리좀 기반 온라인 창작 학습 모형

이원영(Lee Won-Young),이정민(Lee, Jung-Min) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.17

목적 본고는 리좀적 창작의 과정을 수행하는 리좀 기반 온라인 창작 학습 모형을 마련하려는 시도다. 방법 먼저 현재의 창작 학습의 방식이 온라인 환경에서도 제대로 기능할 수 있는지의 문제를 검토하였다. 다음으로 리좀적 창작의 과정을 온라인 창작 학습의 기저 원리로 도입하는 문제를 검토하였다. 마지막으로 리좀적 창작을 수행하는 리좀 기반 온라인 창작 학습 모형이 어떻게 설계될 수 있는지 논구하였다. 결과 현재의 창작 학습의 방식은 온라인 창작 학습에 적절하지 않다는 점을 확인하였다. 리좀적 창작 과정의 도입은 온라인 창작 학습이 온라인의 이점을 활용하면서도 새로움의 창조라는 창작 활동의 본질을 구현할 수 있게 한다. 리좀 기반 온라인 창작 학습은 학습자들이 온라인상의 자료를 능동적으로 탐색·공유·누적하고, 이를 바탕으로 개인의 창작으로 나아가는 형태로 전개된다. 결론 리좀적 창작의 과정을 수행하는 리좀 기반 온라인 창작 학습 모형을 ‘연결하기’, ‘공유하기’, ‘모험하기’, ‘다시 모험하기’ 단계를 수행하게 하는 형태로 제안하였다. Objectives This study is an attempt to prepare a learning model for online creation by applying the process of rhizomal creation. Methods First, the problem of whether the current creative learning method can function properly in the online environment was examined. Next, the problem of introducing the process of rhizomal creation as a basic principle of online creative learning was examined. Finally, this paper discusses how a rhizome-based online creative learning model that performs rhizomal creation can be designed. Results It was confirmed that the current method of creative learning is not suitable for online creative learning. The introduction of the rhizomal creative process enables online creative learning to realize the essence of creative activity to create creations, while utilizing the advantages of online. The rhizome-based online creative learning proceeds in the form of learners actively exploring, sharing, and accumulating online contents, and based on this, they advance to individual creation. Conclusions A rhizome-based online creative learning model that performs the process of rhizomal creation was proposed in the form of performing the steps of ‘connecting’, ‘sharing’, ‘adventuring’, and ‘adventuring again’.

중국의 지역 환경과 온라인 의료 플랫폼 이용

Xingyu Wu,손정민 사단법인 한국융합기술연구학회 2023 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.9 No.10

의료 서비스 인프라는 일반적으로 대도시에 집중되어 있으며, 도시에서 멀리 떨어진 교외 거주자는 의료 서비스에 대한 접근성이 상대적으로 낮을 수 있다. 중국에서는 이러한 격차를 메우기 위한 보완 수단으로 온라인 의료 서비스 산업이 급속히 성장하고 있다. 온라인 의료 서비스에 대한 이전의 연구에서 의사 및 병원의 특성, 질환의 유형, 환자들 사이의 구전, 그리고 전문 지식의 공유 정도 등의 요인이 환자의 온라인 의료 서비스 의사결정을 설명하였지만, 온라인 플랫폼이 오프라인 의료서비스를 대체하는 이유에 대한 체계적인 설명이 부족한 편이라고 할 수 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 온라인 의료 수요에 영향을 주는 오프라인 환경 요인으로 교외 효과에 대해 설명하는 것이다. 또한 교외 효과를 더욱 구체적이고 다차원적으로 확인하기 위해, 교외 효과와 관련이 있는 접근성(i.e., 거주지역의 면적), 서비스 공급(i.e., 지역의 병상수), 그리고 진료과목 소수자(i.e., 진료과목의 상대적 비율)의 상호 작용 효과에 대해 분석하였다. 분석데이터는 중국의 대표적인 온라인 의료 서비스 플랫폼 중 한 곳을 통해 의사의 프로필, 온라인 환자의 평가 등과 같은 다양한 온라인 진료 기록 및 의사 특성 변수를 수집하였다. 오프라인 환경의 효과를 분석하기 위하여 중국 각 도시의 인구, 면적, 병상수 등을 수집하였다. 최종적인 분석에는 의료 플랫폼 데이터와 인구통계 데이터를 결합하여 이용했다. 실증 분석 결과로, 교외 지역 거주자의 비율이 높을수록 온라인 의료서비스 이용 가능성이 더 높았다. 또한 지역의 접근성과 진료과목의 소수자는 교외 효과를 강화시키고, 의료 공급은 교외 효과를 약화시키는 상호작용이 있었다. 이 연구는 오프라인 환경과 온라인 의료 플랫폼 사이의 관계에 관한 학술적 연구 분야를 발전시키는 데 기여하고, 병원, 온라인 의료 플랫폼, 의사에게 새로운 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. In generally, healthcare infrastructure is typically concentrated in large cities, with suburban residents living farther away from cities facing inequalities in access to healthcare. Online healthcare is growing rapidly as a complementary means to fill this gap in China. Previous studies on online healthcare have found that factors such as physician and hospital characteristics, type of disease, oral communication among patients, and the degree of expertise sharing explain patients' online healthcare decisions, but there is a lack of systematic explanation of why online platforms are replacing offline healthcare. The purpose of this study is to explain the suburban effect as an offline environmental factor that affects the demand for online healthcare. To make the suburban effect more specific and multidimensional, we also analyze the interaction effects of accessibility (i.e., area of residence), service supply (i.e., number of beds in the region), and department minority (i.e., relative proportion of specialties) that are related to the suburban effect. To empirically analyze the above effects, this study collects various online medical records and physician characteristics variables, such as physician profiles and online patient ratings, through medical service platforms. To analyze the offline characteristics, we used the China Urban Statistics Yearbook 2022, which contains the population, area, and number of beds of each city in China. The healthcare platform data and demographic data were combined and analyzed. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows: the higher the proportion of suburban residents, the more likely they were to visit a doctor online. At the same time, regional accessibility and specialty scarcity can reinforce the suburban effect, while medical supply reduces the suburban effect. The study has new practical implications for hospitals, online healthcare platforms, and physicians. Hospitals are expected to maximize the efficiency of resource allocation through online regional differentiation strategies. Medical platforms can also reduce marketing costs and maximize user diffusion and usage through regional differentiation strategies depending on the level of online medical demand in each region. For doctors in minority subjects, online medical platforms are expected to be able to attract patients from across the country.

EXPLORING HOW BRANDS CREATE AND MAINTAIN ONLINE RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH THEIR WEBSITES, FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM BRAND PAGES

Luisa Pinto,Sandra Maria Correia Loureiro,Paulo Rita,Eduardo Moraes Sarmento 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction In the context of online interactions, social media has becoming a crucial part of people‟s everyday lives, where they converge to exchange, debate, communicate and participate in any form of social interaction (Ryan & Jones, 2009). They post and share new content but also review and rate products/services and/or brands, share experiences and expertise and exchange opinions (Ryan & Jones, 2009). As a result, the growing popularity of social media, the competitors‟ presence on social networking sites and the cost reduction pressure derived from the financial crisis and consequent necessity to find cheaper solutions for brand promotion, motivated companies to use social media as part of their marketing and brand building activities (Tsimonis & Dimitriadis, 2014) and to create brand fan pages in different social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube, among others. Due to this attractiveness, social media is becoming the media channel of choice across the world (Dong-Hun, 2010). However, traditional media still plays an important role for both consumers and marketers, being a central component of brands‟ communication strategies. Yet, several questions still remain unanswered regarding social media effectiveness and influence on consumer engagement. In the current study we intend that we intend to contribute to fulfil the second. Thus, the objective of the current study is to explore how brands create and maintain online relationships with consumers through their Websites, Facebook and Instagram brand pages . Theoretical development The concept of engagement was originally employed in different fields of study including psychology, sociology and organizational behaviour. Now is attracting marketers‟ attention especially in the field of relationship marketing (e.g., Brodie et al., 2011; Hollebeek, 2011). Accordingly, two central concepts consumer engagement and online brand engagement need to be defined. First, consumer engagement, refers to the intensity of a person‟s participation and connection with company‟s offerings and activities that can be initiated by the consumer or the organization (Vivek, Beatty, & Morgan, 2012). Online brand engagement, on the other hand, can be defined as a consumer‟s cognitive and affective commitment to partake in an active relationship with a brand on a website or other computer-mediated platform designed to communicate brand value (Mollen & Wilson, 2010). Online brand engagement measures how much and how frequently users interact with a firm‟s page and its social media content. When consumers make the effort to like, favourite or comment a brand‟s post, they are vigorously engaging with that content. Engagement metrics display audience action, an important feature for social media health and growth (Dunham, 2014). As social media provides numerous ways for users to get involved with organizations (Waters, Burnett, Lamm, & Lucas, 2009), marketers must find rightful strategies to nurture relationships with the public. Dialogue has been one of the topics under research by several scholars. Including this two-way form of communication is crucial to “understand how organizations can build relationships that serve both organizational and public interests” (Kent & Taylor, 2002: 21), thus several studies use dialogic communication to investigate the influence of online strategies for relationship building (Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). Three crucial strategies have been used in numerous studies (Waters et al., 2009; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016; Men & Tsai, 2012) to build and maintain relationships online: disclosure or openness, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement. First, disclosure or openness refers to the companies‟ willingness to be transparent in their online communication activities. Waters et al. (2009) suggest that companies must provide information such as company‟s full description, its history and mission. Organizations should use hyperlinks connected to their websites and use logos and visual cues to enhance brand recognition. Information dissemination concerns posting photos and videos, announcements about products, as well as answering questions to address stakeholders‟ needs, concerns and interests (Men & Tsai, 2012; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). Posting links to external news content related to the company and its business and including press releases and campaign summaries can maximize the impact of a company‟s online presence (Waters et al., 2009). Finally, interactivity and involvement can be seen as the most important strategy, out of the three, since it is essential to foster relationships with the public and represents one of the main advantages of using different social media platforms (Haigh, 2014). This strategy is often analysed as a whole, with no distinction between the two terms (Men & Tsai, 2012; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016) however, interactivity can be analysed separately from involvement according to research done by Haigh (2014). Involvement regards connecting with consumers. Providing information such as organizational contacts, giving users the ability to stay in touch with the company is one way to involve them. Interactivity, on the other hand, is often defined as “the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of the mediated environment in real time.” (Steuer, 1992: 84). When considering computer-mediated environments, Liu (2003) also studied interactivity, developing a scale to measure interactivity on websites. According to the study, interactivity should be defined as the degree to which two or more communication parties can act on each other, on the communication medium, and on the messages and the degree to which such influences are synchronized” (Liu & Shrum, 2002: 54) and three dimensions should be included when discussing this topic: active control, two-way communication and synchronicity. Active control regards users‟ capacity to voluntarily participate and usefully influence communications. Two-way communication concerns the bifacial flow of information. Synchronicity evaluates the speed of the interaction. This led to the definition of interactive communication: “communication that offers individuals active control and allows them to communicate both reciprocally and synchronously” (Liu, 2003: 208). Finally, human-to-content interactivity refers to the ability to contribute to the organizational online content by commenting on organizational posts and to reply to other users‟ posts. (Loureiro & Gomes, 2016; Men & Tsai, 2012). Thus, considering the above-mentioned, the following research question is proposed: RQ1: What strategies are Portuguese companies incorporating to create and maintain relationships with publics on their Websites, Facebook and Instagram pages? Research design We conducted an exploratory content analysis to investigate online relationship cultivation strategies by Portuguese brands (RQ1). Following Loureiro and Gomes (2016), first we retrieve a list of the 50 most valuable Portuguese brands of 2016 provided by Brand Finance, “…the world’s leading independent branded business valuation…” (The Brand Finance Group, 2016). This list is made with regards to the brand value (USD $ millions) and the brand rating in the year under analysis, therefore raking the top 50 Portuguese brands. Afterwards, from this initial sample of 50 companies, brands are analysed in terms of their presence in social media by verifying if they have an official website and brand fan Pages on Facebook Instagram. After examining their social media presence, the sample included 47 companies with a website, 28 companies with a Facebook page and 19 with an Instagram account. Pages without information or not maintained by the organisation were not considered. Coding categories used in this analysis are adapted from previous research (Waters et al., 2009; Men & Tsai, 2012; Haigh, 2014; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). The categories coded are the same for Website, Facebook and Instagram pages. Based on Waters et al.‟s (2009) method for coding online relationship cultivation strategies, the website and social media pages are examined to identify the presence of items representing organizations‟ strategies of disclosure, information dissemination and involvement. The units of analysis are the website corporate profile page on Facebook and Instagram page. We evaluate whether each strategy and item occurred, hence categories are coded with „yes‟ or „no‟ depending if the information was present (Haigh, 2014). On websites, the first step is to go to the homepage and see if the website provided a site map to easily find the items belonging to each strategy. When site maps are not available, each tab inside the website would be inspected to look for the information needed for each strategy. Since websites are more complex, with information spread across them instead of reunited in one single page as in Facebook and Instagram the following analyses were simpler. On Facebook the first page of each corporate profile is studied. This is the page that users see after signing in and where they have access to all the main elements, including the photo album and the message board. The details examined on each page are items that are readily observable (Men & Tsai, 2012). On Instagram, the analysis is similar to Facebook. Here, most of the page is visually-based (photos and videos) with the exception of to the brief description below the profile picture or logo (where usually companies also insert the URL to the Website). Thus, we look to photos‟ descriptions to get more insights about the content shared and the cultivation strategies implemented. Users‟ comments are also considered to evaluate, whether or not companies reply to them and initiate conversations with consumers. Intercoder reliability was tested using Perreault & Leigh‟s (1989) formula. Main results and conclusions Websites perform better in the first two strategies (disclosure and information dissemination) by frequently displaying a brief description about the business as well as brand history, logo and visual cues, news links and information about achievements and awards. However, in what concerns the last strategy, interactivity and involvement, websites lack interactive features that allow firms to engage with consumers such as commenting and sharing opportunity. Generally, actions to foment online participation are not implemented. This could be explained by the fact that Websites‟ main purpose is, according to Keller (2009), to express ambitions, history, products as well as the firms‟ vision therefore they act more as sources of information than as sources of interaction. However they still have to be attractive enough to encourage repeated visits (Keller, 2009). By contract, brand fan pages on Facebook and Instagram disclose and disseminate less information about firms and their activities (more evident on Instagram) and perform better in the interactivity and involvement strategy. In accordance with (Jahn & Kunz, 2012), brand fan pages main goal is to promote a communicative and interactive channel that creates a bond between the user and the brand, therefore it is expected that the main strategy used to nurture relationships on these social networks is the one that enables interaction and encourages involvement. Finally, comparing the three SNS‟s, Facebook seems to be the more consistent channel to combine and implement the three strategies altogether, since it displays a better overall performance. However, each social networking site has its own role, therefore companies should consider which network works best for each strategy and for each type of consumer and build an overall plan that maximizes the potential to connect with consumers, remembering that the image they build online should present an accurate representation of the brand and should align with other marketing efforts to present consistent messages to customers. Regarding consumer engagement, brands should focus on creating interesting and captivating content instead of posting too regularly just to have an active online presence. Posting more often does not necessarily lead to online brand engagement. Moreover, having more followers is not necessarily good on its own. Fans need to feel connected to the brand and its content and usually, smaller audiences are more engaged with brands. Therefore, brands should work on strategies that allow them to grow their audience while keeping the perks of interacting with smaller audiences. Also, audience growth rate is a helpful measure to evaluate performance on each network, identify which one is generating the highest rates and investigate how to gain more followers on all networks. Additionally, it may be useful in tracking specific campaigns‟ success.

정성적 연구를 통한 온라인 친사회적 행동의 동기 요인 탐색

장윤정 ( Yoon Jung Jang ),조은영 ( Eun Young Cho ),김희웅 ( Hee Woong Kim ) 한국지식경영학회 2015 지식경영연구 Vol.16 No.1

Cyberbullying, i.e., posting malicious comments online, has been identified as a critical issue in the online and social media context. It has become prevalent on a global scale, which happens across all ages. As a way to reduce and prevent cyberbullying, it is important to promote online prosocial behavior. In line with the concept of online prosocial behavior, we suggest posting benevolent comments against posting malicious comments as a new type of online prosocial behavior, which can combat cyberbullying and facilitate positive online culture. This study thus aims to analyze what motivates people to post benevolent comments in the online context. Based on interview methods, we extracted seven driving factors (self-presentation, pleasure, social contribution, emotional support, reputation, monetary reward, and reciprocity) and two inhibiting factors (social anxiety and effort) of posting benevolent comments online. This study has its theoretical contribution in exploring the motivation factors leading to the posting of benevolent comments by extending the concept of online prosocial behavior. It also has its practical implications by providing guidance for promoting prosocial behavior in the online context.

USING CROWD SOURCING TO SOLVE THE FITTING PROBLEM IN ONLINE FASHION SALES

Yanqing Zhang,Oskar Juhlin 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

Consumers struggle to find clothes that are fit. This is a problem that has been accentuated with the increasing online sales. It is the largest contribute to sales returns and make customer return about every third item they buy (Ratcliff, 2014). If consumers select to buy online, they can no longer try them out in a fitting room. Most of fast fashion brands have opened their online shops, and many designers’ brands have also started to sell their ready-to-wear lines online. While online shopping is seen as a significant new way to reach more consumers in fashion industry, the size problem becomes more visible and is waiting to be solved. It may decrease the fashion industry’s ambition to piggyback on recent advances in e-commerce. Previous studies on clothing consumption have already touched upon the topic of size and fitting. Consumer surveys in the clothing industry indicate that in general between 35% and 50% of female consumers in the USA were not satisfied with the fitting in their clothing already ahead of the surge in online stores (Desmarteau 2000; Goldsberry et al. 1996). Alexander et al. studied the shopping behaviour of young women in south-eastern USA and found that almost 64% of the respondents frequently changed ready-to-wear clothes to achieve the desired fit (Alexander et al. 2005). Ashdown and Loker pointed out the size problem in current clothing shopping experiences and proposed a conceptual framework called “mass-customized target market sizing”, which is a size system “based on and derived from measurement data exclusively from the people who represent an apparel firm’s target market” (Ashdown and Loker 2010, p147). In this paper we study how innovative mobile technology, social media and crowd sourcing can contribute to solving the size problem. We summarize the current digital approaches that deal with the fitting issues in online clothing shopping and present a new concept, called “Figuracy”, which attempts to find consumers new fitted clothing items through matching their own clothes with anonymous persons’ virtual wardrobe. We have built a mobile application to implement the idea and have done two initial feedback studies to see the consumers’ attitudes. This concept provides new perspectives and opportunities of tackling the fitting problem in online shopping. Ready-to-wear and fast fashion brands are selling their clothes all over the world, not just to one local community. This business model of constantly new collections, draws on standardizing size series that come only in a selected number of models. This adds to the continuous size problem where the interpretation of a particular size varies in-between brands, and even within different models from a single manufacturer. Firms in the ready-to-wear apparel industry in the world use different sizing systems, like general sizes as XS, S, M, L, or more specific standards as numbered sizes from UK, US, FR systems, which can make consumers confused. These sizing systems are usually based on the ideal body types of consumers from certain geographic regions (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009), thus, a size standard from one region may not fit all types of body within this region. What’s worse, there has been vanity sizing in clothing industry in recent several decades, which actually makes the garments of the normal sizes bigger in physical size (Dooley, 2013). This adds to the difficulty of finding well-fitting apparels. Recently, a few companies have provided a number of solutions to the fitting problem. The solutions are based on fine-grained automatic body measurements; self-generated extended body or garment measurement and body matching. First, the approach to use technology for more automatic and detailed measurements has attracted many interests. For example, it has been to generate a visual presentation of the body by using three-dimensional scan technology. Then consumers do not need to type information manually. A UK-based company, called Bodymetrics, provides the services that use three-dimensional body scanner and “On-line Virtual Try-On” technology to help find the perfect pair of jeans. Second, there are a number of services that require users to manually type the measurements of their bodies or garments that they own and fit. It can be done by users input information of their body types by answering simple questions, such as weight, height, body type, or measurements of bust, waist and hip. Some systems like Mipso, SmartFit can add more personal preferences, such as colours, cuts and budgets. Then the system runs some algorithms to determine the users’ full set of body measurements. It can also be done such as Virtusize, Truefit and Clothes Horse by measuring a garment that the user knows it fits in detail (Perez, 2012). When the personal data is added to the service, it can then match individual’s body measurements with specific brands and sizes of garments. The service recommends fitted ready-to-wear clothing from various brands in online stores, like Fashion Metric and Virtusize. The data can be used to see how fitted the clothing item in an online website is on a virtual avatar built upon the input measurements of the users, like in Virtusize and Mipso. Third, it has been suggested to use self-described body descriptions and then match consumers’ new purchases as a way to recommend clothes that are fit. For instance, Fitbay attempts to personalize clothes suggestions based on the selection of other users with similar descriptions of size and body shape (Lomas, 2014). Through the help of anonymous persons in the community, one could find fitted clothing items. We investigate a fourth approach, called “Figuracy”, where people get suggestions on the garments that are fit by crowd sourcing their existing clothing items and then matching wardrobes among members in the community. It draws on utilizing the matching of consumer-generated data, i.e. crowd sourcing as Fitbay also does. But it uses a description of existing fitting garments in people’s wardrobes in terms of brands, models and size, rather than self-description of bodies. The idea depends on that a community of people are willing to share information of their favourite and fitting clothes from their own wardrobes. The system matches the clothes from one wardrobe with that of other members in order to recommend new fitting clothes to the user. In specific, if the system finds that a user shares a single clothing item with another person in the community, it will predict that the two of them have similar body types. Then it recommends other items from the second person’s wardrobe to the first user. Therefore, the system gains data from the fitting clothes in users’ wardrobe and matches the information with the items from someone else’ wardrobe. If the approach is successful, consumers would not need to input any personal body-data but only data on existing fitting clothes. The concept depends on the existence of a massive database of clothing items from individual wardrobes, i.e. a critical mass, which is also a big challenge to build. The Figuracy concept and implementation is at an early state and it has not yet the amount of content to start generating matching suggestions. Still, the concept is intriguing and the size problem is highly relevant. Thus we were interested in acquiring early users’ feedback. We have done two user studies of two variations of the concept, with a focus on one type of clothing item- the bra. Bras have high requirements on fitting (Chena et al. 2010) and it is considered specifically difficult to find garment of this type that is fit. Since the number of test persons was limited to around ten people each, the system did not generate any matching suggestions. The first test was done in November in 2013 on the app that was available in iPhone’s App-store. This version of the system reads the barcodes, which are usually attached to the price tag, to acquire a unique identifier for brand, model and size. We invited the participants to download the app and scan the barcodes of fitting bras when they try new bras in stores. We conducted phone interviews with six participants. The early feedback identified that users hesitated to add garments based on the barcodes. They did not feel comfortable with adding it in a fitting room in a shop, and they did not have any saved prize tags for the bras at home. Thus, although the barcode is theoretically and technically an easy and effective way of uploading garments, it proved to be inadequate in practice. Based on this feedback, we built a new version, which includes a manual and text-based tag function allowing users to add information about a garment, which do not require barcode reading. The second user feedback study was carried out in December in 2014. We recruited female students on the campuses of Stockholm University and Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. In the end, nine participants tested the application and input data of their bras at home. After the try-out, we contacted the participants for either a phone interview or a face-to-face interview, each of which lasted between twenty and forty minutes. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. We used a method of qualitative content analysis to study the transcripts. “Qualitative”, as opposed to quantitative, indicates that the analysis goes beyond systematic data coding to identify interesting topics and allow us to contextualize the interpretation of the materials, given theoretical preconceptions (Mayring 2004). Through studying the transcripts, we find the following preliminary results. First, our participants all provided concrete examples of size problems they met in real life. Seven participants considered bras as one of the clothing items that are most difficult in this respect. Three participants stated that size should not be independent from other qualities, such as comfort and style. This implies that future design of similar systems may take into account not only sizes, but also other aspects of clothing. Second, in terms of the input function, all of them followed the instructions and managed to input information of their fitted bras from their wardrobes. Seven participants considered it easy to use while two of them thought it was a bit confusing when to add information. They got stuck at whether they should scan the barcode or just type, since the two functions were presented in one place. All of them used “type” to add items and thought the information on what they should input was acceptable. Four participants felt it complicated to take photos by themselves, so they downloaded pictures from the Internet. In addition, the participants tended to add the latest and favourite items from their wardrobes into the system. Thus these items could represent their personal tastes and styles, which will be useful to link fitting and styles in the future improvement of the application. This also points to a general problem. From an individual perspective, a single item would in the long run be enough to get matches from other people’s wardrobes, if they have added more than one item. If they also only add only a single item, the first person would not get any matches. The users must crowd source their wardrobe, and not for example their latest purchase. The user study shows that this concept might be restricted by users’ unwillingness to present data in such a way. Third, as to social interaction, eight participants at least “liked” one item from others’ wardrobe. Although none of the participants commented on other’s items, they all thought it was important to have some kind of social interactions. Four participants expected more interactions, such as reviews and discussions of certain clothing items, or following fashionable people. Most of the existing fitting systems, except Fitbay, lack the opportunities for social interaction, but Figuracy provides such a platform for users to share their interests and exchange their ideas. Two participants asked for increased opportunities to add the information on their own profile pages even though they were sharing images of their underwear. They asked for means similar to those available when building a blog space so that people in the community would get to know each other better. According to the participants, more social interactions could make them more engaged with the application. Social communities are good for those looking to learn, help and/or support like-minded individuals with common interests. Last but not the least, most of the participants were very interested in the “buy” function, which link the item to online shopping sites. But still three participants revealed their concerns and discussed the problems of it, such as how the system can guarantee the fitting of the item if they conduct a purchase through the system. In sum, the use of crowd sourcing and social interaction to fixing the size problem in online shopping gained great interests among participants. However, they also expressed their uncertainties towards how the system would work. They needed the system to make sure that it could provide fitting clothing items. They thought the biggest problem was that it was unclear what real help they could get from the application at this stage. Although the application failed to provide new recommendations based on matching, the user study allows us to see the feedback of the potential users so that we could improve the system, such as clearer interaction flows in adding items and more interesting interactions. Future research will continue the improvement of the system, start collaborations with online clothing stores and a third recruitment of users to test. On a general level, the study provides an example on how to investigate critical topics in online fashion through the so-called design research. Such research needs to be interdisciplinary and span technology and social science.

채널에 따른 방송프로그램 시청지수와 온라인 이용자 반응 비교연구: 방송콘텐츠 가치정보 분석시스템(RACOI) 데이터를 중심으로

황현정,황용석 정보통신정책학회 2019 정보통신정책연구 Vol.26 No.4

Multi-media environments bring diversity to the viewership of broadcasting programs. Discussions regarding new indicators of viewership continue. This study examines online users' interactivity as an indicator of their active viewing behavior. An objective of the study is to identify the relationship between online users' interactivity and their program viewing patterns. The study also identifies factors influencing online users' interactivity, such as their tendency to watch videos, and leave comments and posts online. This study analyzes the official data from the 'Response About Content On the Internet' (RACOI) system. The results show that non-terrestrial channels exhibit greater online-user interactivity through comments and posts than terrestrial channels. TV viewing, as opposed to online user interactivity, tends to be higher in terrestrial channels. The count of online video views, comments and posts online is the most strongly associated with smartphone viewers. According to a hierarchical regression analysis, smartphone real-time views have a significant influence on online video views, while smartphone and PC non-real-time views have a significant impact on comments and posting online. The study confirms that online user interactivity is affected by non-real-time views on smartphones. Viewers use broadcasting programs without time and space constraints, and their comment-writing and online-posting show similar patterns. TV viewing and online user interactivity differ across channels. This means that online-user interactivity can be used as a complementary indicator of viewership ratings. 다매체 환경에서 방송프로그램을 시청하는 행위는 더욱 다양해지고 이를 반영할 수 있는 새로운 시청지표에 대한 논의가 계속되고 있다. 이 연구는 최근 시청자의 능동적이고 적극적인 시청행위를 반영하기 위한 지표로서 온라인상에서 나타나는 반응에 주목했다. 특히 온라인상에서의 이용자반응과 기존의 노출 중심의 TV시청률, PC와 스마트폰을 통한 시청의 차이를 비교하기 위하여 채널별로 나타나는 차이에 주목했다. 또한 어떤 요인이 온라인상에서의 동영상을 조회한 횟수, 댓글과 게시글을 남긴 횟수와 같은 시청자 반응에 영향을 미치는지 확인했다. 방송통신위원회의 방송콘텐츠 가치정보분석시스템(RACOI)에서 제공하는 데이터를 분석한 결과, 다음과 같은 연구결과가 도출됐다. 첫째, 온라인에서 나타나는 댓글, 게시글 수와 같은 이용자반응은 비지상파 채널이 지상파 채널보다 훨씬 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, TV시청률은 온라인이용자반응과 반대로 지상파채널이 높은 경향이 강하게 나타났다. 반면 PC와 스마트폰을 통한 시청자수는 비지상파가 높게 나타나 온라인이용자반응과 동일한 양상을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 온라인상에서의 이용자반응에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인한 결과, 동영상조회수는 스마트폰 실시간 시청자수가 가장 큰 영향력을 미치고 있었으며 댓글과 게시글수는 PC와 스마트폰 비실시간 시청이 가장 큰 설명력을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 스마트폰을 통한 시청자수를 고려할 경우, 채널이 온라인이용자반응에 미치는 영향은 상대적으로 적은 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 온라인상에서의 이용자 반응이 스마트폰을 통한 비실시간 시청에 영향을 받는 것을 확인했다. 즉, 시청자가 시간과 공간의 제약 없이 방송프로그램을 이용하는 행위와 온라인상에 댓글과 게시글을 작성하는 행위는 밀접한 연관이 있다. 또한 TV시청률과 온라인이용자 반응 간의 채널별 특성이 다르다는 것을 발견해, 온라인이용자반응지수가 TV시청률과는 다르게 수용자의 능동적인 시청행위를 측정할 수 있는 지표로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인했다.

온라인 플립드 러닝을 적용한 한국어 수업 사례 연구― 교환 학생 대상 초급 한국어 수업을 중심으로 ―

김현주 중앙어문학회 2023 語文論集 Vol.96 No.-

본 연구에서는 외국인 교환 학생 대상의 초급 한국어 수업에 온라인 플립드 러닝(Online Flipped Learning)을 적용한 교육 사례를 통하여 포스트 코로나 시대의 온라인 플립드 러닝의 가능성을 확인하고, 급격하게 변화하고 있는 새로운 교육 환경에 맞는 한국어 교육 방안을 위한 시사점을 확인하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 2020학년도 2학기 16주 동안 교환 학생 대상 초급 한국어 수업에서 온라인 플립드 러닝(Online Flipped Learning)을 기반으로 하는 수업을 실시하였다. 교수자는 직접 제작한 동영상 강의를 수업 전에 학교 온라인 시스템에 탑재하였다. 학습자들은 본 수업 전에 동영상 강의를 수강하 고 본 수업에 필요한 어휘나 문법을 사전학습하였다. 본 수업은 Zoom을 활용한 실시간 온라인 수업에서 실시하였다. 수업 후에는 본 수업 내용과 관련된 과제를 수행하면서 수업 내용을 연습하고 심화 학습하는 시간을 갖도록 하였다. 수업 후 실시한 만족도 조사에서 학습자들은 실시간 온라인 수업 방식이나 수업 내용에 대해 전체적으로 긍정적인 답변을 하였다. 앞으로 완벽한 엔데믹 시대가 된다 하더라도 기존의 실험적인 교수 학습 방안이 온라인을 기반으로 수정 보완하여 활용하는 경우가 더 많아질 것이다. 이러한 새로운 교육 환경을 맞이하여 온라인 플립드 러닝을 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 내용을 제언하고자 한다. 첫째, 온라인 수업에 맞는 다양한 한국어 교재 개발이 필요하다. 둘째, 온라인 수업에 적합한 다양한 교수 학습 방안에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 성공적인 온라인 플립드 러닝을 위해서 교수자는 온라인 학습 공간을 적극 활용해야 한다. 본 연구는 기존의 온라인 교육과 오프라인 교육을 활용하는 플립드 러닝에서 더 나아가 온라인 기반의 플립드 러닝을 초급 한국어 수업에 적용하여 교육적 효과를 이끌어 냈으며, 이를 통하여 포스트 코로나 시대의 새로운 교육 환경에 맞는 새로운 교육 방안을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다. This study aims to present communication-oriented class situations through online flipped learning applied to beginner Korean language classes for exchange students and to find implications in the preparations for Korean languageeducation. Thus, online flipped earning was conducted for 16 weeks in the second semester of 2020. The instructor uploaded a self-produced video lecture to the school’s online system before class. Prior to the class, students watched the video lectures and studied vocabulary or grammar lessons necessary for this class. Zoom was used to facilitate real-time online classes. After class, they had time to practice and learn the contents of the class while performing tasks related to the contents of this class. In the satisfaction survey conducted after class, learners generally gave positive opinions about the real-time online teaching method or class content. Existing experimental teaching and learning methods will be modified and supplemented online in the future, even in the case of a perfect endemic era. To successfully perform online flipped learning in his new educational environment, I would like to suggest the following:First,developingvariousKoreantextbookssuitableforonlineclassesisnecessary. Second, research on various teaching and learning methods suitable for online classes should be conducted. Third, for successful online flipped learning, instructors should actively utilize the online learning space. This study is significant because it presented a new educational plan suitable for the new educational environment in the post-COVID19 era by applying online-based flipped learning modified and supplemented from the existing flip learning to beginner Korean classes.

온라인 해외연수 프로그램의 적정성 및 효과에 대한 초등 예비교사들의 인식

이영아,윤옥경 청주교육대학교 교육연구원 2021 학교와 수업 연구 Vol.6 No.2

This study aimed to assess the relevance and effects of online international programs implemented by C National University of Education in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic and to explore ways to sustain and improve international programs through online methods in the future. To this end, we conducted an online survey of the 33 program participants, and the survey included questions regarding the relevance of program content and organization to the needs of the participants; the level of participant satisfaction and participation; the effects of the programs; program limitations and elements requiring improvement. Looking into the survey results, we found that overall, the participants considered the content and organization of the programs to be relevant to their needs; the majority of the participants responded positively to the questions of whether the programs were appropriate in terms of duration, schedule, content, and assignments. The participants also appeared to be actively engaged in online classes and activities and to be satisfied with the overall quality of the programs. As for the effects of the programs, more than half of the participants perceived the programs to be effective in developing their English communication skills. They also reported positive gains in their understanding of the culture and education of the host country. Their experiences with online learning were also promising in that they had little difficulty understanding the content of online classes and participating in discussions, and online platforms such as a learning management system and an online archive were effectively used along with the classes. Nevertheless, the participants pointed out some limitations of the programs such as the optimal class size for an online program and some technical issues with observing local classrooms online. Drawing implications from the findings, we then suggested future directions to improve online overseas programs.

COVID-19 상황에서 일 개 대학의 실시간 화상 온라인 시험에 대한 성별, 연령, 시험응시지역에 따른 만족도 분석

여상희(Sanghee Yeo),김동자(Dong Ja Kim) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.23

목적 코로나-19 상황에서 대면시험이 불가하게 됨에 따라 실시간 온라인 평가를 실시하게 되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 대학원생을 대상으로 실시한 실시간 화상으로 진행한 온라인 학생평가에 대한 학생만족도를 분석하고자 한다. 방법 연구대상은 대구소재의 한 의과대학 대학원 61명이며, 온라인 시험을 실시한 과목은 총 3 과목이다. 온라인 시험에 대한 만족도 평가는 13문항으로 구성된 설문지를 개발하여 온라인으로 시행하였다. 시험진행은 학생들이 화상강의를 받았던 웹엑스로 하였다. 학생들은 웹엑스로 온라인 시험링크를 받아서, 미리 접속하고 있다가 동시에 시험을 시작하고 동시에 시험을 종료하였다. 시험응시 환경의 세팅은 학생 본인이 직접 시험을 응시하는 것이 확인되도록 본인의 모습이 촬영되도록 핸드폰이나 태블릿을 설치하도록 하였다. 부정행위에 대한 예방책으로 시험 진행과정은 녹화하였다. 결과 설문에 응답한 59명(96.7%)을 분석한 결과, 54명(91.5%)의 학생은 기술적 문제가 없이 온라인 시험이 원활히 진행되었다고 하였다. 30명(51.4%)의 학생은 온라인 시험이 익숙하지 않아 심적으로 부담된다고 응답하였으며, 25명(42.4%)의 학생은 온라인 시험방법에 익숙하지 않음으로 인해 성적에 영향을 줄까봐 우려한다고 하였다. 전반적인 평가에서는 대면시험보다 온라인 시험을 선호하였다. 온라인 시험 시에 우려되는 점으로는 네트워크 등의 기술적인 문제로 인해 시험진행 과정에서 차질이 있을까봐 우려된다는 의견이 가장 높았고(45명, 76.3%), 부정행위에 대한 우려(26명, 44.1%), 시험문제가 쉬워져 변별도가 낮아질 것을 우려하는 의견(5명, 8.5%)이 있었다. 결론 실시간 온라인 평가를 시행해 본 결과, 원거리에서 온라인으로 수강하는 학생이 많은 대학원 수업에서 온라인 평가를 시행하는 것은 인터넷 네트워크가 안정적으로 보장된다면 권장할 만하다. 다만 부정행위에 대한 우려를 경감시키기 위해 온라인 시험감독이 가능하도록 시험환경을 세팅할 필요가 있다. 향후 팬데믹 상황에서 온라인 교육의 지속성을 고려해 볼 때 온라인 시험에 대한 시도, 대비 및 노하우를 쌓아갈 필요가 있다고 판단한다. Objectives As COVID-19 put a halt to face-to-face tests, online assessment became compulsory. This study aims to analyze the evaluations of real-time online student assessment and student satisfaction for graduate students from different parts of the country who have taken online courses. Methods The participants of the study were 61 students from A Medical School, and a total of three courses were selected for the online tests. Students were given a survey with 13 questions developed by the author to evaluate their satisfaction levels on online tests. To conduct the online tests, students first logged onto WebEx, on which they received online lectures, to access the link to the test which was given over WebEx chat. Results it was found that 54(91.5%) students responded that they had no technical issues during the test. Thirty(51.4%) students responded that they felt psychologically pressured as they were not used to taking online tests, and 25(42.4%) students responded that they were concerned that online tests would affect their grades as they are not used to taking tests online. Among the concerns for online tests, the issue about which the students were most concerned was the possible technical issues such as network issues that may lead to a setback during the tests (45 students, 76.3%), followed by cheating (26 students, 44.1%), and failure to guarantee distinction among the student levels as questions on the test may be too easy (5 students, 8.5%). Conclusions It was concluded that online assessments would be worth considering for graduate school classes where a number of students take the course online from a distance, given that there is a stable Internet network. As there are concerns that students may cheat, it is necessary to set up the testing environment appropriately to supervise the tests online.

초등학생들의 온라인 미술교육 경험에 대한 연구

조원상 한국초등미술교육학회 2021 미술교육연구논총 Vol.65 No.-

COVID-19, which began to spread from the beginning of 2020, has changed the overall aspect of our society. Due to the situation of avoiding contacting each other to prevent infection, all meetings began to be non-face-to-face online, and art education institutions such as schools, art galleries, and museums were also forced to switch to remote methods. As a result, art education officials have to do difficult tasks to promote the effectiveness of online art education and exhibition. In accordance with the above situation, this study tries to discuss the direction of online art education by observing the experiences of students in online art classes in non-face-to-face situations caused by social distancing. Accordingly, this study observed online art classes using case study methods based on the view that classes are the best example of education. And it tried to supplement the parts that were not revealed in the class situation through surveys and in-depth interviews. The online art class was conducted four times to observe the students' overall experiences. Then two surveys were conducted on all students who participated in it, and one in-depth interview was conducted with three students selected out of the total. The students' experience in class, survey, and in-depth interviews was observed based on four principles of Dewey's experience, and in this regard, four directions is proposed for online art education; securing online systems and smart devices, suppling contents, supporting teachers and parents, and providing feedback and evaluation. In the future, we hope that online art education will be able to cope with crisis situations in non-face-to-face situations, and realize the true value of art classes online.