`열린 건축`으로 바라본 Nishizawa Ryue의 건축 특성 연구

박미옥 ( Miok Park ),이찬 ( Chan Lee ) 한국공간디자인학회 2017 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.12 No.3

(연구배경 및 목적) 다원화되고 급변하는 현시대의 배경에서 부정할 수 없는 유동적 흐름은 개인의 다양성과 불확실성 영역들의 관계를 형성하면서 변화에 유연하게 발전하게 되는데, 이러한 개념은 상호 소통을 가능하게 하는 `열림`에 기반을 둔다. 이는 `열린 건축` 과도 상관되며 이를 좀 더 구체적으로 이해하기 위하여 근대 이후의 시대적 배경의 상황에도 주목하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 니시자와 류에를 건축가로 선정하여 새로운 시대의 개성과 가치를 담아내는 그의 건축 사고를 확장된 의미를 가진 열린 건축으로 분석하고자 한다. 니시자와의 중심사상인 열린 건축의 고찰과 종전부터 답습해온 개념에서 탈피된 새로운 관계성을 가진 건축적 특성을 밝히고, 파악된 개념이 어떻게 작품으로 실체화 되었는지 연구하고자 한다. (연구방법) 선행 연구를 통해서 열린 사고의 관점을 한정하였고, 유사 선행 연구를 파악하여 다양한 접근으로 열린 건축의 개념과 배경, 어휘와 특성을 도출하였다. 본 논문의 구조는 먼저 니시자와의 건축관을 파악하고 그가 말하는 열린 건축에 대한 특성을 고찰하여 나온 결과가 얼마나 객관적이고 합리적인지 찾는 과정이다. 니시자와 류에의 건축관에 대해서는 언설과 인터뷰 그리고 그의 사고와 배경을 담은 건축 서적을 바탕으로 하였다. (결과) 니시자와 류에가 건축을 통해 구현하고자 하는 기본은 인간을 주체로 생길 수 있는 모든 관계이며, 사회성과 지역성을 배경으로 새로운 질서를 만들기 위해 고정관념에서 탈피하고 바라보았다. 건축과 공간에 대해서는 개방성을, 건축과 환경에 대해서는 유기성을, 건축과 인간에 대해서는 새로운 위계성이 열린 건축의 관계성이다. 또한 그의 건축의 도구인 다시 프로그램과 순환 다이어그램으로 가능성과 다양성을 찾을 수 있다. 이는 독립적인 것이 아니라 일체화된 유기적 연결이며 환경과 건축, 인간의 조합으로 공원과 같은 건축이 니시자와 류에의 열린 건축이라고 하겠다. (결론) 연구 결과 `건축은 삶 전체와 관계된 하나의 세계 이다.` 라고 말한 니시자와 류에의 열린 건축은 단순함 속에 복합성을 숨기는 외유내강의 동양 사고에서 출발하여 공간과 시간의 벽을 허문 자연과 인간을 중심으로 하는 유기적 사고이다. 주변과 연결되고 사회적 관계를 맺는 그의 건축은, 소통과 교류라는 현대의 키워드와 맞물린다. 각 시대마다 개성과 가치를 건축에 담아야 한다고 말하는 그는, 현시대의 가치관과 시대성을 건축에 표현하는 건축가이다. 이것으로 현시대에 새로운 패러다임과 라이프스타일의 콘텐츠를 제공해 줄 수 있는 새로운 위계질서를 만드는 지침이 될 수 있을 것이다. (Background and Purpose) The flexible flow of our diversified modern society creates networks of uncertain domains along with continuously evolving variations, and such concepts are based on openness and a system that enables interactions. This correlates with the design of open architectural spaces, such as small city units or urban structures. The goal is to comprehend more specifically the circumstance of backgrounds of times are concentrated. Therefore, this study has selected architect Nishizawa Ryue for inclusion. First, we will analyze his architectural perspective, known as open architecture, in order to study how his central ideology of open architecture has been embedded not only in the functions of these structures, but also the architectural characteristics and concepts with relationship to connecting the environment and local community. (Method) The viewpoint of this investigation was defined through an examination of earlier, similar studies. The study did examine how to derive the concept, background, vocabulary, and characteristics of open architecture through various approaches. This study first identified the architectural view of Nishizawa and examined how objective and rational the characteristics of his open architecture are, based on the investigation results. References and cases were studied to determine the characteristics of open architecture by Nishizawa Ryue. (Results) The foundation of Nishizawa Ryue`s architectural design to be implemented is accentuated around all human relationships., but to make a new hierarchical order with respects to sociality and regionalism, a perspective ignoring stereotype was used. The relationship of open architecture is openness of architecture and space, organic property of architect and environment, and new hierarchy of architecture and human. Moreover, with his architectural tools of repetitive program and circulatory program, possibility and diversity may be found. These are not independent but solidified and organic connections, and the open architecture of a park, for instance, may allow for a harmony between the physical environment, architectural works, and human element.) (Conclusions) This study shows that the open architecture of Nishizawa Ryue seems to promote his worldview, in which he says, “Architecture is one world related to an entire life.” His is an organic perspective based on postmodernism and derived from Orientalism that seeks to hide complexity within simplicity and centers on the communion of nature and humans with no boundaries of space or time. His architecture can be connected to the surroundings and promote social relationships through modern keywords such as communication and interaction. Saying that individuality and value should always be important in architecture, he expresses modern values and characteristics of the time fully. This study can become a guideline for creating a new hierarchy, providing the contents of a new paradigm and lifestyle for the current era.

Analyzing Public Access and Boundary Utilization in Landscape Architecture

장재우 ( Chang Jaewoo ),이상윤 ( Lee Sangyun ) 한국공간디자인학회 2024 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.19 No.2

(연구배경 및 목적) 현대 사회에서 랜드스케이프 건축은 도시 안에서 건축과 경관, 개인과 공공의 관계 문제를 중요하게 다룬 결과 건축과 대지의 연속성을 유지하면서 그 경계는 소통의 가능성을 지닌 영역으로 자리 잡고 있다. 단일 건물에서 도시적 스케일의 프로젝트까지 다양한 규모의 개발 사례가 있지만, 현재는 무수한 경계공간 및 녹지공간이 개별적이고 소극적인 형태로 도시에 적용되고 있으며 접근성과 공공성이라는 측면에서 그 기능이 한정적인 상태이다. 더욱이 랜드스케이프 건축은 다양한 방식으로 도시 안에서 작용할 수 있음에도 그 경계공간 구성요소와 방식에 관한 연구의 부족, 획일적인 법규 때문에 공공의 활용도가 낮은 실정이다. 이러한 배경에서 현대 도시의 현실적 문제들에 대한 해결책으로 건물의 경계 공간 활용을 통하여 해결책을 제시하고자 한다. 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계공간을 구축하는 방식과 그 구성요소를 살펴봄으로써, 기존의 건물과 도시 컨텍스트, 또 앞으로 건축 개발에서 '공공성'의 의미를 발전시킬 방안을 찾고자 한다. (연구방법) 본 논문에서는 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계공간의 국내외 사례를 통하여 경계의 유형, 접근성, 개방도, 공개면적율 등의 공공성과 연계된 개념을 정립하고 이들을 정량적으로 분석하기 위해 새로운 정량적 분석법을 제시하였다. 첫째, 랜드스케이프 건축의 일반적 개념과 역사적 발전 과정에 대하여 살펴보고 랜드스케이프 건축의 구축에 활용되는 개념 및 기능, 구성요소에 대해 고찰한다. 둘째, 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계에 나타나는 특성과 공공성 확보 필요성을 살펴본다. 셋째, 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계의 유형, 접근성, 개방도, 공개면적율 등의 항목을 새로이 제시하고, 넷째, 위의 분석된 항목들을 통하여 공공화 정도를 정량적으로 수치화하여 시각화한다. (결과) 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계공간은 도시의 컨텍스트를 반영한 장소성을 지니기 때문에 공공적 활용 가능성이 높게 나타났고 이를 분석하기 위한 개념으로 분류되었다. '공공성 그래프'를 독창적으로 제시하여 '공개면적율'과 '개방도'라는 객관적 지표를 연계하여 세부적인 특성을 시각화하였다. POI(Public Occupancy Index)와 BDI(Balance Deviation Index)를 정의하여 정성적으로 표현되어오던 개별건축의 '공공성'을 정량적으로 분류하였다. (결론) 본 논문에서는 랜드스케이프 건축의 경계공간 활용에 대한 사례분석 및 개념 정립을 통하여 정량적인 분석기법을 제시하였다. ‘가로화’, ‘공원화’,‘'가로+공원화’ 유형을 사례적으로 적용하여 본 논문에서 제시한 공공성과 연계된 건물의 개별적 특성을 지표화하는 분석기법의 타당성을 확인하였다. '공공성 그래프'를 기반으로 한 분석기법은 점점 복잡해지는 현대건축 경계공간의 공공적 활용을 최적화할 수 있는 디자인 계획 및 모델 개발에 기여가 클 것으로 기대한다. (Background and Purpose) In contemporary society, Landscape Architecture crucially addresses the relationships between architecture and landscape, as well as individual and public realms within cities, establishing boundaries as areas with potential for communication while maintaining continuity between buildings and land. Despite the existence of developments ranging from single buildings to large-scale urban projects, many boundary and green spaces are currently applied in cities in isolated and passive ways, with limited functionality in terms of accessibility and publicness. Furthermore, the potential of Landscape Architecture to function diversely within urban environments is underutilized due to a lack of research on its boundary components and methods, compounded by uniform regulations. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes using the boundary spaces of buildings as a solution to practical urban problems, examining the construction methods and components of Landscape Architecture's boundary spaces to advance the concept of 'publicness' in both current and future architectural developments. (Method) This research employs case studies to examine the integration methods of Landscape Architecture within urban conditions, leveraging landscape concepts to bridge diverse aspects and elements. The study emphasizes the critical elements of Landscape Architecture, such as the rates of 'open area' and 'openness,' by investigating international architectural projects. These case studies are instrumental in understanding the types, access, efficiency, and rates of open areas, which are pivotal in expressing the public usage of Landscape Architectures numerically. (Results) The boundary spaces of Landscape Architecture, reflecting the urban context and locality, have shown high potential for public use and were categorized for analysis accordingly. This study introduced an innovative 'publicness graph,' linking objective indicators like 'public area ratio' and 'openness' to visualize detailed characteristics. By defining the Public Occupancy Index (POI) and Balance Deviation Index (BDI), the study quantitatively categorized the 'publicness' of individual buildings, which had previously been expressed qualitatively. (Conclusions) The study concludes that Landscape Architecture holds the potential to revolutionize the design and functionality of public spaces within urban landscapes. Through case analysis and conceptual establishment of the use of boundary spaces in landscape architecture, a quantitative analysis method has been presented. By applying the types of 'Street type', 'Park type', and 'Street + Park type' as case studies, the validity of the analytical method that quantifies the individual characteristics of buildings associated with publicness proposed in this paper has been confirmed. The analysis method based on the 'Publicness Graph' is expected to contribute significantly to the development of design plans and models that can optimize the public use of increasingly complex boundary spaces in modern architecture.

Coop Himmelblau의 건축(建築) 설계방법론에 관한 연구

조영배 ( Young-bae Cho ) 한국고등직업교육학회 2005 한국고등직업교육학회논문집 Vol.6 No.4

Coop Himmelblau’s Architecture's autogeneous Architecture rather than deconstructivism architectrue. Coop Himmelblau’s Architecture do not connect past architecture, even though Architectural Context. Coop Himmelblau is started on negation in existing Architectural thoughts. Their ultimate goal is realized Architecture. To realize Open Architecture, Coop Himmelblau's Architectural Vocabulary is similar to Deconstructivism Architecture’s Vocabulary. Coop Himmelblau’s Architecture is Avant Garde Architecture rather than Decontructivism Architecture.

Integration Architecture for Virtualized Naval Shipboard Computing Systems

김홍재,오상윤 한국엔터프라이즈아키텍처학회 2013 정보기술아키텍처연구 Vol.10 No.1

Various computing systems are used in naval ships. Since each system has a single purpose and its applications are tightly coupled with the physical machine, applications cannot share physical resources with each other. It is hard to utilize resources efficiently in conventional naval shipboard computing environment. In this paper, we present an integration architecture for virtualized naval shipboard computing systems based on open architecture. Our proposed architecture integrates individual computing resources into one single integrated hardware pool so that the OS and applications are encapsulated as a VM. We consider the issue of varying needs of all applications in a naval ship that have different purposes, priorities and requirements. We also present parallel VM migration algorithm that improves the process time of resource reallocation of given architecture. The evaluation results with the prototype system show that our algorithm performs better than conventional resource reallocation algorithm in process time.

자동차를 위한 내장형 실시간 소프트웨어 아키텍처의 개관

최동호(Dongho Choi),홍두원(Duwon Hong),홍성수(Seongsoo Hong) 한국자동차공학회 2005 한국자동차공학회 Symposium Vol.- No.-

Within the automotive industry, more and more innovations are based on electronics and software to enhance the safety of the vehicles but also to improve the comfort of the passengers. Simultaneously, but, there are more faults about electronic and software systems. To cope with these problems, it is necessary to develop open automotive software architecture. This paper presents the survey on embedded real-time software architectures for automotive systems. Through the open software architecture, the reliability, re-usability, efficiency of software in development process of automotive system can be achieved.

An Architecture Supporting Adaptation and Evolution in Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Prehofer, Christian,Kellerer, Wolfgang,Hirschfeld, Robert,Berndt, Hendrik,Kawamura, Katsuya The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2002 Journal of communications and networks Vol.4 No.4

A major challenge for next generation mobile communication is capturing the system architecture’s complexity with all its internal and external dependencies. Seamless integration of heterogeneous environments in all system parts is a key requirement. Moreover, future systems have to consider the different evolution cycles of individual system parts. Among those, services are expected to change the fastest. With respect to these considerations, we propose an overall architecture for next generation mobile communication systems. It covers all system parts from wireless transmission to applications including network and middleware platform. Our approach focuses on adaptability in terms of recon- figurability and programmability to support unanticipated system evolution. Therefore, we consider abstraction layers which consist of adaptable cooperating components grouped by open platforms rather than rigid system layers. In addition to that, we introduce cross-layer cooperation allowing an efficient use of the available resources. Specific scenarios illustrate the feasibility of our approach.

공공개방 데이터 활용을 위한 빅데이터 기반의 소프트웨어 아키텍처 설계에 관한 연구

방승열(Seung-Yeol Bang),하효동(Hyo-Dong Ha),김창재(Chang-Jae Kim) 한국정보기술학회 2015 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.10

The government on the basis of the big data, has been promoting the evolution to smart government, such as a scientific national administrative management and social costs reduction. Also, The goal of the government is a valuable job creation and economic value added through public data open and utilization through public data open. The priority for opening and sharing data is increasing the quantity and quality of data through information sharing between agencies and obtaining valuable data by integrating unstructured data that is owned by the private sector. It is also important to take advantage of the public data that own in public institutions and need to develop new services and added value by opening public data to the private sector. This paper suggests that public open big data software standard architecture that can support creation, analysis and whole operation process of public data service for creating public data opening and offer base.

AUTOSAR 표준 기반인 바디시스템 소프트웨어의 개발 기술

김진우(Jinwoo Kim),이우택(Wootaik Lee),홍성준(Soungjoon Hong),오승호(Sungho Oh),이광열(Kwangyeol Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

This paper presents an overview of AUTOSAR's software modules and its application to the body systems. The implementation of the body systems adopts state-of-the-art automatic code generation method to enhance the development process. A current automotive electric/ electronic(E/E) architecture has a number of requirements which are legal enforcement, passenger convenience, driver assistance and dynamic drive aspects. These requirements makes the E/E architecture more complex to manage. As a result, automotive OEMs and their suppliers need to collaborate more closely, and Leading OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers recognize this to be an industry-wide challenge and decide to work together to address it. AUTOSAR(AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is established an open standard for automotive E/E architecture. It will serve as a basic infrastructure for the management of functions within both future applications and standard software modules. The software of body system based on AUTOSAR standard has flexibility for product modification, scalability of solutions across product lines, and improved quality.

차세대 브이월드 시스템 아키텍처 구성에 관한 연구: 최적의 아키텍처 설계를 위한 신기술 분석

고준희,임용화,김민수,장인성 대한공간정보학회 2015 Spatial Information Research Vol.23 No.4

There has been much interest in the VWorld open platform with the addition of a variety of contents or services such as 2D map, 3D terrain, 3D buildings, and thematic map since 2012. However, the VWorld system architecture was not stable for the system overload. For example, the system was stopped due to the rapidly increasing user accesses when the 3D terrain service of the North Korea and the Baekdu mountain was launched at September 2012 and September 2013, respectively. It was because the system architect has just extended the server system and the network bandwidth whenever the rapid increase of user accesses occurs or new service starts. Therefore, this study proposes a new VWorld system architecture that can reliably serve the huge volume of National Spatial Data by applying the new technologies such as CDN, visualization and clustering. Finally, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as a basis for the next VWorld system architecture being capable of a huge volume of spatial data and users. 국가 공간정보를 다양한 방법으로 서비스 중인 공간정보 오픈플랫폼은 2012년 서비스 오픈 후 2차원 지도, 3차원 지형, 3차원 건물, 시계열지도 및 각종 주제도 등 지속적으로 다양한 콘텐츠와 서비스를 추가함에 따라 사람들의 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 공간정보 오픈플랫폼 시스템은 2012년 9월과 2013년 9월에 북한관련 3차원 위성영상 및 백두산 관련 신규 서비스가 추가되면서 사용자 접속의 폭주로 서비스가 중단되는 일이 발생하는 등 시스템의 과도한 부하에 대하여 안정적이지 못한 구조를 가지고 있다. 이는, 신규 콘텐츠 추가나 사용자 접속 증가 등 필요시마다 단순히 서버나 네트워크 장비만을 증설하여 서비스를 수행하였기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 CDN, 가상화, 클러스터링 등 신기술을 분석하여 방대한 국가 공간정보를 안정적으로 서비스 할 수 있는 새로운 공간정보 오픈플랫폼 아키텍처 구성방안을 제시하고자 한다. 끝으로 본 연구결과는 대용량 공간정보와 다수 사용자를 처리할 수 있는 차세대 공간정보 오픈플랫폼 아키텍처 수립을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

2014 베니스 비엔날레 건축전에 나타난 환유적 리얼리즘

박영태(Park, YoungTae) 한국실내디자인학회 2016 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.25 No.1

2014 Venice Biennale of Architecture, presented by general director Rem Koolhaas, has shown the distinct difference between his present displays and past displays. Under the theme of FUNDAMENTALS and ABSORBING MODERNITY, Rem Koolhaas has developed his own unique way which is a research-oriented display technique to explain the difference at the exhibition. The purpose of this study is to define a research-oriented display technique as realism rhetoric for the opened dialectic and identify its aspect of a methodic approach. This report investigated not only Rem Koolhaas’s thought and theoretical approach through his work but also the comparison of between his present and past displays. His display is based on the constellation of Central Pavilion, National Pavilions, and Arsenale display and reflected the reality of architecture in self-deception through the metonymical interaction of various facts and records. Rem Koolhaas called it the composition of contradiction. In his work, the spatial situation which is the present has been made with the intervention of historical events and has revived the reality of architecture. Also, the present is a montage of the strict control of architecture, the isolation from the architecture itself, and the autonomic communication with other fields. Finally, as a result of his work, Rem Koolhaas has shown that his display is not the end of phase but a phase of creation.