A Study on Identifying Human Factors in Collaboration with the AI-infused Systems

Ismatullaev Ulugbek Vahobjon U,In Gwon Jo(조인권),Sang Ho Kim(김상호) 대한인간공학회 2020 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.6

Objective: This paper aims to analyze the human factors in artificial intelligence and discuss the Human-AI collaboration based on previous researches in three major fields such as healthcare, teaching and automated driving. Background: Despite the fact that artificial intelligence is one of the largest and most important inventions of the present, the researches have shown that there are several challenges of using artificial intelligence in the cooperation with human teammates. AI-Infused systems may perform certain operations or tasks faster and more precisely than a person, play chess, drive a car and perform many functions. But, depending on the different type of human factors, users may interact differently with artificial intelligence, and those factors make some challenges in the relationship between human and artificial intelligence. Method: This paper was conducted in three steps: (1) Reviewing previous researches on human factors in three areas; (2) Categorizing human factors in to the table to analyze their importance in adoption to AI infused systems; (3) Identifying the most critical human factors of individuals in three fields in collaboration with artificial intelligence devices to deal with the challenges of AI acceptance to improve teamwork and work efficiency as well as reducing errors mostly caused by human factors for each field. Results: Gender, age and trust in technology are found the most critical factors for each fields, while technology expertise and social influence factors plays important role in adoption AI-Infused systems in Education and Healthcare. Conclusion: It is found that, autonomous driving is most discussed field in terms of use human factors in the interaction with artificial intelligence, while there is still lack of researches about the adoption to AI technologies in education and healthcare based on some differences of human factors such as health, cognitive, work and , physical capabilities. Application: Findings of this study can help for the further studies focusing on identifying the cause of human errors that can be occurred in takeover or handover scenarios in terms of use AI-Infused Systems in healthcare, autonomous driving, and education.

항공법,정책 : 항공법규에 의거 지정된 조종사 양성 전문교육기관의 학생조종사에 대한 휴먼팩터 영향 연구

이강석 ( Kang Seok Lee ) 한국항공우주법학회 2011 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 국내 훈련비행을 수행하는 학생조종사를 대상으로 SHELL 모델에 근거한 인적요인(Human Factors)에 초점을 맞추어 연구가 진행되었다. 연구 가설을 검증하기 위해SHELL 모델은 바탕으로 평가요소를 만들었고, 각 인적요인별 요인분석에서 추출된 변수를 사용하여 사고위험과의 상관관계, 비행경험수준과는 분산분석, 그리고 조직 특성과는 t-test를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 사고위험과 조종사의 개인적 요소(Liveware), 사고위험과 조종사-장비 관계(Liveware-Hardware)는 관련성이 있고, 개인적 요소(Liveware)의 변수인 조종사의 내적요인과 조종사의 기량 모두 비행경험수준이 낮을수록 인적요인에 의한 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로 학생 조종사 조직의 특성에 따라 인적요소(Human Factors)들의 차이를 비교분석한 결과, 재학생으로 구성된 학생조종사의 그룹이 내적으로 영향을 많이 받고 있고, 조종석내 장비 부분에서는 일반인 학생 조종사가 받는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 항공분야의 인적요인(Human Factors)에 관한 연구는 활발히 진행 중이나 학생조종사를 대상으로 한 인적요인에 관한 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 기존의 선행연구와 같이 본 연구에서도 사고 위험과 인적요인과의 관계는 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 특히 개인적 요소(Liveware)와 조종사-장비(Liveware-Hardware) 관계가 안전성에 많은 관련이 있음을 보였다. 또한 인적요인 중 조직문화라는 요인도 인간에게 많은 영향을 주고 있고, 실제 사고위험에 직접적인 영향은 없으나, 잠재적인 위험성이 큰 요인이라 판단된다. 전 세계적으로 항공사고의 안전성을 향상시키기 위해 인적요인(Human Factors)을 주요 문제로 삼고 있고, 국내 항공사에서도 인적요인 훈련으로서 승무원 상호협조(CRM)와 노선적응훈련(LOFT) 훈련을 정기적으로 하고 있는 등 인적요인의 중요성을 인지하고 이로 인한 사고를 방지하기 위해 지속적으로 노력하고 있다. 그러나 훈련비행을 실시하고 있는 비행훈련기관에서는 인적요인에 관한 훈련은 부족하며, 학생들이 인적요인(Human Factors)에 관한 이론으로 인식할 뿐이지 실제 훈련비행상에서 사고로 이어질 수 있다는 잠재적 위험성을 인지하지 못하고 있다. 우리 나라 항공 산업을 이끌고 갈 조종사를 양성하는 교육기관으로써, 이러한 문제를 인식하고 인적요인 교육·훈련을 개선해 나가야 할 것이며 이러한 점은국내 항공법이나 항공법규에 의거 지정된 전문교육기관의 교과과정개선에 반영되어야 할 것이다. Statistics of aviation accident in Korea show that safety level of training flights is high. However, more than 80% of aviation accidents happen owing to human factors. And because most reasons of them are concerned with pilot error, it is very important for student pilots who will transport a lot of passengers to develop the knowledge of safety and abilities of risk management for preventing accidents. In this study, in order to investigate the Human Factors which affect safety in training student pilots for flight, verified the correlationbetween experiences of accident, the differences according to the experience level of training flight and the differences between college student pilots and ordinary student pilots on the basis of human factors that composes the SHELL models. For the study, Using SPSS 17.0, conducted Correlation Analysis, Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and t-test. To sum up the result of this study, student pilot`s ability and equipment in the cockpit are the important factors for safety when pilots are training flight. Also the analysis of the differences between human factors according to the characters of student pilots` groups shows that college student pilots are affected by immanent factors and organizational cultures. So far, there haven`t been any accidents which is related with human casualties when training at the ATO(Approved Training Organization). But accidents can occur at any time and anywhere. Especially the human factors which comprises most of aviation accident have a wide reach and are impossible to be eliminated, therefore, it is best to minimize them. Because ATO is the starting point to lead the aviation industry of Korea, we will have to be aware of problems and improve education/training of human factors.

항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 대응

김대호,Kim, Dae Ho 대한인간공학회 2017 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.36 No.5

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review, with the main focus on aviation safety technology and management program, how human factors are currently taken into consideration within transportation sectors, especially aviation, and to further share related information. Background: Human factors account for the majority of aviation accidents/incidents. Thus, the aviation sector has been comparatively quick in developing and applying technologies and management programs that deal with human factors. This paper reviews the latest safety technologies and management programs regarding human factors and aims to identify the trend. Method: This paper, based on literature research and practical experience, examines the latest international standards on technologies and management programs, those that deal with human factors and are adopted by international and domestic aviation organization. The main focus of discussion is how human factors are reflected during the system design and operation process. Results: The current most important issue in designing is the consideration of human factors in Cockpit, Automation, and Safety system technology design. From an operational point of view, the issues at hand are screening and training aviation workers to promote aviation safety, providing education on human factors and CRM/TEM, and running a safety management program to implement SMS. They were discussed based on the operational experience within the aviation sector. Conclusion: Major examples of a human factors approach to promote aviation safety are safety programs and various safety and monitoring technologies applied to aviation personnel for error management. These programs must be managed in an integrated manner that takes both the system designing and operational point of view into account. Application: It is thought that the human factors approach for promoting aviation safety reviewed in this paper can be extended and applied to safety management programs in other transportation sectors such as the railroad, maritime, road traffic etc.

Development of a Human Factors Investigation and Analysis Model for Use in Maritime Accidents: A Case Study of Collision Accident Investigation

Kim, Hong-Tae,Na, Seong Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

In the shipping industry, it is well known that around 80 % or more of all marine accidents are caused fully or at least in part by human error. In this regard, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) stated that the study of human factors would be important for improving maritime safety. Consequently, the IMO adopted the Casualty Investigation Code, including guidelines to assist investigators in the implementation of the Code, to prevent similar accidents occurring again in the future. In this paper, a process of the human factors investigation is proposed to provide investigators with a guide for determining the occurrence sequence of marine accidents, to identify and classify human error-inducing underlying factors, and to develop safety actions that can manage the risk of marine accidents. Also, an application of these investigation procedures to a collision accident is provided as a case study This is done to verify the applicability of the proposed human factors investigation procedures. The proposed human factors investigation process provides a systematic approach and consists of 3 steps: 'Step 1: collect data & determine occurrence sequence' using the SHEL model and the cognitive process model; 'Step 2: identify and classify underlying human factors' using the Maritime-Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (M-HFACS) model; and 'Step 3: develop safety actions,' using the causal chains. The case study shows that the proposed human factors investigation process is capable of identifying the underlying factors and indeveloping safety actions to prevent similar accidents from occurring.

Development of a Human Factors Investigation and Analysis Model for Use in Maritime Accidents: A Case Study of Collision Accident Investigation

김홍태,나성 한국항해항만학회 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

In the shipping industry, it is well known that around 80 % or more of all marine accidents are caused fully or at least in part by human error. In this regard, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) stated that the study of human factors would be important for improving maritime safety. Consequently, the IMO adopted the Casualty Investigation Code, including guidelines to assist investigators in the implementation of the Code, to prevent similar accidents occurring again in the future. In this paper, a process of the human factors investigation is proposed to provide investigators with a guide for determining the occurrence sequence of marine accidents, to identify and classify human error-inducing underlying factors, and to develop safety actions that can manage the risk of marine accidents. Also, an application of these investigation procedures to a collision accident is provided as a case study This is done to verify the applicability of the proposed human factors investigation procedures. The proposed human factors investigation process provides a systematic approach and consists of 3 steps: ‘Step 1: collect data & determine occurrence sequence’ using the SHEL model and the cognitive process model; ‘Step 2: identify and classify underlying human factors’ using the Maritime-Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (M-HFACS) model; and ‘Step 3: develop safety actions,’ using the causal chains. The case study shows that the proposed human factors investigation process is capable of identifying the underlying factors and indeveloping safety actions to prevent similar accidents from occurring.

Development of a Human Factors Investigation and Analysis Model for Use in Maritime Accidents: A Case Study of Collision Accident Investigation

Hong-Tae Kim,Seong Na 한국항해항만학회 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

In the shipping industry, it is well known that around 80 % or more of all marine accidents are caused fully or at least in part by human error. In this regard, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) stated that the study of human factors would be important for improving maritime safety. Consequently, the IMO adopted the Casualty Investigation Code, including guidelines to assist investigators in the implementation of the Code, to prevent similar accidents occurring again in the future. In this paper, a process of the human factors investigation is proposed to provide investigators with a guide for determining the occurrence sequence of marine accidents, to identify and classify human error-inducing underlying factors, and to develop safety actions that can manage the risk of marine accidents. Also, an application of these investigation procedures to a collision accident is provided as a case study This is done to verify the applicability of the proposed human factors investigation procedures. The proposed human factors investigation process provides a systematic approach and consists of 3 steps: ‘Step 1: collect data & determine occurrence sequence’ using the SHEL model and the cognitive process model; ‘Step 2: identify and classify underlying human factors’ using the Maritime-Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (M-HFACS) model; and ‘Step 3: develop safety actions,’ using the causal chains. The case study shows that the proposed human factors investigation process is capable of identifying the underlying factors and indeveloping safety actions to prevent similar accidents from occurring.

장애인거주시설 종사자의 직무만족요인이 직무만족도 및 이직의도에 미치는 영향

박승탁(Seoung-Tag Park) 영남신학대학교 2011 신학과 목회 Vol.36 No.-

The purpose of this study is to figure out job satisfaction of workers in the disabled residential facilities, find how to decrease turnover rate by analyzing job satisfaction factors, furnish basic data for establishing systematic and effective human resource management and personnel management system, and measure an economic factor, work environment factor, job specifications factor, external environment factor, human relations factor of job satisfaction factors, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. For this, a survey was carried out on a population of 200 workers in 6 residential for the disabled facilities located in A city, Gyeongsangbuk-Do by stratified random sampling from Aug. 11 to Aug. 28, 2011, using 191 copies except improper 4 copies of collected 195 copies. The main result of this study is as follows. First, the relationship between research variables showed that job satisfaction factors of workers in the disabled residential facilities, economic factor, work environment factor, job specifications factor, external environment factor, and human relations factor have a positive relationship with job satisfaction, and negative relationship with turnover intention. Second, workers in the disabled residential facilities showed the average moderate satisfaction by 3.13 in job satisfaction factors. Third, the difference in job satisfaction factors by sociological characteristics of workers in the disabled residential facilities showed that for sex, there is a difference in an economic factor, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. For service years, there was a difference in an economic factor, work environment factor, job specifications factor, external environment factor, human relations factor, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. For the number of the disabled, there was a difference in a work environment factor, job specifications factor, external environment factor, human relations factor, and turnover intention. Fourth, the relative influence between variables for job satisfaction factors of workers in the disabled residential facilities to improve job satisfaction showed that a human relations factor is the biggest influence, followed by a job specifications factor, economic factor, work environment factor, and external environment factor. Ffth, the relative influence for job satisfaction factors of workers in the disabled residential facilities to improve turnover intention showed that an economic factor is the biggest influence, followed by a external environment factor, job specifications factor, human relations factor, and work environment factor. Sixth, the biggest influence to job satisfaction factors of workers in the disabled residential facilities was turnover intention, and satisfaction of turnover intention had an effect on job satisfaction.

인간-AI 협업에 영향을 미치는 요인: 주제범위 문헌고찰을 바탕으로

오수경,김제이,Marilou Hongkiangko,강채현,오수연,정수정,임다미 한국멀티미디어학회 2024 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.27 No.8

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends related to human-AI collaboration, identify the context, subjects, and research methods, and explore the perspectives on human-AI collaboration and the factors influencing it. To achieve this, 20 studies on human-AI collaboration published domestically and internationally from 2014 to 2024 were analyzed using a scoping review approach. The analysis revealed that perspectives on human-AI collaboration fall into three categories: AI as a tool, task division between humans and AI, and the performance of complementary collaborative activities. The factors influencing human-AI collaboration were identified in the following order: AI-related factors, human characteristics, human-AI relationship factors, and socio-environmental factors.

조종사를 대상으로한 Human Error 예방제도에 대한 연구

강우정 韓國交通大學校 2013 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.48 No.-

Human error has been cited as a primary cause or contributing factor in disasters and accidents in industries as diverse as nuclear power, aviation, space exploration, and medicine. The origins of Human Factors as a profession with its own domain of expertise are not all self-evident. In fact, humans have been increasing causal factor in both military and civilian aviation accidents as mechanical equipment have become more reliable. Today, a very large percentage of all aviation are attributable, directly or indirectly, to some form of human error. It is therefore intended that the ICAO Human Factors Digests will become a source of both infotmation and practical measures to be used in the effort to improve education, training and remedial measures in Human Factors. As a result of many study, a range of prevention of human error have been developed. but each of kind is lack of a precision, effectiveness and seem to be considered for aspect of deficiency as an systematic accessibility. So, we're going to sort the most effective and systematic prevenetion of human error and concentrate on consolidating method for human error and aviation safety.

Increased human tumor necrosis factor‐α levels induce procoagulant change in porcine endothelial cells in vitro

Lee, Kyoung Geun,Lee, Haneulnari,Ha, Jeong Mi,Lee, Young Kyung,Kang, Hee Jung,Park, Chung‐,Gyu,Kim, Sang Joon Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Xenotransplantation Vol.19 No.3

<P>Lee KG, Lee H, Ha JM, Lee YK, Kang HJ, Park C‐G, Kim SJ. Increased human tumor necrosis factor‐α levels induce procoagulant change in porcine endothelial cells in vitro. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 186–195. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.</P><P><B>Abstract: </B><B> Background: </B> Intravascular thrombosis and systemic coagulation abnormalities are major hurdles to successful xenotransplantation and are signs of acute humoral rejection. Increased expression of tissue factor (TF) is associated with the development of microvascular thrombosis in xenografts. To develop an effective strategy to prevent accelerated coagulation in xenografts, we investigated the mechanism by which porcine endothelial cells (PECs) become procoagulant after contact with human blood.</P><P><B>Methods: </B> The changes in TF mRNA levels and activity in PECs after incubation with 20% human serum or human bioactive molecules, including C5a, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)‐1α, were evaluated using real‐time PCR and the factor Xa chromogenic assay, respectively. The procoagulant changes in PECs by these agonists were evaluated by measuring the coagulation time of human citrated plasma suspended with PECs pretreated with each agonist. TF expression and coagulation times were also assessed in PECs transfected with short interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to knock down porcine TF. We also examined the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human whole‐blood or plasma after contact with PECs, which were screened using the cytometric bead array system. TNFα levels were measured using ELISA in whole‐blood after contact with PECs, with or without the addition of xenoreactive antibodies or C1 esterase inhibitor.</P><P><B>Results: </B> Porcine TF mRNA and activity in PECs were up‐regulated in response to human TNFα and IL‐1α but were not affected by C5a or 20% human serum. Up‐regulation of TF expression by human TNFα or IL‐1α shortened PEC‐induced coagulation time, while siRNA‐mediated knockdown of TF expression prolonged coagulation time. The incubation of PECs with human whole‐blood led to a significant increase in human TNFα levels in the blood, which was promoted by the addition of xenoreactive antibodies and prevented by C1 esterase inhibitor.</P><P><B>Conclusions: </B> Human TNFα level increases in human blood after contact with PECs, which is attributed to xenoreactive antibody binding and subsequent complement activation. Human TNFα induces procoagulant changes in PECs with increased TF expression. This study suggests that human TNFα may be one of the mediators linking complement activation with procoagulant changes in the xenoendothelium.</P>