle between NR and SHR in responses to ginseng saponins. It seems that panaxatriol type of some ginseng saponins has the greatest potency in vascular relaxation.

Influence of Panaxatriol-type Saponin on Secretion of Catecholamines from Isolated Perfused Rabbit Adrenal Gland

Kim, Dong-Yoon,Choi, Cheol-Hee,Kim, Chong-Dae,Kim, Kyoon-Hong,Kim, Soo-Bok,Lee, Byeong-Joo,Chung, Myung-Hyun The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1989 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.12 No.3

In the previous observations, it was reported that both total ginseng saponin and panaxadiol revealed the marked secretory effect of catecholamines (CA) from the rabbit adrenal gland and that CA secretion induced by them is due to dual mechanisms, cholinergic action and the direct action. In the present study, an attempt to investigate the effect of panaxatriol-type saponin (PT), which is known as an active component of Korean ginseng, on the secretion of CA from the rabbit adrenal gland was made. PT(200 $\mu$g) administered into adrenal vein evoked significantly secretion of CA from the isolated perfused rabbit adrenal gland. Secretory effect of CA produced by PT was attenuated clearly by treatment with chlorisondamine or adenosine, but was markedly increased by physostigmine. Perfusion of Krebs solution containing PT (200 $\mu$g) for 30 min potentiated greatly secretion of CA induced by acetylcholine. PT-induced CA secretion was weakened considerably by ouabain treatement or perfusion of calcium-free Krebs solution. These experimental data demonstrate that PT releases CA from the isolated perfused rabbit adrenal gland by a calcium-dependentd exocytotic mechanism. It seems that the secretory effect of PT is caused through the release of acetylcholine form cholinergic terminals present in the adrenal gland and a direct action on the chromaffin cell itself.

인삼 사포닌의 흰쥐 취효소 분비에 대한 devazepide의 억제작용

이상호,이범구,이선미,박종대,조태순 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1999 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.11 No.-

Abstract-Recent studies have suggested that Panax ginseng saponins may stimulate pancreaticobiliary secretion. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the alterations in pancreaticobiliary function associated with ginseng saponins remain uncertain. We studied the effects of ginseng saponins and devazepide, cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on pancreaticobiliary secretion in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The saponins tested were crude saponin (TS) and panaxatriol saponin (PTS). After single or two weeks administration of saponins, pancreaticobiliary juice of rats was collected for 8hrs. Single administration of TS and PTS did not change the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice compared with control group. In contrast, the pretreatment of devazepide significantly increased the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice. The amylase activity was significantly increased by acute TS treatment, but this increase was inhibited by devazepide pretreatment. In animals with two weeks administration of TS and PTS, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was not increased as compared to the control group. However, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was significantly increased by devazepide treatment. The amylase activity was significantly increased by two weeks administration TS and PTS, respectively. This increase was inhibited by devazepide treatment. Our findings suggest that ginseng saponins, especially panaxatriol, increase the amylase activity in pancreaticobiliary juice, and this is, in part, caused by release of endogenous cholecystokinin.

Inhibitory Effects of Panaxatriol from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on Phosphoinositide Breakdown Induced by Thrombin in Platelets

Kyeong-Mee Park,Man-Hee Rhee,Han-Jae Shin,Yong-Bum Song,Hak-Chul Hyun,Ki-Hyun Park,Hyun-Jeong Cho,Sun-A Choi,Hyo-Chan Kang,Kyoung Jin Kim,Hyeong-Soo Kim,Hee-Jin Kang,Woo-Jeong Ok,Dong-Ha Lee,Hwa-Jin P 고려인삼학회 2008 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.32 No.2

In this study, we have investigated the effect of panaxatriol (PT) on phosphoinositides (PIS) breakdown and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-elevation in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Thrombin (5U/ml), a potent platelet agonist which activates phospholipase Cβ via protease activated receptor (PAR), hydrolyzed PIS in platelet membrane. The phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) was hydrolyzed after 10 sec of the thrombin-stimulation, and both the phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were brokendown after 30 sec of the thrombin-stimulation. However, PT inhibited the thrombin-stimulated hydrolysis of PIP₂, PIP, and PI. On the other hand, thrombin increased the level of phosphatidic acid (PA) which is phosphorylated from diacylglycerol (DG) generated by PIS-hydrolysis. However, PT inhibited the thrombin-increased PA level non-significantly. Thrombin increased cytosolic free Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>[Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i) up to 72% as compared with control (30.8±0.9 nM) in intact platelet. However, PT (100 ㎍/ml) inhibited the thrombin-elevated [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i to 100%. These results suggest that PT may have a beneficial effect on platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic disease by inhibiting thrombin-induced platelet aggregation via suppression of the [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i level and PIS breakdown.

The anti-platelet activity of panaxadiol fraction and panaxatriol fraction of Korean Red Ginseng in vitro and ex vivo

Yuan Yee Lee,Yein Oh,Min-Soo Seo,Min-Goo Seo,Jee Eun Han,Kyoo-Tae Kim,Jin-Kyu Park,Sung Dae Kim,Sang-Joon Park,Dongmi Kwak,Man Hee Rhee 고려인삼학회 2023 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.47 No.5

Background: The anti-platelet activity of the saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng has been widelystudied. The saponin fraction consists of the panaxadiol fraction (PDF) and panaxatriol fraction (PTF);however, their anti-platelet activity is yet to be compared. Our study aimed to investigate the potency ofanti-platelet activity of PDF and PTF and to elucidate how well they retain their anti-platelet activity viadifferent administration routes. Methods: For ex vivo studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered 250 mg/kg PDF and PTF for 7consecutive days before blood collection via cardiac puncture. Platelet aggregation was conducted afterisolation of the washed platelets. For in vitro studies, washed platelets were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. Collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were used to induce platelet aggregation. Collagenwas used as an agonist for assaying adenosine triphosphate release, thromboxane B2, serotonin,cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) release. Results: When treated ex vivo, PDF not only inhibited ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation,but also upregulated cGMP levels and reduced platelet adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, it alsoinhibited Akt phosphorylation induced by collagen treatment. Panaxadiol fraction did not exert any antiplateletactivity in vitro, whereas PTF exhibited potent anti-platelet activity, inhibiting ADP, collagen, andthrombin-induced platelet aggregation, but significantly elevated levels of cGMP. Conclusion: Our study showed that in vitro and ex vivo PDF and PTF treatments exhibited differentpotency levels, indicating possible metabolic conversions of ginsenosides, which altered the content ofginsenosides capable of preventing platelet aggregation.

Panaxadiol and Panaxatriol from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Inhibit the Synthesis of Thromboxane $A_2$ in Adrenaline-Stimulated Human Platelet Aggregations

Park, Kyeong-Mee,Rhee, Man-Whee,Park, Hwa-Jin The Korean Society of Ginseng 1994 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.18 No.1

In adrenaline-stimulated human platelets, panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer did not inhibit the $Ca^{2+}$-innux, but inhibited the formation of thromboxane $A_2$ and the platelet aggregations. It seems that PD and PT block a pathyway interconvefing arachidonic acids (20:4) to thromboxane $A_2$ (TX $A_2$), because the amount of $Ca^{2+}$ which phospholipase C or phospholipase $A_2$ requires to liberate 20 : 4 from membrane phospholipids was increased by PD and PT. These results mean that PH and PT have an antiplatelet effect by Inhibiting the formation of TX $A_2$.

(20R)-파낙사디올과 (20R)-파낙사트리올에 대한 $^1H$- 및 $^{13}C-NMR$의 완전동정

김동선,백남인,박종대,이유희,김신일,Kim, Dong-Seon,Baek, Nam-In,Park, Jong-Dae,Lee, You-Hui,Kim, Shin-Il 대한약학회 1996 약학회지 Vol.40 No.3

The $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR signals of (20R)-panaxadiol and (20R)-panaxatriol were completely assigned by the extensive application of modern 2D-NMR techniques, $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HMQC and HMBC.

인삼 사포닌이 일산화탄소중독 및 노화과정에서 흰쥐의 신경전달물질 함량 변화에 미치는 영향

박혜영,김춘미,주지연,최현진 梨花女子大學校 藥學硏究所 1992 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.2

After rats were exposed to 5,000 ppm carbon monoxide 30 minutes, the amounts of catecholamine neurotransmitters in stratum were measured using high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with electrochemical detector. The concentration of dopamine in stratum was significantly decreased after carbon monoxide intoxification, but thoseof dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, norepinephrine, and epinephrine was not changed. However the pretreatments of Ginseng total saponin and panaxatriol saponin increased the concentrations of dopamine and its acidic metabolites(DOPAC and HVA). Ginseng total saponin also increased the concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Similar results were obtained from aged rats.

수확시기에 따른 새싹삼의 부위별 생육 및 Ginsenoside 함량 변화

장인배,유 진,서수정,장인복,권기범 한국약용작물학회 2018 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Background: Since the revised Ginseng Industrial Act was passed, ginseng sprouts have become a new medicinal vegetable for which there is high consumer demand. However, the existing amount of research and data on ginseng production has not kept pace with this changed reality. Methods and Results: In this study we analyzed the changes in the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of growing ginseng sprouts during the period from when organic seedlings were planted in nursery soil until 8 weeks of cultivation had elapsed, which was when the leaves hardened. In the leaves, ginsenoside content increased 1.62 times with the panaxadiol (PD) system and 1.31 - 1.56 times with the panaxatriol (PT) system from 7 to 56 days after transplantation. During the same period, the total ginsenoside content of the stems decreased by 0.66 - 0.91 times, and those of the roots increased until the 21st day, and then underwent steep declines. The effect of fermented press cake extract (FPCE) and tap water (TP) on the total amount of ginsenoside per plant were similar, and could be represented with the equations y = 1.4330 + 0.2262x - 0.0008x2 and y = 0.9555 + 0.2997x - 0.0031x2 in which y = ginsenoside content x = amount of and on the total amounts of FPCE or TP, respectively after 26.4 days, however, the difference between ginsenoside content with FPCE and TP widened. Conclusions: These results suggested that the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng varied with the cultivation period and nutrient supply. These findings also provide fundamental data on the distribution of ginsenosides among plant parts for 2- year-old ginseng plants in the early- growth stage.