들뢰즈의 『씨네마』에서 운동-이미지의 성립

이철민 ( Cheol Min Lee ) 한국철학사상연구회 2014 시대와 철학 Vol.25 No.3

The main purpose of this paper is to explain how Deleuze. movemenr-image is established in Cinema. As the movement-image is concept that is born between bergson. Matter and Memory and early film history, this paper begins by defining the meaning and status of the movement-image, then go on to how to be established the movement-image. First, the movemenr-image is not just a moving image but the image to express the mobility of movement. As the mobility is the concept that is established when Bergson thinks the nature of movement not as the form of the moving but as the movement in itself, it is expressed the moment the movement intervened into the screen when mobile camera takes the moving, that is the moment the image is internally contacting the movement by the hyphen ‘-’, and varies through montage in Cinema. As Deleuze defines the movement-image with the French concept of plan, he explains status of shot that interconverts the whole movie and partial objects which keep going up and down between motage and frame. As the French plan is Deleuze. term that involves both has shot and plane, shot composes unity like Bergson. qualitative multiplicity as if a melody composes music by interpenetrating another instead of breaking into a number of notes as plane composes total plane without transcendence, that is the plane of immanence. So then the movement-image is established as the mobile cut of the enduring whole. The problem is how Deleuze. philosophy of cinema that is based on the chapter 1 of Matter and Meomory is establid although Bergson criticizes a film in the chapter 4 of Creative Evolution. Bergson criticizes the film because it produces the false movement by making immobile photographs, that is a series of frames to move fast. As the film that Bergson criticizes is the shot of early film without the idea of montage, it differs essentially with the movement-image that Deleuze presents as the image of cinema. Deleuze establishes the concept of movement-image emphasizing the point that the image that Bergson presents in the chapter 1 of Matter and Meomory is the mobile cut that corresponds with the shot. As the image of the chapter 1 is the one coming before a subject separates from an object, it is the plane of immanence that is summarized in the formula of image=movement=matter in the chapter 4 of Cinema1. Though the plane of immanence is interpreted as the photograph, that is the immobile cut in the chapter 1, it is evaluated as the mobile cut in the case of considering both the chapter 2 and 3 that discuss the enduring memory of past. Deleuze establishes as the mobile cut of the enduring whole while emphasizing the latter in the ambiguity of the plane of immanence. In Bergsonism Deleuze has emphasized the point that Bergson not only criticize a differential and intergral calculus but also think the philosophical differential and intergral calculus that corresponds with it in the qualitative dimension, and this accent is the reason why Deleuze can evaluate the plane of immanence as the mobile cut, as it is premise of the French concept of plan that defines the status of the movement- image as shot between frame and montage.

어깨관절의 이마면과 어깨면에서 벌림각도에 따른 중간 등세모근과 아래 등세모근의 근 활성도 비교

김병곤,이명희,Kim, Byung-Kon,Lee, Myoung-Hee 대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회 2016 PNF and Movement Vol.14 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activities in the frontal plane and scapular plane of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscle at different shoulder abduction angles. Methods: Twenty male and female students in their 20s participated in this study. Each subject maintained shoulder abduction at $75^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $125^{\circ}$, and $160^{\circ}$ in a standing position and repeated motions three times each in the frontal plane and the scapular plane. While maintaining the motions for 10 seconds in each posture, surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure muscle activity of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscle. The collected EMG data were normalized using maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Differences in muscle activity of the middle fiber and lower fiber of the trapezius muscles according to the angles at each plane were statistically processed using repeated measured analysis of variance, and an independent t-test was used to examine the differences between the two planes at each angle. Results: Muscle activity of the middle and lower trapezius during shoulder abduction in the frontal plane and scapular plane significantly increased as the angles increased (p<.05). However, muscle activity of the middle trapezius was significantly lower in the scapular plane than in the frontal plane for all shoulder abduction angles (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that during shoulder abduction, angles should be different according to the goals, and for training during an acute phase or early phase for functional recovery, it is more efficient to perform the training in the scapular plane than in the frontal plane.

보행 중 하지 피부의 움직임 연구

구영준(Youngjun Koo),구승범(Seungbum Koo) 대한기계학회 2015 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2015 No.11

Accurate measurement of joint kinematics play an important role in understanding joint disease and assessing musculoskeletal disorders. Motion capture system was widely used to quantify joint kinematics. However, joint kinematics acquired by motion capture system was affected by soft tissue artefacts such as skin movements. To quantify accurate joint kinematics, we include the skin movements to analyze. Previous studies have used intrusive methods such as bone-pins or external fixators to quantify skin movements. These devices could be affected by gait environments and change gait motion. In this study we used a Bi-Plane Fluoroscopic (BPF) system and a motion capture system to quantify skin movements without bone-pins or external fixators. Seven healthy young males participated in this study. Multiple reflective markers were attached on both thigh and shank during treadmill walking at 0.9 ㎧, 1.2 ㎧ and 1.5 ㎧. Skin movements were calculated from BPF system and motion capture system by Anterior-Posterior (AP), Superior-Inferior (SI) and Medial-Lateral (ML) direction. Skin movements of thigh were larger than shank. Skin movements were largest at top of thigh. Skin movements in AP direction were larger than other directions. This study successfully quantified the kinematics with skin movements.

상악 전치부 견인 시 치아이동에 따른 전방 치조골개조량의 변화에 관한 연구

황충주,문정련 대한치과교정학회 2001 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.31 No.1

교정 치료 시 많은 경우 상악 전치부를 상당량 견인하게 되며 이 때 치아의 이동량과 전방 피질골의 개조량이 동일하게 일어나지 않는다면 치주적인 문제가 발생할 수 있게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 상악 전치가 후방 견인될 때 치아의 이동량과 피질골의 개조량의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 성장이 완료된 만 18세 이상의 성인 여자환자 56명을 대상으로 치료 전후의 측모두부 방사선 사진을 계측하였다. 연구대상 56명은 전치의 후방견인 시 경사이동이 주로 일어난 환자(26명)와 치체 이동이 동반된 환자(30명)로 나누었으며 치료 전후의 측모두부방사선 사진을 true horizontal plane을 기준으로 하여 중첩하였다. Tip-Group(경사이동된 군)에서는 수평적인 bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio가 1:1.63, Torque-Group(치체 이동이 동반된 군)에서는 1:1.66이었다. 두 군 모두에서 치아의 이동량과 골의 개조량이 동일하지 않았기 때문에 경사이동 시에는 치근첨이 구개측피질골판에서 멀어지고 순측피질골판에 가까워지며, 치체이동이 동반된 군에서는 치근이 순측피질골판에서는 멀어지고 구개측피질골판에 접근하게 된다. 따라서 상악의 전방 피질골의 두께가 매우 얇은 환자에서는 상악 전치의 후방견인량에 제한이 있게 되며 골격적 부조화가 심한 경우에는 악교정수술을 동반한 치료를 고려하고, 교정적 절충치료가 필요한 경우 술자는 그 치료한계를 명확히 인식해야할 것이다. In many cases of orthodontic treatment the upper anterior teeth are retracted. Periodontal problems may arise during incisor retraction, if the amount of tooth movement and the amount of remodeling in the anterior cortical bone are not the same. Therefore in this study, to find out the relationship between the amount of tooth movement and the amount of bone remodeling during retraction of the upper anterior teeth, lateral cephalograms of 56 female patients over 18-year-old were taken before and after treatment. Among the 56 patients, two groups were divided according to the type of root movement during retraction. 26 patients mainly moved by tipping and 30 by bodily movement. The cephalograms taken before and after treatment were superimposed upon the true horizontal plane. In the Tip-Group, the horizontal bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio was 1 : 1.63, and in the Torque-Group it was 1 : 1.66. Because the amount of tooth movement and the amount of bone remodeling were not the same in both groups, in the Tip-Group the root apex moved away from the palatal cortical plate and closer to the labial cortical plate, whereas in the Torque-Group the root moved away from the labial cortical plate and closer to the palatal cortical plate. Therefore, there are limitations in the amount of incisor retraction in patients with a very thin anterior cortical plate in the maxilla, and in patients with severe skeletal discrepancies orthognathic surgery should be considered and when orthodontic camouflage treatment is the only possible method, the orthodontist must be aware of the limitations of treatment.

들뢰즈 영화론의 철학적 위상에 대한 연구

이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ) 한국철학사상연구회 2008 시대와 철학 Vol.19 No.1

The main purpose of this paper is to make clear the meaning of Deleuze`s theory of cinema. For this purpose I explain what role the Art does in relation to the thought, and what is the meanig of the plane of immanence of movement-images. For Deleuze, the thought is compelled by something, that is a sign. In this context art-sign is superior to other material signs in Deleuze` philosophy. Deleuze also said that the Art is constructed on the plane of composition and the philosophy is established on the plane of immanence. However he said that cinema is unfolded on the plane of immanence of movement-images. So we can understand the meaning of Deleuze`s theory of cinema by way of investigations about Deleuze`s theory of Art and the meaning of the plane of immanence of movement-images. In so doing we can conclude that Deleuze`s theory of cinema is the incarnation of his point of view of philosophy as a concrete practice.

소형 위성 영상안정화를 위한 능동형 광학 보정장치 설계

황재혁(Jai Hyuk Hwang),양지연(Ji Youn Yang),박진호(Jean Ho Park),조정빈(Jeong Bin Jo),강명수(Myoung Soo Kang),배재성(Jae Sung Bae) 한국항공우주학회 2015 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.43 No.5

본 논문에서는 소형 위성 카메라의 영상안정화를 위해 진동외란 보상 및 궤도상 광학정렬이 가능한 능동형 광학 보정장치의 설계에 대해 연구하였다. 능동형 광학 보정장치는 초점면부 보정장치와 부경 보정장치로 이루어져 있다. 초점면부 보정장치는 영상센서에 유입되는 진동 외란을 초점면부에서 직접 보상하는 장치이다. 또한 부경 보정장치는 초점면부 보정장치와 협력하여 궤도상에서 능동적으로 광학정렬을 수행할 수 있는 장치이다. 본 논문에서는 해상도 1 m급 소형 위성에 적용 가능한 능동형 광학 보정장치 설계를 위해 소형 고해상도 위성 카메라의 요구도를 분석하고, 진동 외란 보상과 궤도상 광학정렬이 능동적으로 가능하도록 초점면부 보정장치와 부경 보정장치의 요구도를 선정하였다. 선정된 요구도를 기준으로 본 연구에서 설계된 능동형 광학 보정장치는 초점면부에서 진동외란 보상 및 초점조절, 부경에서 틸트 및 디스페이싱 보상이 가능하므로 독립적으로 5축 제어가 가능한 시스템이다. This paper describes the design of the active optical compensation movements(at focal plane, secondary mirror) for the image stabilization of a small satellite camera. The movements can correct optical misalignment on-line and directly compensate vibration disturbances in the focal plane. Since the devices are installed inside the space camera, it has an remarkable advantage to deal with the structural deformation of a space camera effectively. In this paper, the requirements of the active optical compensation movements for 1m GSD small satellite camera have been analyzed. Based on the established requirements, the design of the active compensation movements have been conducted. The designed active optical compensation system can control 5 axes movements independently to compensate micro-vibration disturbances in the focal plane and to refocus the optical misaligned satellite camera.

안모 비대칭 환자의 악교정수술에서 상악 후방부의 수평이동에 대한 고려

장현호(Hyun Ho Chang),윤석채(Seok Chae Yoon),류성호(Sung Ho Rhyu),김재승(Jae Seung Kim) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2000 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.26 No.2

When we establish treatment planning of facial asymmetry, we must predict each asymmetrical element that will be changed upon coronal, axial, sagittal plane. At the visual point, prediction of the change of coronal plane is most important. It is important difference between Rt. and Lt. mandibular angle belonging to posterior coronal plane, as well as anterior coronal plane, such as upper and lower incisor, or midline of chin point. Several methods for control bulk of mandibular angle are additional angle shaving after osteotomy, grinding contact area between proximal and distal segment for decrease the volume, or bone graft for increase the volume. But, at the point of bimaxillary surgery, transverse position of posterior maxilla is an important factor for control it. So, we would report transverse movement of posterior maxilla for decrease asymmetry on the posterior coronal plane of face, that is, asymmetry of mandibular angular portion.

온라인 광학보정장치를 적용한 위성카메라의 광학설계

조정빈(Jeong-bin Jo),황재혁(Jai-Hyuk Hwang),배재성(Jae-Sung Bae) 한국항공우주학회 2015 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.43 No.3

본 연구에서는 소형 위성카메라의 영상성능 저하를 궤도상에서 능동적으로 보정하기 위해 광학보정장치를 적용한 위성카메라의 광학설계를 수행하였다. 2개의 광학 보정장치는 각각 부반사경 및 초점면부에 부착되며 총 5자유도의 운동이 가능하다. 본 논문에서 설계한 광학부는 슈미트-카세그레인(Schmidt-Cassegrain)타입으로 주반사경의 직경은 200mm이고, GSD 3.8m, MTF 성능은 약 50% 정도이다. 설계된 광학계는 수차곡선과 Spot diagram과 MTF를 통해 성능평가를 수행하였다. 수차곡선을 통해 광학성능에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 수차가 구면수차인 것을 확인 할 수 있고, MTF 해석을 통해서 나이퀴스트 주파수에서 MTF 30%이상의 요구 성능을 충분히 만족하는 것을 확인하였다. In this study, optical design for small satellite camera equipped with online optical compensation movements has been conducted. Satellite camera equipped with compensation movements at M2 mirror and focal plane can guarantee the MTF performance through the focal plane image stabilization and the on-orbit optical alignment. The designed optical system is schmidt-cassegrain type that has M1 mirror of a diameter 200mm, GSD 3.8m at an altitude of 700km, and 50 % MTF performance. The performance of the designed optical system has been analyzed through the method of ray aberration curve, spot diagram, and MTF. It has been found by the optical performance analysis that the designed optical system satisfies the optical requirements of satellite camera equipped with online optical compensation movements.

Limited mandibular movements after removal of the mandibular third-molar: use of the anterior bite plane and complementary therapies

Marcelo Palinkas,Regina Maura Arantes Nassar,Mariangela Salles Pereira Nassar,Solange Aparecida Bataglion,César Bataglion,Cássio Edvard Sverzut,Takami Hirono Hotta,Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2012 TANG Vol.2 No.1

The traumatic removal of the mandibular third molar may promote post chirurgic consequences such as orofacial pain and limited mandibular movements. The aim of this case report is to describe the use of an anterior bite plane and complementary therapies (low level laser therapy and acupuncture) to treat the muscular dysfunction and the painful symptoms. A 33 year-old male patient who had a severe malocclusion and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction was submitted to an initial clinical examination: electromyography of the masticatory muscles and IRM of the temporomandibular joint. After treatments, the results showed reduced pain symptoms and an increase of the mandibular movements and adequated electromiographic activities. The authors concluded that the combination therapies may be used as an alternative treatment because it satisfied the functional requirements of the patient and provided an asymptomatic clinical condition.

Fuzzy sliding‐mode control of a human arm in the sagittal plane with optimal trajectory

Fateme Fotouhi Ardakani,Ramin Vatankhah,Mojtaba Sharifi 한국전자통신연구원 2018 ETRI Journal Vol.40 No.5

Patients with spinal cord injuries cannot move their limbs using their intact muscles. A suitable controller can be used to move their arms by employing the functional electrical stimulation method. In this article, a fuzzy exponential sliding‐mode controller is designed to move a musculoskeletal human arm model to track an optimal trajectory in the sagittal plane. This optimal arm trajectory is obtained by developing a policy for the central nervous system. In order to specify the optimal trajectory between two points, two dynamic and static optimal criteria are applied simultaneously. The first dynamic objective function is defined to minimize the joint torques, and the second static optimization is offered to minimize the muscle forces at each moment. In addition, fuzzy logic is used to tune the sliding‐surface parameter to enable an appropriate tracking performance. Simulation results are evaluated and compared with experimental data for upward and downward movements of the human arm.