국제법학방법의 서설적 고찰

박배근(Park Pae Keun) 국제법평론회 2014 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.40

Method is problematic in two ways to scholars of international law. First, a scholar of international law needs a method to systemize knowledge of international law. Second, to understand the meaning of texts in which some statements about a method of international law are included, an international law scholar must have some knowledge about the method. For example, if an international law scholar does not have any knowledge about 'Policy Oriented Theory of International Law', he / she cannot understand such proposition as "McDougal's theory will be helpful in explaining the differences of the States' position with regard to a delimitation of maritime boundaries." Therefore, it is inevitable for a student of international law to have basic understanding and knowledge of methods adopted by scholars of international law. Because there are so various kinds of methods of international law, we need a framework through which we can grasp the contents and characteristics of certain method of international law. As such framework, this review suggest that methods of international law must be understood according to the order of their appearance and in relation with general methods of jurisprudence. Moreover, this review emphasizes that methods of international law are necessary to be examined under the perspective on the object of international law which a scholar adopting certain method of international law pursues. To expose the differences among methods of international law, asking questions about most problematic issues of international law would be very useful method. Such issues may include the source of validity of international law, elements of formation of customary international law, state practice constituting an element of customary international law, existence and significance of 'soft-law', peremptory norms of international law, principles of treaty interpretation, legal character of the right of self-determination, function of international judiciary organs in international law, humanitarian intervention, imperialist character of international law, etc.

Development of Pareto strategy multi-objective function method for the optimum design of ship structures

Na, Seung-Soo,Karr, Dale G. The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2016 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.8 No.6

It is necessary to develop an efficient optimization technique to perform optimum designs which have given design spaces, discrete design values and several design goals. As optimization techniques, direct search method and stochastic search method are widely used in designing of ship structures. The merit of the direct search method is to search the optimum points rapidly by considering the search direction, step size and convergence limit. And the merit of the stochastic search method is to obtain the global optimum points well by spreading points randomly entire the design spaces. In this paper, Pareto Strategy (PS) multi-objective function method is developed by considering the search direction based on Pareto optimal points, the step size, the convergence limit and the random number generation. The success points between just before and current Pareto optimal points are considered. PS method can also apply to the single objective function problems, and can consider the discrete design variables such as plate thickness, longitudinal space, web height and web space. The optimum design results are compared with existing Random Search (RS) multi-objective function method and Evolutionary Strategy (ES) multi-objective function method by performing the optimum designs of double bottom structure and double hull tanker which have discrete design values. Its superiority and effectiveness are shown by comparing the optimum results with those of RS method and ES method.

Development of Pareto strategy multi-objective function method for the optimum design of ship structures

나승수,Dale G. Karr 대한조선학회 2016 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.8 No.6

It is necessary to develop an efficient optimization technique to perform optimum designs which have given design spaces, discrete design values and several design goals. As optimization techniques, direct search method and stochastic search method are widely used in designing of ship structures. The merit of the direct search method is to search the optimum points rapidly by considering the search direction, step size and convergence limit. And the merit of the stochastic search method is to obtain the global optimum points well by spreading points randomly entire the design spaces. In this paper, Pareto Strategy (PS) multi-objective function method is developed by considering the search direction based on Pareto optimal points, the step size, the convergence limit and the random number generation. The success points between just before and current Pareto optimal points are considered. PS method can also apply to the single objective function problems, and can consider the discrete design variables such as plate thickness, longitudinal space, web height and web space. The optimum design results are compared with existing Random Search (RS) multi-objective function method and Evolutionary Strategy (ES) multi-objective function method by performing the optimum designs of double bottom structure and double hull tanker which have discrete design values. Its superiority and effectiveness are shown by comparing the optimum results with those of RS method and ES method.

Comparison of Automatic Calibration for a Tank Model with Optimization Methods and Objective Functions

( Kang Min Goo ),( Park Seung Woo ),( Park Chang Eun ) 한국농공학회 2002 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.44 No.7

Two global optimization methods, the SCE-UA method and the Annealing-simplex (A-S) method for calibrating a daily rainfall-runoff model, a Tank model, was compared with that of the Downhill Simplex method. The performance of the four objective functions, DRMS (daily root mean square), HMLE (heteroscedastic maximum likelihood estimator), ABSERR (mean absolute error), and NS (Nash-Sutcliffe measure), was tested and synthetic data and historical data were used. In synthetic data study. 100% success rates for all objective functions were obtained from the A-S method, and the SCE-UA method was also consistently able to obtain good estimates. The downhill simplex method was unable to escape from local optimum, the worst among the methods, and converged to the true values only when the initial guess was close to the true values. In the historical data study, the A-S method and the SCE-UA method showed consistently good results regardless of objective function. An objective function was developed with combination of DRMS and NS, which putted more weight on the low flows.

객체 인식에서의 속도 향상을 위한 모델 앙상블

이진수(Jin-su Lee),이상광(Sang-Kwang Lee),양성일(Seong-Il Yang) 대한전자공학회 2019 전자공학회논문지 Vol.56 No.6

비접촉식 방법에 의한 원통형 물체의 지름 측정

임복룡,김석원,Im, Bok-Ryoung,Kim, Sok-Won 한국광학회 2005 한국광학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Although there are many ways to measure the diameter of a cylindrical object, in this study, the diameter of a cylindrical objects were measured by the geometric optical method and interference-diffraction method which are two kinds of tipical non-contact methods. In geometric optical method, the curved laser beam is formed on the cylindrical surface by spreading the inclined laser beam using the cylindrical lens. The curve is captured by CCD camera and the diameter is calculated by geometry. And the interference and diffraction patterns of investigated cylindrical objects are analyzed in interference-diffraction method. In this study, the cylindrical objects, whose diameters are $0.05\;mm\;\~\;100.50\;mm$ were measured by the geometric optical method and interference-diffraction method. The results show that in each method, the relative errors of the measurement are within $2\%$ and $1\%$, respectively and these non-contact methods can be applied in the quick measurement of many objects. 원통형 물체의 지름을 측정하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있지만 본 연구에서는 두 가지 비접촉식 방법인 기하광학적 방법과 간섭${\cdot}$회절 방법으로 원통형 물체의 지름을 측정하였다. 기하광학적인 방법은 원통형 렌즈를 이용하여 기울인 레이저 광선을 원통형 물체의 옆면에 비추어 나타나는 곡선을 CCD 카메라로 포착하고 이 곡선을 기하학적인 방법으로 계산하는 것이며 간섭${\cdot} $회절에 의한 방법은 스크린에 나타난 물체에 의한 레이저광의 간섭${\cdot}$회절무늬를 측정하고 분석하는 방법이다. 버니어 캘리퍼스로 측정한 평균 지름이 $0.05\;mm\;\~\;100.50\;mm$ 인 원통형 물체를 기하광학적 방법과 간섭${\cdot}$회절 방법으로 측정한 결과 각각의 상대오차가 $2\%$ 와 $1\%$범위 이내였고 다량의 물체 지름을 신속히 측정하는데 응용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Region-Based Object Recognition by Color Segmentation Using a Simplified PCNN

Yuli Chen,Yide Ma,Dong Hwan Kim,Sung-Kee Park IEEE 2015 IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning Vol.26 No.8

<P>In this paper, we propose a region-based object recognition (RBOR) method to identify objects from complex real-world scenes. First, the proposed method performs color image segmentation by a simplified pulse-coupled neural network (SPCNN) for the object model image and test image, and then conducts a region-based matching between them. Hence, we name it as RBOR with SPCNN (SPCNN-RBOR). Hereinto, the values of SPCNN parameters are automatically set by our previously proposed method in terms of each object model. In order to reduce various light intensity effects and take advantage of SPCNN high resolution on low intensities for achieving optimized color segmentation, a transformation integrating normalized Red Green Blue (RGB) with opponent color spaces is introduced. A novel image segmentation strategy is suggested to group the pixels firing synchronously throughout all the transformed channels of an image. Based on the segmentation results, a series of adaptive thresholds, which is adjustable according to the specific object model is employed to remove outlier region blobs, form potential clusters, and refine the clusters in test images. The proposed SPCNN-RBOR method overcomes the drawback of feature-based methods that inevitably includes background information into local invariant feature descriptors when keypoints locate near object boundaries. A large number of experiments have proved that the proposed SPCNN-RBOR method is robust for diverse complex variations, even under partial occlusion and highly cluttered environments. In addition, the SPCNN-RBOR method works well in not only identifying textured objects, but also in less-textured ones, which significantly outperforms the current feature-based methods.</P>

A Study on Measurement of Fusional Vergence Reserve Amount Using Digital Camera

Min-kyu Choi,Kyung-ho Ko,In-Chul Jeon 대한시과학회 2017 대한시과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

목적: 본 연구는 프리즘이 가해짐에 따라 변화된 눈의 영상을 디지털 카메라를 사용하여 분석하고, 융합 예비량을 타각적으로 측정하는 방법을 조사하여 기존 자각식 측정법과의 유의성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 20세 이상 교정시력 1.0 이상인 남녀 30명(평균연령 23.77±1.52세)을 대상으로 원거리(3m) 및 근 거리(40cm)에서 프리즘 바를 이용한 스텝버전스법으로 음성융합버전스와 양성융합버전스를 각각 3회 측정 하였다. 그리고 캐논 6D DSLR 카메라와 100mm macro 렌즈를 사용하여 융합예비량 측정 시 프리즘 단계 별로 촬영하였으며, 동시에 자각적으로 분리점, 회복점을 보고 받아 기록하였다. 마지막으로 프리즘 단계별 사진의 동공 간 거리를 측정하여 그래프로 나타내고 자각적 측정값의 보고 지점과 대조하여 유의성을 확인 하였다. 결과: 사진으로 촬영 후 측정한 동공 간 거리 변화 그래프가 음성융합버전스 측정의 경우 동공 간 거리가 일정하게 증가 또는 감소 하다가 분리점과 회복점으로 보고한 지점에서 그래프 기울기 변화가 나타났고, 양 성융합버전스 측정의 경우 동공 간 거리가 일정하게 감소 또는 증가 하다가 분리점과 회복점으로 보고한 지 점에서 그래프 기울기 변화가 나타났다. 기울기의 변화가 나타난 지점을 타각적 측정값으로 결정하고 자각 적 측정 지점과 비교한 결과, 측정값 평균은 원거리 음성융합버전스 분리점의 경우 타각식 12.63±5.48⊿, 자각식 11.41±3.88⊿, 회복점은 타각식 9.15±4.12⊿, 자각식 8.11±3.47⊿, 근거리 음성융합버전스 분리점의 경우 타각식 16.74±4.01⊿, 자각식 15.93±4.66⊿, 회복점은 타각식 12.55±3.43⊿, 자각식 11.91±3.90⊿ 이었다. 원거리 양성융합버전스 분리점은 타각식 18.52±4.84⊿, 자각식 18.58±5.73⊿, 회복점은 타각식 13.36±3.89⊿, 자각식 13.17±4.34⊿, 근거리 양성융합버전스 분리점은 타각식 22.85±6.33⊿, 자각식 22.96±6.21⊿, 회복점은 타각식 17.13±4.61⊿, 자각식 17.48±5.37⊿이었으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p > 0.05). 결론: 디지털 카메라를 이용하여 측정한 타각적 측정값과 프리즘 바를 이용한 자각적 측정값이 통계적으 로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 보아 디지털 카메라를 이용한 타각적 측정법이 자각식으로 검사를 할 수 없는 유아나 장애인의 융합예비량 측정에 유용할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the method of measuring the fusional vergence amount by analyzing the image of the eyes changed with the application of the prism using a digital camera and to evaluate the significance of this method with a conventional subjective measurement method. Methods: The subjects were 30 adults (mean age 23.77 ± 1.52 years) with corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or more and were measured negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) three times, respectively, using a step vergence method with a prism bar at distance and near. When measuring fusional vergence, each prism stage was photographed using a Canon 6D DSLR camera and a 100mm macro lens. At the same time, we recorded subjective break and recovery points. Finally, we measured that pupillary distance (PD) on photograph of each step of prism diopter and convert them to graph. The significance was identified by comparing subjective and objective values. Results: In the case of the NFV measurement, the graph showed a steady increase in the pupillary distance change measured after photographing, and a graph slope change at the point reported as the break and recovery points. In the case of PFV measurement, the PD decreased steadily, and the slope of the graph was changed at the point reported as the separation point and the recovery point. The mean value of the NFV at distance was that objective ‘12.63±5.48⊿’, subjective ‘11.41±3.88⊿’ at the break point, objective ‘9.15±4.12⊿’, subjective ‘8.11±3.47⊿’ at the recovery point. For near NFV break points were that objective ‘16.74±4.01⊿’, subjective ‘15.93±4.66⊿’ and recovery points were that objective ‘12.55±3.43⊿’, subjective ‘11.91±3.90⊿’. The break points of distance PFV were that objective ‘18.52±4.84⊿’, subjective ‘18.58±5.73⊿’ and the recovery points were that objective ‘3.36±3.89⊿’, subjective ‘13.17±4.34⊿’. The break points of near PFV were that objective ‘22.85±6.33⊿’, subjective ‘22.96±6.21⊿’ and the recovery points were that objective ‘17.13±4.61⊿’, subjective ‘17.48±5.37⊿’. These were not statistically significant. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference of the measured values between that the objective measurements using a digital camera and the subjective measurements using a prism bar. Therefore, it would be useful to measure the convergence reserve in infants and persons with disabilities who can not perform self - examinations using a digital camera. It is thought that the method of measuring fusional vergence range using a digital camera is useful for the measurement of infants and the disabled who can not be measured by subjective method.

자동화된 객관적 시력검사 시스템에서 사용된 억제법의 유용성

김민섭,고명규,황정민,위원량,이진학 대한안과학회 2008 대한안과학회지 Vol.49 No.7

Purpose: The objective visual acuity test is mandatory in certain cases, such as infants, nonverbal subjects, and subjects who need legal assistance. We designed an objective system for visual acuity test (SOVAT) consisting of three components: stimuli applied via a suppression method, display and evaluation and made a suppression method as stimuli component for SOVAT. Usefulness of the SOVAT was evaluated. Methods: The visual stimuli were presented on a high-resolution head-mounted display (HMD). An eye movement tracking program and gaze monitoring device allowed us to monitor the patient's fixation status during the test. The suppression method, in addition to a conventional induction method, was developed to use with the SOVAT and its accuracy and confidence level were evaluated. Results: On the basis of clinical data, we present the reference values for the SOVAT as below. For the induction method, objective visual acuity (smallest pixel size), the presumed subjective visual acuity was 3: 0.35-0.6, 7: 0.05-0.25, 12: below 0.05 and for the suppression method it was 1: 0.6-1.0, 1.5: 0.4-0.7, 3: 0.15-0.4, 5: 0.1-0.2. Conclusions: SOVAT using this suppression method to assess objective visual acuity proved to be more useful than that with a conventional induction method, especially in the range of high visual acuity. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(7):1127-1134, 2008

디지털 카메라를 이용한 융합예비량 측정에 관한 연구

최민규,고경호,전인철 대한시과학회 2017 대한시과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the method of measuring the fusional vergence amount by analyzing the image of the eyes changed with the application of the prism using a digital camera and to evaluate the significance of this method with a conventional subjective measurement method. Methods: The subjects were 30 adults (mean age 23.77 ± 1.52 years) with corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or more and were measured negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) three times, respectively, using a step vergence method with a prism bar at distance and near. When measuring fusional vergence, each prism stage was photographed using a Canon 6D DSLR camera and a 100mm macro lens. At the same time, we recorded subjective break and recovery points. Finally, we measured that pupillary distance (PD) on photograph of each step of prism diopter and convert them to graph. The significance was identified by comparing subjective and objective values. Results: In the case of the NFV measurement, the graph showed a steady increase in the pupillary distance change measured after photographing, and a graph slope change at the point reported as the break and recovery points. In the case of PFV measurement, the PD decreased steadily, and the slope of the graph was changed at the point reported as the separation point and the recovery point. The mean value of the NFV at distance was that objective ‘12.63±5.48⊿’, subjective ‘11.41±3.88⊿’ at the break point, objective ‘9.15±4.12⊿’, subjective ‘8.11±3.47⊿’ at the recovery point. For near NFV break points were that objective ‘16.74±4.01⊿’, subjective ‘15.93±4.66⊿’ and recovery points were that objective ‘12.55±3.43⊿’, subjective ‘11.91±3.90⊿’. The break points of distance PFV were that objective ‘18.52±4.84⊿’, subjective ‘18.58±5.73⊿’ and the recovery points were that objective ‘3.36±3.89⊿’, subjective ‘13.17±4.34⊿’. The break points of near PFV were that objective ‘22.85±6.33⊿’, subjective ‘22.96±6.21⊿’ and the recovery points were that objective ‘17.13±4.61⊿’, subjective ‘17.48±5.37⊿’. These were not statistically significant. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference of the measured values between that the objective measurements using a digital camera and the subjective measurements using a prism bar. Therefore, it would be useful to measure the convergence reserve in infants and persons with disabilities who can not perform self - examinations using a digital camera. It is thought that the method of measuring fusional vergence range using a digital camera is useful for the measurement of infants and the disabled who can not be measured by subjective method. 목적: 본 연구는 프리즘이 가해짐에 따라 변화된 눈의 영상을 디지털 카메라를 사용하여 분석하고, 융합예비량을 타각적으로 측정하는 방법을 조사하여 기존 자각식 측정법과의 유의성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 20세 이상 교정시력 1.0 이상인 남녀 30명(평균연령 23.77±1.52세)을 대상으로 원거리(3m) 및 근거리(40cm)에서 프리즘 바를 이용한 스텝버전스법으로 음성융합버전스와 양성융합버전스를 각각 3회 측정하였다. 그리고 캐논 6D DSLR 카메라와 100mm macro 렌즈를 사용하여 융합예비량 측정 시 프리즘 단계별로 촬영하였으며, 동시에 자각적으로 분리점, 회복점을 보고 받아 기록하였다. 마지막으로 프리즘 단계별 사진의 동공 간 거리를 측정하여 그래프로 나타내고 자각적 측정값의 보고 지점과 대조하여 유의성을 확인하였다. 결과: 사진으로 촬영 후 측정한 동공 간 거리 변화 그래프가 음성융합버전스 측정의 경우 동공 간 거리가 일정하게 증가 또는 감소 하다가 분리점과 회복점으로 보고한 지점에서 그래프 기울기 변화가 나타났고, 양성융합버전스 측정의 경우 동공 간 거리가 일정하게 감소 또는 증가 하다가 분리점과 회복점으로 보고한 지점에서 그래프 기울기 변화가 나타났다. 기울기의 변화가 나타난 지점을 타각적 측정값으로 결정하고 자각적 측정 지점과 비교한 결과, 측정값 평균은 원거리 음성융합버전스 분리점의 경우 타각식 12.63±5.48⊿, 자각식 11.41±3.88⊿, 회복점은 타각식 9.15±4.12⊿, 자각식 8.11±3.47⊿, 근거리 음성융합버전스 분리점의 경우 타각식 16.74±4.01⊿, 자각식 15.93±4.66⊿, 회복점은 타각식 12.55±3.43⊿, 자각식 11.91±3.90⊿이었다. 원거리 양성융합버전스 분리점은 타각식 18.52±4.84⊿, 자각식 18.58±5.73⊿, 회복점은 타각식 13.36±3.89⊿, 자각식 13.17±4.34⊿, 근거리 양성융합버전스 분리점은 타각식 22.85±6.33⊿, 자각식 22.96±6.21⊿, 회복점은 타각식 17.13±4.61⊿, 자각식 17.48±5.37⊿이었으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론: 디지털 카메라를 이용하여 측정한 타각적 측정값과 프리즘 바를 이용한 자각적 측정값이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 보아 디지털 카메라를 이용한 타각적 측정법이 자각식으로 검사를 할 수 없는 유아나 장애인의 융합예비량 측정에 유용할 것으로 생각된다.