고준위 방사성폐기물 관리시설 부지선정절차 및 유치지역지원에 관한 법률안에 관한 검토

문병효 ( Moon Byoung-hyo ) 한국환경법학회 2017 環境法 硏究 Vol.39 No.1

정부는 2016년 11월 2일 고준위방사성폐기물 관리절차에 관한 법률안(고준위방사성폐기물 관리시설 부지선정절차 및 유치지역지원에 관한 법률안(이른바 `고준위방사성폐기물 부지선정절차법안`))을 입법예고하고 20대 국회에서 통과시키려 하고 있다. 사용 후 핵연료 및 고준위 방사성폐기물관리와 고준위방폐장의 건설문제는 안전성의 문제뿐만 아니라 주민들의 수용성, 환경 문제, 방사성폐기물의 처분비용 등의 문제들이 제기될 수 있어 결코 간단한 문제가 아니다. 이 글은 입법예고된 이른바 고준위 방사성폐기물 부지선정절차법안을 중심으로 그 문제점을 검토하고 해법에 대하여 고민하고자 하는 취지에서 작성되었다. 이하의 글에서는 먼저 고준위 방사성 폐기물의 관리 및 부지선정절차에 관한 법률안의 개별 규정들과 관련하여 개괄적인 고찰을 하였다. 특히 부지선정위원회의 설치 및 구성에 있어서의 문제점, 방사성폐기물 관리시설의 부지선정절차, 시민참여 부족, 관리시설 유치지역 지원, 원전부지 내 관리시설 등이 가진 문제점을 짚어보았다. 다음으로는 개별 법률에 대한 고찰만으로는 해결될 수 없는 근본적인 문제들, 특히 민주주의와 사회적 위험배분 의 문제, 공론화의 문제, 에너지정책 패러다임의 전환 등의 문제들에 대하여도 성찰하여 보았다. 방사성폐기물을 안전하게 처리할 수 있는 확실하고 안전한 과학적 방법이 존재하는지에 대해서는 여전히 의문이 제기되고 있으며 논쟁 중이다. 고준위방사성폐기물관리절차와 관련한 정부의 법률안은 원전가동을 앞으로도 계속하는 것을 보장하는 전제에서 출발하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 전제는 잘못되었다. 늦었지만 지금이라도 에너지 정책에 있어 패러다임을 전환하여야 한다. 정부는 현재 가동되고 있는 원전을 지금 당장 중단하거나 그것이 불가능하다면 가동연한까지만 가동하고 중단하는 방향으로 에너지 정책을 변경하여야 한다. 그것이 원전관리 및 방사성폐기물관리로부터 발생할 수 있는 리스크를 줄일 수 있는 최선의 방법이다. On November 2, 2016, the government announced a bill on the procedure for selecting sites for high-level radioactive waste management facilities and Supporting Local Areas(the so-called “High-Level Radioactive Waste Site Selection Procedure Bill”)) The government is trying to pass it in the 20th National Assembly in South-Korea. The management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste and the construction of high-level nuclear facilities may raise not only safety issues, but also problems such as residents` acceptance, environmental problems, and disposal costs for radioactive waste. This isn`t simple. This paper is based on the so - called high - level radioactive waste site selection proposal bill, which is anticipated by legislation. First, I reviewed the regulations of the law on the management and site selection procedures of high-level radioactive waste. In particular, the problems of installation and construction of site selection committee, site selection procedure of radioactive waste management facility, lack of citizen participation, support of management facility attraction area, and management facility in NPP site were discussed. I also looked at fundamental issues such as the issue of democracy and social risk allocation, the issue of public debate, and the transition of the energy policy paradigm, which can not be solved by examining individual laws. Whether there is a clear and safe scientific way to safely dispose of radioactive waste remains questionable and is still debated. The government`s bill on high-level radioactive waste management procedures is based on the premise that nuclear power plants will continue to operate. But this premise was wrong. It is late, but it should change the paradigm in energy policy now. Thegovernment should change its energy policy to shut down the nuclear power plant now in operation or, if that is not possible, to stop operation only for a short period of time. This is the best way to reduce the risks that can arise from nuclear plant management and radioactive waste management.

일본의 고준위방사성폐기물 관리법제

박진용 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2015 法學論文集 Vol.39 No.1

The accident which occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in March 2011, was an opportunity to re-explore the possibility of coexistence of technology and social issues of nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants are facing many fundamental problems that are making it difficult to co-exist in society post the Fukushima disaster. In particular, the problems surrounding the disposal of radioactive waste that is stored for processing is the Achilles' heel for all nuclear power generations and the cause of which society must take responsibility. The radioactive waste policies in Japan are governed by the Generator Liability principle, the Principle of the Rule of Radioactive Waste Minimization, National Treatment and Disposal, and the Principle of Mutual Understanding Between the People. These policies all came into effect after the Act on Final Disposal of Specified Radioactive Waste (Final Disposal Act) which was enacted in 2000. After the Fukushima accident, the Japanese government installed the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as an independent agency and announced a basic policy amendment in February 2015. The centered contents of the Commission are the resolution in the current generation, improvement of national interest, the formation of a regional agreement, improvement of NUMO, strengthening of the operators responsibility, prospect scientific presentations, reversal by the State, reversibility and recovery potential, and securing choice. Several countries have also recently experienced failure both in their low and igh-level and intermediate level radioactive waste disposal facilities and thus the selection method have been changed. Past reactive responses have been turned into adaptive staging procedures, which take into consideration scientific issues, as well as social issues, citing considerations as well as to early proactive responses to reflect changing proactive conditions from time to time in the process. Although Korea built high-level radioactive waste disposal facilities as early as the 1980’s, they have been faced with repeated political failures and to this day there is no clear target set for determining the final disposal facility. In other countries, selection of the final disposal site structure is controlled by third parties with a trusted professional competence and political neutrality is a requirement in the selection process. These countries also require complete disclosure and transparency of decision-making skills regarding the radiation hazard incentives over economic efficiency, as well as broad open discussions based on the principles of the responsible parties and try to ensure a move in the direction that will gain the confidence and sympathy of the people. As for Korea, since it is still tied up with the preparation of low and intermediate level radioactive waste disposal facilities, they have not been able to take a step to publicize the way to deal with high level radioactive waste.

Expert Opinion Collection Methodology and Integrated FEP List Development for High-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Site Establishment

Myeongjin Kang,Kunok Chang 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

Spent nuclear fuel temporary storage in South Korea is approximately 70% of total storage capacity as of the 4th quarter of 2022 amount is stored. In addition, according to the analysis of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society, saturation of nuclear power plant temporary storage is expected sequentially from 2031, and accordingly, the need for high-level radioactive waste disposal facilities has emerged. Globally, after the conclusion of the EU Taxonomy, for nuclear energy in order to become an ecofriendly energy, it is necessary to have a high-level radioactive waste disposal site and submit a detailed operation plan for high-level radioactive waste disposal site by 2050. Finland and Sweden have already received permission for the construction of high-level radioactive waste disposal facilities, and other countries, such as Switzerland, Japan, the United States, and Canada, are in the process of licensing disposal facilities. In order to establish a repository for high-level radioactive waste, the performance and safety analysis of the repository must be conducted in compliance with regulatory requirements. For safety analysis, it needs a collection of arguments and evidence. and IAEA defined it as ‘Safety case’. The Systematic method, which derives scenarios by systematizing and combining possible phenomena around the repository, is widely used for developing Safety case. Systematic methods make use of the concept of Features, Events and Processes (FEP). FEP identifies features that affect repository performance, events that can affect a short period of time, and processes that can have an impact over a long period of time. Since it is a characteristic of the Systematic method to compose a scenario by combining these FEP, the Systematic method is the basic premise for the development of FEP. Completeness is important for FEP, and comprehensiveness is important for scenarios. However, combining all the FEP into one scenario is time-consuming and difficult to ascertain the comprehensiveness of the scenario. Therefore, an Integrated FEP list is being developed to facilitate tracking between FEP and scenarios by integrating similar FEP. In this study, during the integrated FEP development process, a method for utilizing experts that can be used for difficult parts of quantitative evaluation and a quantitative evaluation process through the method were presented.

해외국가별 고준위방사성폐기물 처분 후보부지 조사를 위한 기준 분석

나태유 ( Taeyoo Na ),채병곤 ( Byung-gon Chae ),박의섭 ( Eui-seob Park ),김민준 ( Min-jun Kim ) 대한지질공학회 2024 지질공학 Vol.34 No.1

고준위방사성폐기물 심층처분은 국가의 안전과 환경 보호를 위해 필수적이며, 각 나라의 지질학적, 사회적 환경에 적합한 부지선정기준의 확립은 이 과정에서 중요한 단계이다. 논문의 목적은 고준위방사성폐기물의 심층처분 부지를 확보하는 과정에서 국가별로 적용되는 다양한 지질학적 및 사회적 선정기준을 비교분석하는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 고준위방사성폐기물 처분 선도국들이 설정한 부지선정기준을 중심으로 비교분석을 수행하였으며, 각 국가별 선정기준 분석결과, 국가별 지질조건 및 환경을 반영한 선정기준을 차별적으로 설정하였음을 확인하였다. 연구의 결과는 우리나라의 고준위방사성폐기물 심층처분 부지선정기준 마련에 중요한 기반 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 국가의 지속 가능한 발전과 환경 보호에 이바지하게 될 것으로 기대된다. Deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste is imperative to national safety and environmental protection and it relies on establishing siting criteria suited to the geological and social conditions of each country. This paper compares the various geological and social criteria applied by different countries in the process of securing sites for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The present comparative analysis considers the siting criteria established by the worlds leading countries in high-level radioactive waste disposal with the aims of establishing detailed criteria appropriate to Korea’s conditions and applying the criteria to explore safe and suitable sites for deep geological disposal. The findings of this research are expected to serve as a foundation for establishing criteria for the selection of disposal sites for high-level radioactive waste in Korea and are anticipated to contribute significantly to sustainable national development and environmental protection.

핀란드의 고준위방사성폐기물 관리법제

김민훈(Kim, Min Hoon) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2013 법학연구 Vol.54 No.2

(1) 우리나라의 경우 중․저준위방사성폐기물 처분장 마련에 20년 동안 매달려 있었기 때문에 사용후핵연료의 중간저장을 중심으로 한 고준위방사성폐기물 처분방식에 대해서는 이제 본격적으로 공론화를 시작하려는 단계이다. 더욱이 사용후핵연료의 각 원전 임시저장소의 포화상태는 2016년을 기점으로 2021년 전후로 완전포화에 이를 것으로 예상된다. 경주의 경우 방폐장 건설에 이르기까지 20년(중ㆍ저준위 방폐장 1단계 시설로 2014년 완공예정)이 걸린 점을 보면 예상하면 고준위 중간저장소의 건설은 더 오래 걸릴 것이다. 그러나 후쿠시마 사태 이후 원자력에 대한 불안심리 때문에 사용후핵연료 공론화의 전망은 그리 밝은 것이 아니다. (2) 해외의 사용후핵연료 공론화 사례는 영국ㆍ캐나다ㆍ프랑스 등이 대표적이다. 공통적으로 공론화 추진을 위한 관련 법과 제도를 구축하고 법과 제도에 근거하여 구성된 방사성폐기물관리 전담기관 또는 공론화위원회에 독립적인 권한과 책임을 부여하였다. 도출된 대안은 반드시 정책에 반영하도록 하였다. 우리나라의 경우는 사용후핵연료의 처리문제는 이제 본격적으로 공론화를 시작하는 단계이지만, 핀란드와 스웨덴의 경우는 사용후핵연료 처분장의 부지까지 선정된 상태이다. 이 부분에 있어서는 이 두 국가가 가장 앞서 있다고 할 수 있다. 그 가운데 특히 핀란드의 경우는 2014년 사용후핵연료 처분장 건설을 시작해서, 2020년 조업을 목표로 하고 있다. 따라서 1983년 처음 논의부터 현재와 같이 세계 최초로 사용후핵연료 처분장 부지 확정까지 핀란드의 논의는 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 예를 들면 사용후핵연료 처분장 등 원자력 정책에 있어 국회의 승인을 요한다든지 해당 지자체의 동의를 요구한다는 등 우리나라 정책입안 시 참고할 것이 많다. 이 논문에서는 핀란드의 사용후핵연료의 최종처분절차에 대해 간단히 살펴보고 있다. As for Korea, since it has been tied up with the preparation of low and intermediate level radioactive waste disposal facility it hasn"t even taken a step to publicize the way to deal with high level waste mainly from spent fuel. Moreover, the temporary storage places of spent fuel in each nuclear power plant will be expected to reach the maximum capacity as of 2016 up to 2021 or so. In the case of Gyeongju, considering the fact that it took about 20 years to construct waste disposal facility(It will deal with low and intermediate level radioactive waste and be completed in 2014) it will take much longer to complete high level intermediate Storage facility. Now the situation has been worse to publicize spent fuel since the tragedy of Fukushima due to the public"s distrust in nuclear power. The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are the good examples of publicizing of spent fuel. At the beginning they all established the relevant laws and regulations for publicizing spent fuel and empowered specialized agencies and publicizing committees to the independent authority and responsibility In the case of Korea, we haven"t even brought about the issue of spent fuel handling to the public. However, as for Finland and Sweden, they have already chosen the site for disposal facilities of spent fuel. In this respect, they are way ahead of us. Among them especially Finland is scheduled to commence the construction of spent fuel as of 2014 and aimed to full operation in 2020. Therefore, the case of Finland, which already started this discussion in 1983 and now finalized the site for spent fuel disposal facility, tells us a lot. In addition, when it comes to nuclear policy making in Korea including spent fuel disposal facility it will be highly informative to know that the National Assembly"s permission or the local autonomous entity"s approval are required In this thesis, the final disposal procedure of spent fuel in Finland will be briefly discussed.

고준위방사성폐기물(HLW) 관리법제

천병태(Chun Byung-Tae),김민훈(Kim Min-Hoon) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2006 법학연구 Vol.47 No.1

우리나라는 국가 에너지자원이 불충분한 여건 하에서 원자력발전사업을 촉진함으로써 안정적인 에너지 공급을 위한 일관된 국가정책을 유지하여 왔으며, 현재 원자력 발전에 의한 전력생산은 전체의 40% 정도를 차지하고 있다. 1978년 최초로 고리원자력 발전소 1호기의 상업운영이 개시된 이래 현재 20기의 원자력발전소가 운영되고 있다. 2007년부터 2014년 사이에 신규원전 6기와 차세대원전 4기를 추가로 건설할 계획을 가지고 있다. 이는 1970년대에 두 차례의 석유파동을 겪으면서 석유의 공급불안과 국내 자원부족의 문제를 극복하기 위하여 정부주도하에 상업용 원자력발전소의 건설을 추진하였고 이에 따른 수행결과이며, 특별한 대책이 없는 한 당분간 원자력 발전을 지속하지 않을 수 없는 현실이다. 핵연료의 사용을 통한 원자로의 운영에는 필연적으로 방사성폐기물의 처리문제를 수반한다. 우리나라도 2003년 10월 시점으로 4개 발전소 지역에서 발생한 폐기물은 모두 60,387드럼으로 최대 저장능력 990,900드럼에 육박하고 있어 시급한 대책이 요청된다. 2005년 4월 중 · 저준위 방사성폐기물의 분리확정에 따라 『중 · 저준위방사성폐기물처분시설의 유치치역지원에 관한 특별법』이 제정 · 공포되었다. 이에 따라 동년 6월 방폐장부지선정이 공고되었으며, 8월에는 경주, 영덕, 포항, 군산 등의 지자체가 자율적으로 유치를 신청하였다. 그리고 11월 2일 4개의 지자체가 주민투표를 통하여 경주가 입지로 선정되었다. 그러나 고준위방사성폐기물의 최종처분을 행하는 실시주체나 처분비용을 확보하기 위한 정책 또는 최종처분의 입지선정절차 등에 관한 법제도의 정비가 전무한 상황이다. 이것은 고준위폐기물의 최종처분실시를 위한 구체적인 준비가 진행되고 있는 스웨덴, 스위스, 독일, 프랑스, 미국, 캐나다 등의 외국 법제와 비교해서 상당히 낙후되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 국민의 신뢰확보문제를 고준위폐기물을 비롯한 방사성폐기물 관리와 관련하여 일본과 미국의 논의를 중심으로 살펴보고 있다. Since of first commercial nuclear power plant starred operation in 1978, the Korea has been promoting the utilization of nuclear power as an alternative energy source replacing oil. As a result, nuclear power provides 40% of the national's total power generation. Lacking in natural resources, Korea has consistently promoted the policy focusing on the establishment of the nuclear fuel cycle since the onset of nuclear development, in order to assure the energy security and the most efficient use of resources. The policy includes reprocessing of spent fuel arising from nuclear power generation and utilization of plutonium recovered from spent fuel as nuclear fuel. The middle and low-level radioactive waste regulation is governed by a complicated scheme. And it korea, it is necessary to find the site the middle and low-level radioactive waste. First, Kyung-ju was adopted as the middle and low-level radioactive waste site. In spite of the situation mentioned above, no legal system concerning the implementing entity in charge of HLW(High-Level Radioactive Waste) final disposal, measures to secure budget for final disposal, and disposal site selection procedure has been developed. This means that the development of the korean legal system is behind other counties such as Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, France, The U.S. Canada, and Japan for about 20 years. Under the circumstances, it was an urgent mission to develop a legal system for the implementation of HLW final disposal in Korea.

A Study on the Technology Level of High-Level Radioactive Waste Management: Focused on Delphi and Focus Group Interview Survey Method

Hyeon Woo Oh,Jin Beak Park,Junghwa Yang,Rinah Kim,Minkyu KIM 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2

The 2-round Delphi survey and Focus Group Interview (FGI) survey method, in this study, are sequentially applied for the level analysis of the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) management technologies, that are classified into transport/storage, site evaluation, and disposal categories. The 2- round Delphi survey was conducted on domestic 56 experts in the HLW field in Korea, and survey answers were managed with questionnaires distributed by e-mail. In the FGI survey, domestic 24 experts from management field were formed into three groups to conduct in-depth interviews. Past research achievements including journal papers, intellectual properties and the expert opinions presented at expert hearing on HLW technology were used as reference materials. As a result of the survey, in this study, the average domestic technology level compared to the leading countries was 83.1% in transport area, 79.6% in storage area, 62.2% in site evaluation area, and 57.4% in disposal area, respectively. When compared to the former level analysis results in 2017, technology level of transport-storage area increased by 8.6%, and the site evaluation-disposal technology area decreased by 7.27%. The highest factor that increase the level of technology in the transport-storage field was due to the increased R&D program resulting on journal papers, intellectual properties. In addition, the decrease factor in the level of technology in the site evaluation-disposal field was mainly due to relatively low R&D program when compared to the leading countries. Suggested method for the level survey can be used to find out the basic data of the lower tech technologies, to estimate the efficient research budgets and to prepare the R&D human resources. With this regards, R&D roadmap can be matured with suggested prediction method for the domestic technology level on HLW.

Numerical Model Development for Long-Term Erosion of Bentonite Buffer

Jaewon Lee,Jung-Woo Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

Effective containment and disposal of high-level radioactive waste is critical to ensure long-term environmental and human safety. Especially bentonite, which is widely used as a buffer material due to its favorable characteristics such as swelling ability and low permeability, plays an important role in preventing the migration of radioactive waste into the surrounding environment. However, the long-term performance of bentonite buffer remains an area of ongoing investigation, with particular attention focused on erosion mechanisms induced by swelling and groundwater flow. The erosion of the bentonite buffer can significantly impact the integrity of buffer and lead to the formation of colloids, which could potentially facilitate the transport of radionuclides through groundwater. Therefore, quantification of bentonite buffer erosion based on an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that influence bentonite buffer erosion, is essential for the safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste repositories. In this study, we aimed to develop a bentonite buffer erosion model using the Adaptive Processbased total system performance assessment framework for a geological disposal system (APro) proposed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The impact of bentonite erosion on performance assessment can be broadly divided into bentonite property degradation by the penetration of the bentonite buffer into rock fractures and the formation of pseudocolloids. To simulate this phenomenon, Two-region model based on a dynamic bentonite diffusion model is adopted, which can quantify the extent of bentonite intrusion and loss by erosion. Using this Tworegion model, a numerical model was developed to simulate the degradation of bentonite properties based on the amount of bentonite intrusion, as well as to simulate the migration of pseudocolloids in the near-field by deriving the amount of pseudocolloid production based on the loss of bentonite and the sorption rate of radionuclides. To check the applicability of the developed numerical model, preliminary analysis was performed for the effect of bentonite erosion in terms of process-based performance assessment. It is anticipated that this comprehensive model developed in this study will contribute to the accurate and reliable assessment of the long-term performance and safety of high-level radioactive waste repositories.

Manufacturing of Mobile High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Equipment for Decontamination of Metallic Radioactive Waste and Demonstration in NPP

Manseok Do,Jungyoon Han,Myoungjun Kim,Jichang Ryu,Junghwan Hong,Jungcheol Shin,Unhak Seong 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

Despite its advantages such as safety, unnecessary pretreatment, and decontamination of waste with complex geometry, conventional ultrasonic decontamination technology has been only used to remove loose contaminants, oil and grease, not fixed contaminants due to the limitations in increasing the intensity in the high frequency range. Thus, ultrasound has been used as an auxiliary method to accelerate chemical decontamination of radioactive wastes or chemicals were added to the solution to increase the decontamination efficiency. The recently developed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) decontamination technology overcomes these limitations by combining multiple frequencies of ultrasonic waves in a specific arrangement, making it possible to remove most fixed contaminants, including radioactive micro particles less than 1 micrometer within half an hour. KEPCO NF and EnesG developed mobile HIFU decontamination equipment and successfully demonstrated the decontamination effect on various radionuclides found in nuclear power plants by treating radioactive metal waste to the level below free release criteria. The mobile HIFU decontamination equipment used in the demonstration can be operated anywhere where water is supplied, including controlled area in nuclear power plants, and is expected to be used widely for decontamination and free release of metal radioactive wastes.

Siting High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities: Lessons from a Half Century of Many Failures and Few Successes

( Jeryl L. Mumpower ),( Sing Yi Luk ) 한국정책학회 2017 International Journal of Policy Studies Vol.8 No.2

We examine efforts to site, construct, open, and operate facilities for disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) from commercial nuclear power plants. Despite a few cases where future success seems likely, more than half a century after the first nuclear power plants opened, there are no operating facilities anywhere for disposal of commercial spent nuclear fuel. The paper reviews and discusses four normative and prescriptive frameworks for designing siting processes; failed efforts to site a HLRW disposal facility in the United States; the successful U.S. effort to site a disposal facility for defense-related transuranic waste; and siting efforts in select other countries that produce electricity from nuclear power plants. The primary lessons from efforts to site HLRW disposal facilities are that prospects for success are improved when the siting process is fair, perceived to be fair, participatory, transparent, makes use of sound science and high-quality information, is efficient, and leads to outcomes aligned with societal goals. The two most common stumbling blocks are lack of public support and perceived legitimacy. Failures in these regards loom larger than failures to identify a technically optimal solution. Siting efforts are likely to fail without substantial levels of local support, but more distant stakeholders and communities can still influence the siting process. Certain exogenous factors may affect the outcome, particularly favorable geological conditions or adverse political currents.