고상추출법과 액액추출법을 이용한 수질 시료 중 Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) 분석법 연구

이두희 ( Hye Ri Lee ),정인영 ( In-young Chung ),이혜리 ( Hye Ri Lee ),김혁 ( Hyuk Kim ),박상아 ( Sang-ah Park ),김일규 ( Il-gyu Kim ),도영선 ( Young-sun Do ),이원석 ( Won Seok Lee ),최종우 ( Jong Woo Choi ) 한국환경분석학회 2016 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.19 No.2

In this study, we evaluated analytical methods for the determination of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (α, β, γ-HBCD) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Instrumental analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS), and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge was used for SPE. SPE showed the highest recovery when using ethyl acetate as the eluent, and 40% methanol was used as the clean-up solvent. In LLE, a multilayer column using AgNO3 showed a low recovery rate. The respective method detection limits (MDLs) and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) of HBCDs in water were 0.068-0.145 ng/L and 0.217-0.462 ng/L for SPE, and 0.043-0.293 ng/L and 0.135-0.932 ng/L for LLE. The accuracy ranged from 96.3% to 104.3% for SPE and 99.3% to 101.2% for LLE. The precision values for both SPE and LLE were less than 5.98%.

거제-한산만 양식장 밀집해역의 표층퇴적물, 주상퇴적물 및 이매패류 내 브롬화방염제(HBCDDs)의 농도분포

손지영,박시현,이인석,최민규 한국환경분석학회 2020 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.23 No.1

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) concentrations were investigated in surface sediments, core sediments, and oysters collected from densely concentrated oyster farms in the Geojae-Hansan Bay. HBCDD concentrations in surface sediments, core sediments, and oysters were 14.0~97.6 ng/g-dry, 0.46~59.8 ng/g-dry, and 0.53~1.32 ng/g-wet, respectively. The levels of HBCDDs in the inner bay, in an area with a high density of oyster farms, were higher than those in the outer bay. The HBCDD concentrations in the marine sediments in this study were comparable to or higher than those in industrialized and urbanized coastal areas in Korea. The HBCDD concentrations in the core sediment increased from the 5 cm layer (from the late 1990s) to the surface layer. Recent inputs to the bay may be associated with the increased use of HBCDDs in Korean farming activities. Of the HBCDD isomers, γ-HBCDD was dominant in marine sediments because it is a major isomer of commercial technical mixtures and expanded polystyrene buoys. In contrast, the oyster samples were dominated by α-HBCDD due to its higher assimilation efficiency and longer half-life relative to other isomers. A human health risk assessment for HBCDDs via oyster consumption for the Korean population was carried out, and the risk was very low.

Treatability of hexabromocyclododecane using Pd/Fe nanoparticles in the soil-plant system: Effects of humic acids

Le, Thao Thanh,Yoon, Hakwon,Son, Min-Hui,Kang, Yu-Gyeong,Chang, Yoon-Seok Elsevier 2019 The Science of the total environment Vol.689 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a persistent organic pollutant that accumulates in soil and sediments, however, it has been difficult to degrade HBCD with developed remediation technologies so far. In this study, degradation of HBCD by bimetallic iron-based nanoparticles (NPs) under both aqueous and soil conditions considering the effects of humic acids (HAs) and tobacco plant was investigated. In the aqueous solution, 99% of the total HBCD (15 mM) was transformed by Pd/nFe (1 g L<SUP>−1</SUP>) within 9 h of treatment and the HBCD debromination by Pd/nFe increased with the addition of HAs. In the soil system, 13%, 15%, 41% and 27% of the total HBCD were removed by treatments consisting of plant only, plant with HAs, plant with NPs and plant + NPs + HAs, respectively, compared to the HBCD removal in an unplanted soil. The 221–986 ng/g of HBCD were detected inside the plant after the treatments, and HAs showed considerable influence on the selective bioaccumulation of HBCD stereoisomers in the plant. Overall, this approach represents a meaningful attempt to develop an efficient and eco-friendly technology for HBCD removal, and it provides advantages for the sustainable remediation of recalcitrant emerging contaminants in soils.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Degradation of HBCD by Pd/nFe in presence of plant and humic acids was investigated. </LI> <LI> HBCD was debrominated by Pd/nFe in both aqueous and soil conditions. </LI> <LI> HAs showed considerable influence on the degradation and bioaccumulation of HBCD. </LI> <LI> The nano-bio remediation is a potential strategy to remove HBCD from the soil. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

대기 및 수질 중 브롬화 난연제 분석법에 관한 연구

도영선,김일규,김동훈,김혁,박유미,김상민,이두희,박상아,정인영 한국환경분석학회 2017 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.20 No.4

The purposes of this study were to improve the standard analytical method for decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-DBE) and investigate the concentrations of brominated flame retardants such as the hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and deca-DBE in water (n=8) and ambient air (n=6). The HBCDs were pretreated via hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC/MS/MS, affording limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.22~0.44 ng/L and 0.24~0.85 pg/m3 in water and air, respectively. In air, the concentration of HBCDs, among which the γ-isomer was the most prominent, ranged from <LOQ to 505.35 pg/ m3 as the median value. In contrast, HBCDs were not observed below the detection limit in water at any sampling site. Deca-BDE was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction of the water samples or Soxhlet extraction of the air samples, and subsequently analyzed by HRGC/HRMS after purification through a multi-layer silica gel column. The LOQs for deca-BDE were 1.32 ng/L and 2.5 pg/m3 in water and air, respectively, and its concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 10.3 ng/L in water and 21.4 to 87.1 pg/m3 (median) in air. Through this study, we found that the levels of HBCDs and deca-BDE in air and water in Korea are lower or similar to those of other countries

Occurrence and distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants in mosses and lichens from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Kim, Jun-Tae,Choi, Yun-Jeong,Barghi, Mandana,Yoon, Young-Jun,Kim, Jeong-Hoon,Kim, Ji Hee,Chang, Yoon-Seok Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 2018 Environmental pollution Vol.235 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The spatial distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes), were investigated in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, employing mosses (<I>Andreaea depressinervis</I> and <I>Sanionia uncinata</I>) and lichens (<I>Himantormia lugubris</I> and <I>Usnea antarctica</I>) as bioindicators. The levels of PBDEs, HBCDs, and Dechloranes ranged from 3.2 to 71.5, 0.63–960, and 2.04–2400 pg/g dw (dry weight) in the mosses, and from 1.5 to 188, 0.1–21.1, and 1.0–83.8 pg/g dw in the lichens, respectively. HFRs were detected in all of the collected samples, even in those from the remote regions. The dominance of high brominated-BDE, <I>anti-</I>DP fraction, and HBCD diastereomeric ratio in the samples from remote regions suggested the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of the HFRs. The relatively high HBCDs and Dechloranes contamination and their similar chemical profile with commercial products in the vicinity of Antarctic research stations indicated that human activities might act as local sources, while PBDEs appeared to be more influenced by LRAT and bioaccumulation rather than local emission. Lastly, the relatively high HFR levels and dominance of more brominated BDEs at the Narębski Point and in the wet lowlands suggested that penguin colonies and melting glacier water could be secondary HFR sources in Antarctica. The HFR levels differed by sample species, suggesting that further research on the factors associated with the HFR accumulation in the different species is necessary. This study firstly reports the alternative HFR levels in a wide area of the Antarctica, which could improve our understanding of the source, transport, and fate of the HFRs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> HFRs were detected in mosses and lichens from the South Shetland Islands. </LI> <LI> The main sources of HFRs were long-range atmospheric transport and human activities. </LI> <LI> The alternative HFRs seemed to be more affected by human activities than PBDEs. </LI> <LI> The HFR levels differed by species of the mosses and the lichens. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Widespread detection of a brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane, in expanded polystyrene marine debris and microplastics from South Korea and the Asia-Pacific coastal region

Jang, Mi,Shim, Won Joon,Han, Gi Myung,Rani, Manviri,Song, Young Kyoung,Hong, Sang Hee Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.231 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The role of marine plastic debris and microplastics as a carrier of hazardous chemicals in the marine environment is an emerging issue. This study investigated expanded polystyrene (EPS, commonly known as styrofoam) debris, which is a common marine debris item worldwide, and its additive chemical, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). To obtain a better understanding of chemical dispersion via EPS pollution in the marine environment, intensive monitoring of HBCD levels in EPS debris and microplastics was conducted in South Korea, where EPS is the predominant marine debris originate mainly from fishing and aquaculture buoys. At the same time, EPS debris were collected from 12 other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and HBCD concentrations were measured. HBCD was detected extensively in EPS buoy debris and EPS microplastics stranded along the Korean coasts, which might be related to the detection of a quantity of HBCD in non-flame-retardant EPS bead (raw material). The wide detection of the flame retardant in sea-floating buoys, and the recycling of high-HBCD-containing EPS waste inside large buoys highlight the need for proper guidelines for the production and use of EPS raw materials, and the recycling of EPS waste. HBCD was also abundantly detected in EPS debris collected from the Asia-Pacific coastal region, indicating that HBCD contamination via EPS debris is a common environmental issue worldwide. Suspected tsunami debris from Alaskan beaches indicated that EPS debris has the potential for long-range transport in the ocean, accompanying the movement of hazardous chemicals. The results of this study indicate that EPS debris can be a source of HBCD in marine environments and marine food web.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A brominated flame retardant, HBCD, was assessed in EPS debris and microplastics. </LI> <LI> HBCD was widely detected in EPS debris from the Asia-Pacific coastal region. </LI> <LI> Additive HBCD are dispersed via EPS pollution in marine environments. </LI> <LI> EPS debris can be a source of HBCD in the marine environment. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

해양 환경 중 발포 폴리스타이렌 기인 헥사브로모사이클로도데케인의 정량적 거동 평가

김윤섭,이황,장미,황상희,권정환 환경독성보건학회 2020 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2020 No.9

우리나라 하천에 서식하는 붕어와 주변 퇴적토에 축적된 HBCDs의 분포 특성

이수민(Sumin Lee),김성욱(Seongwook Kim),정기호(Gi Ho Jeong) 한국분석과학회 2014 분석과학 Vol.27 No.6

브롬화난연제 함유 폐기물의 함량 특성 연구

연진모,김우일,황동건,조나현,김기헌,이영기 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.35 No.8

In this study, the results of PBDEs and HBCDs of the products and waste that contain BFRs such as domestic electronicproducts, automobiles and textile products were compared with international management standards, and their excess rateswere calculated. Deca-BDE was detected among the PBDEs in TV rear cover plastics, car seats, automotive interior plastics,and automobile shredding residues of products and waste containing BFRs. The comparison with Basel Conventionmanagement standards (1,000 mg/kg) for PBDE-containing wastes (4 types in total) shows that the excess rate of all sampleswas less than 1.5%. The estimated excess rate compared to the EU and Basel convention management standards (1,000mg/kg) for PBDEs (4 species + deca-BDE) and TV rear cover plastics was 37.5% (30 of 80 samples exceeded the standards). The estimated excess rate compared to the Basel convention management standards (1,000 mg/kg) for HBCD, buildingmaterials products and waste was 15.7% (17 of 108 samples exceeded the standards). In the case of PBDEs, it is necessaryto remove only the rear cover of CRT TV among the electric and electronic products and treat it in the flame retardanttreatment facility to improve the recycling collection system. In the case of HBCD, it is necessary to appropriately disposeof the recycled materials, heat insulation materials, TV plastics, and styrofoam in marine fishery among constructionmaterials and restrict the use as recycled raw materials.