유기농 유당으로부터 유기농 Galactooligosaccharide 생산

신중철(Jung Cheul Shin),서형주(Hyung Joo Suh),장주현(Joo Hyun Jang),서그림(Geu Rim Seo),나경수(Kyung Soo Ra),김훈(Hoon Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2017 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.46 No.12

본 연구에서는 유기농 유당(organic lactose)을 원료로 Bacillus로부터 분리한 새로운 β-galactosidase의 당전이 반응(transgalactosylation)을 이용해 유기농 갈락토올리고당(galactooligosaccharide, GOS)을 생산하고, 이를 시판되는 타 효소제품을 이용해 조제된 GOS와 비교함으로써 새로운 GOS 제품의 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. Bacillus로부터 분리한 새로운 β-galactosidase를 비롯하여 시판되는 GOS 전환효소 3종(Lactozym, Maxilact 및 Pectinex)을 이용하여 유기농 유당이 GOS로 전환되는 비율을 검토한 결과, β-galactosidase는 유당을 가수분해하여 19.83%의 galactose와 glucose로 가수분해하였으며, transgalactosylation을 유도하여 glucose와 galactose의 β-1,6 결합 형태인 allolactose를 약 20.0% 가량 생성시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, β-galactosidase는 시판되는 타 효소들에 비하여 유기농 유당으로부터 GOS로의 전환(총 GOS 전환율 60.50%)을 가장 효율적으로 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 선별된 β-galactosidase와 Lactozym을 이용하여 효소의 첨 가량 및 반응시간이 유기농 GOS 생산에 미치는 영향을 비교한 결과, 두 종류의 효소에서 모두 효소-기질의 반응시간 및 효소의 첨가량은 GOS 생산량과의 뚜렷한 관련성을 찾아볼 수 없었으나, 유기농 유당으로부터 GOS의 전환수율은 Lactozym을 첨가한 군(39.5~50.6%)에 비해서 β-galactosidase가 첨가된 군(59.2~63.3%)에서 매우 높게 나타났다. 시판 GOS 제품들의 총 GOS 함량(54.03~60.27%)과 비교해본 결과, 최적조건으로 제조된 유기농 GOS의 총 GOS함량(60.50%)은 높은 수준인 것으로 확인되었다. 유당 함량분석을 통해 확인한 유기농 유당의 품질은 GOS 생산 원료로 매우 적합할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 유기농 GOS는 최초 유기농 GOS로, 시판 중인 GOS 제품들과의 당 조성 및 품질 비교에서도 떨어지지 않는 양질의 GOS 제품이 개발되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, GOS 전환율(생산수율), 효소의 가격경쟁력 및 효소 국내 수급사정 등을 고려했을 때 유기농 유당과 β-galactosidase를 이용한 유기농 GOS의 생산은 산업적인 활용 가능성이 매우 클 것으로 생각된다. In this study, we developed a novel organic galactooligosaccharide (GOS) by using β-galactosidase from organic lactose to perform transgalactosylation, and the quality of the novel organic GOS was compared to that of commercial GOS. A new β-galactosidase isolated from Bacillus species converted 80% of lactose composed of galactose and glucose into a transgalactosylation product containing a β-1,6 bond form of glucose and galactose. In addition, β-galactosidase was found to induce conversion of organic lactose to GOS (total GOS conversion of 60.50%) more efficiently than other commercially available enzymes (Lactozym, Maxilact, and Pectinex). The conversion yield of GOS from organic lactose was significantly higher in the β-galactosidase usage group (53.3∼63.3%) than in the Lactozym usage group (39.5∼50.6%). Compared with other commercial GOS products (54.03∼60.27%), total GOS content of organic GOS (60.50%) manufactured under optimal conditions was high. The result, which was confirmed by analysis of lactose contents, suggests that organic GOS in this study was shown to be a novel organic GOS with high quality and the quality of organic GOS is very suitable as a raw material for GOS production. Consequently, organic GOS prepared from the current study is likely to have potential as an industrial product containing high GOS content.

기능성 올리고당 첨가가 Bifidobacterium 균에 미치는 영향

노효영,장금일,이강휘,김광엽 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2008 농업생명과학연구 Vol.42 No.2

This study was performed to find the changes of growth properties of Bif. breve PBH-30 selected from korean infant by adding growth promotive factors such as galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and isomaltooligosaccharides. Bif. breve PBH-30 showed faster growth in TPY- broth containing functional oligosaccharides than TPY- broth(control broth). The medium with 5% GOS showed the fastest growth and 3% IMO showed faster growth than 5% FOS. Bif. breve PBH-30 cultivated in TPY- broth containing functional oligosaccharides showed higher activies of α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase than TPY- broth(control broth). Also activities of α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase were higher in TPY- broth than with functional oligosaccharides except 3% IMO. In the analysis of fatty acid, the content of C18:1 ω9C was 31.53% in TPY broth, 38.41% in TPY- broth, 55.50% in TPY- broth containing 5% GOS, 50.95% in TPY- broth containing 5% FOS, and 45.75% in TPY- broth containing 3% IMO. Bif. breve PBH-30 cultivated in the media that containing functional oligosaccharides showed remarkably low pH than TPY- broth. Also the total acidity of Bif. breve PBH-30 was 0.873% in TPY- broth, 1.188% in TPY- broth containing 5% GOS, 1.134% in TPY- broth containing 3% IMO, and 1.098% in TPY- broth containing 5% FOS. Although Bif. breve PBH-30 cultivated in TPY- broth containing 5% GOS, affected significantly than with other functional oligosaccharides, growth in TPY- broth(control broth) supported highest bile tolerance. TPY- broth containing 5% GOS was more effective than TPY- broth in growth inhibition of pathogens such as E. coli O157, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Adherences of Bif. breve PBH-30 to Caco-2 cells were observed at most of the Caco-2 cell surfaces using confocal scanning microscope. 국내에서도 소득증대와 시장 확대 등에 따라 기능성 식품에 대한 의존도가 증대되고 있다. 특히 유아용 및 노인용 식품제조에 적합한 유산균 제제의 개발과 함께 선발된 유산균의 생육을 위한 특정 생장촉진물질의 탐색이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 두유수유아의 분변으로부터 분리, 선발된 Bifidobacterium 균을 생균제로서의 능력을 향상시키기 위해 Bifidobacterium 균의 성장요인으로 알려져 있고, 인체에 유용한 기능성 올리고당의 첨가에 따른 생육특성을 조사하였다. 선발된 균주는 기능성 올리고당이 첨가된 배지에서 증식이 더 빠르게 나타났고, 그 중에서도 GOS가 5% 첨가된 배지에서 가장 빠르게 증식하였다. 또한, 기능성 올리고당을 첨가한 경우 α-galactosidase와 β-galactosidase의 활성이 더 좋아졌고, 균체의 세포막 지방산 조성을 비교해본 결과 Oleic acid (C18:1 ω9C) 함량 또한 월등히 높게 나타났다. pH 변화와 총산도 실험을 수행한 결과, 기능성 올리고당을 첨가하지 않은 배지에서 pH 5.79의 0.873%를 나타낸 반면, 5% GOS 가 첨가된 배지에서는 pH 3.6의 1.188%, 3% IMO는 pH 3.69의 1.134%, 그리고 FOS는 pH 3.71의 1.098%등으로, 현저히 낮은 pH를 나타냈다. 내담즙성의 실험결과 , 기능성 올리고당 중 5% GOS가 가장 높은 나타냈으나, 첨가하지 않은 경우보다는 낮은 수치를 나타냈다. 병원성균 성장저해 실험을 한 결과, 5% GOS를 첨가한 배지에서 자란 Bif. breve PBH-30이 E. coli O157, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus 등과 같은 병원성 균을 더 효과적으로 저해하였으며, 특히 E. coli O157의 생육이 효과적으로 저해되었다. In vitro 부착능을 실험한 결과, 대부분의 Bif. breve PBH-30이 Caco-2 cell의 세포외막의 굴곡을 따라 부착되었음을 확인 하였다.

The Prognostic Factors Related to Traumatic Brain Stem Injury

Kim, Hun-Joo The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2012 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.51 No.1

Objective : This study was conducted to assess the clinical significance of traumatic brain stem injury (TBSI) reflected on Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) by various clinical variables. Methods : A total of 136 TBSI patients were selected out of 2695 head-injured patients. All initial computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging studies were retrospectively analyzed according to demographic- and injury variables which result in GCS and GOS. Results : In univariate analysis, mode of injury showed a significant effect on combined injury (p<0.001), as were the cases with skull fracture on radiologic finding (p<0.000). The GCS showed a various correlation with radiologic finding (p<0.000), mode of injury (p<0.002), but less favorably with impact site (p<0.052), age (p<0.054) and skull fracture (p<0.057), in order of statistical significances. However, only GOS showed a definite correlation to radiologic finding (p<0.000). In multivariate analysis, the individual variables to enhance an unfavorable effect on GCS were radiologic finding [odds ratio (OR) 7.327, 95% confidence interval (CI)], mode of injury (OR; 4.499, 95% CI) and age (OR; 3.141, 95% CI). Those which influence an unfavorable effect on GOS were radiologic finding (OR; 25.420, 95% CI) and age (OR; 2.674, 95% CI). Conclusion : In evaluation of TBSI on outcome, the variables such as radiological finding, mode of injury, and age were revealed as three important ones to have an unfavorable effect on early stage outcome expressed as GCS. However, mode of injury was shown not to have an unfavorable effect on late stage outcome as GOS. Among all unfavorable variables, radiological finding was confirmed as the only powerful prognostic variable both on GCS and GOS.

잡음 불확실성이 있는 환경에서 Nakagami-m 페이딩 신호의 스펙트럼 센싱 성능 분석

김창주 한국전자파학회 2023 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.34 No.7

Spectrum sensing is of significance in shared spectrum bands. Traditional energy detectors are limited by the variance in background noise, which can reduce the sensing probability. Order statistics detectors, which are inherently protected against non-uniform background noise, can complement energy detectors. However, to date, the spectrum sensing performance of Nakagami-m fading signals has not been analyzed. In this paper, we fill this gap by analyzing the spectrum sensing performance of Nakagami-m fading signals and proposing a robust sensing method called the GOS-L-m detector for noise-uncertain environments. We derive the false alarm probability formula for the GOS-L-m detector, and calculate a threshold value to maintain a constant false alarm rate. Based on this, we obtain the detection probability in a noise-uncertain environment. Our analysis shows that the GOS-L-m sensing method achieves robust detection performance and maintains the desired constant false alarm rate if the coefficients of the GOS-L-m detector are correctly selected.

두부외상환자에서의 예후인자

최성혁,문준동,김수진,문철규,이성우,홍윤식 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Background: Predicting outcome after head trauma is of great interest for clinicians, especially in the early stage. It may provide a basis for therapeutic strategies and may be helpful to select different approaches. But, reliable outcome prediction from head trauma is still unresolved. The purpose of this study is to determine which clinical parameters can be used effectively after an event of head trauma. Methods: In our study we studied head trauma patients who came to the Emergency department of Korea University Medical School Anam Hospital from the 1st of June 1998 to 31th of January 2000, looked into medical records, and studied the records in a retrospective manner. The head trauma patients were divied into two group, a) favourable outcome-related and b) unfavourable outcome-related. The two groups were then subdivided according to their sex, age, the mechanism of their injury, the time they came in, alcohol drinking, loss of consciousness, vomiting, pupil change, previous medical illness, associated injuries and were seperately compared and analyzed. And the factors affecting Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS) were analyzed in the parameters of Injury Severity Score(ISS), Revised Trauma Score(RTS), Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), motor score of GCS(mGCS), Marshall Computed Tomographic Classification(MCTC). Statistically, t-test and Mann-Whistney rank sum test using Jandel-sigma were used in the study and then were assessed in Chi-square analysis methods. The statistical significance was determined at a level of p less than 0.05. Results: The total of the head trauma patients, added up to 129 people, 99:males and 30:females. Among this sum, 99 patients showed a favourable outcome and 30 patients showed an unfavourable outcome at discharge. The causes of injury included: automobile accident in 42 cases; fallss in 26; assaults in 6; and accidental-slipping injury etc in 55 cases. 12 patients had bilateral unreactive pupils on admission, 2 had unilateral reactive pupils, and 113 had bilateral reactive pupils. Compared to the favourable outcome-related head trauma group, the unfavourable outcome-relared head trauma group had more history of loss of consciousness, unreactive pupils and tended to have previous medical illness. There were no difference in alcohol related, vomiting and associated injuries between two groups(favourable outcome-related head trauma group: unfavourable outcome-related head trauma group). Substantial difference were observed in GCS, mGCS, ISS, RTS, MCTC between two groups. Patients with unfavourable outcome had a significantly higher ISS, lower RTS, lower mGCS. After MCTC, patients with mass lesion had unfavourable outcome than patients with diffuse injury. Conclusion: Age, history of loss of consciousness, previous medical illness and unreactive pupil change are predictives of outcomes of head trauma patients with respect to Glasgow outcome scale. The lower GCS, lower RTS, lower mGCS, higher ISS, mass lesion based on CT scan provide poorer prognostic outcome in patients with head trauma. Use of prognostic factors thorough complete history taking and physical examination would provide useful prognostic information and facilitate improved therapeutic decision-malting in head-injuried patients.

‘한국형 아포칼립스 비판’에 질문하기 -퀴어/세대 아포칼립스 『해가 지는 곳으로』를 중심으로-

채태준(Taejun Chae) 한국문화연구학회 2020 문화연구 Vol.8 No.1

최진영의 장편소설 ≪해가 지는 곳으로≫ (2017)는 전염병이 창궐하여 근대적 질서가 무너진 세계를 배경으로 삼는 아포칼립스 소설이다. 이 소설은 아포칼립스적 설정에 무관심하다는 점과 대안의 윤리로 ‘사랑’을 제시한다는 점에서 미학적이고 문화정치적인 결여를 표지하는 ‘한국형 아포칼립스’작품으로 평가된 바 있다. 본고는 이 같은 평가를 재검토하고, 오늘날 아포칼립스 문화정치의 규율이 구획되는 방식에 질문을 제기하기 위해 ≪해가 지는 곳으로≫를 다시 읽는다. 그 과정에서 퀴어 서사의 맥락에서 해당 소설에 내려졌던 ‘경제동물 청년 서사’ 평가를 참조하여, ‘세대’와 ‘퀴어’라는 두 개념을 분석의 단위로 활용한다. 헬조선 담론이 진보 사관 속에서 역사적 주체로 청년을 호출하는 방식에 대한 반(反)담론이듯, 소설 속 두 퀴어가 지닌 ‘끝’에 대한 감각은 이성애적 질서의 ‘예외상태’ 통치성이 의지하는 미래주의에 반(反)한다. 또한 이 소설이 파국 속에서 대안으로 제시하고 있는 ‘사랑’이란 그 동안 논해진 바와 달리 그 방식이 안정화되어 있지 않다. 더불어 개략적으로 언급된 바 있는 소설 속 ‘경제동물 청년’의 형상이 어떤 외양을 하고 있는지에 관해 논한다. Haega jineun gos-eulo, a full-length novel of Choi Jin-young, is an apocalypse novel set against a world where the modern order has collapsed due to the epidemic. This novel has been under-evaluated as an aesthetical Korean-style Apocalypse which is lack of cultural politics in that it is indifferent to the apocalyptic setting and suggests the love as an alternative ethics. This article reexamines this novel to reconsider this devaluation and to question how the rules of apocalypse cultural politics are defined today. In the context of the criticism of the queer novel, this novel has been evaluated as a narrative of youths as an economic animal. Based on this, inter-generational and queer approaches are applied for the analysis. Just as the Hell-Joseon discourse is an anti-discourse on the progressive view of history, the sense of the end in the novel counteracts the futurism relying on the governmentality of the heterosexual order. The love that this novel suggests as an alternative in catastrophe is not stabilized as previously discussed.

그래핀 옥사이드 표면에 di nuclear europium complexes가 도입된 하이브리드 소재 합성

( Uma Ravi Sankar Arigala ),임병철 ( Byung Chul Lim ),윤옥자 ( Yoon Ja Ok ),이내응 ( Nae Eung Lee ),윤국로 ( Kuk Ro Yoon ) 한국화상학회 2012 한국화상학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Graphene oxide sheets (GOSs) functionalized with Europium complex was prepared using a noncovalent approach. The adsorption of Europium complexes onto GOSs, as well as the individual nature of the hybrids, was confirmed. The GOS-Europium complex hybrids and their dispersion can emit bright red luminescence, which makes them useful in many practical fields, such as biological labeling and anti-counterfeiting.

포퓰리즘에 관한 고전 정치철학적 탐색- 고대 데마고고스(dēmagōgos)의 정치술과 참된 정치술 -

황옥자 새한철학회 2021 哲學論叢 Vol.104 No.2

This article deals with the political art of the ancient dēmagōgos-Kleon, who are called the first populists. Through this, we find that negative views on Dēmagōgos are found in "anti-elite" elements that are difficult to tolerate under Athens' "anti-democratic" tradition. In short, the conflict between the demos and the elite, the conflict between the leaders who resemble the public and the leaders who resemble the elite, argues that their strong trust in the elite leader, class prejudice, and their negative views on the public have been narrowed down to Dēmagōgos. These discussions could provide one political and philosophical clue to the hidden intentions(the distinction between elites and non-elites, the distinction between reason and irrationality or emotion, and the antipathy of political elites to the public that bypasses populism) of the "populist debate and its frame” in modern democracy. 이 글은 최초의 포퓰리스트로 불리는 고대 데마고고스(dēmagōgos), 클레온(Kleon)의 정치술을 다룬다. 이를 통해 데마고고스에 대한 부정적 견해가 아테네의 ‘반민주적인’ 전통하에서 용인되기 어려운 ‘반엘리트적인’ 요소에서 찾아진다는 흥미로운 사실을 발견한다. 요컨대 대중과 엘리트의 갈등, 대중을 닮은 지도자와 엘리트를 닮은 지도자의 갈등에서 엘리트 지도자에 대한 강한 신뢰와 계급적 편견, 대중에 관한 그들의 부정적인 견해가 데마고고스로 압축되었음을 주장한다. 이러한 논의는 현대 민주주의에서‘포퓰리즘 논쟁과 그 프레임’이 갖는 숨겨진 의도들(엘리트와 비엘리트의 구별, 이성과 비이성(혹은 감정)의 구분, 포퓰리즘으로 우회하는 대중에 대한 정치엘리트의 반감들)을 파악하는 하나의 정치철학적 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Study on the neutron imaging detector with high spatial resolution at China spallation neutron source

Jiang, Xingfen,Xiu, Qinglei,Zhou, Jianrong,Yang, Jianqing,Tan, Jinhao,Yang, Wenqin,Zhang, Lianjun,Xia, Yuanguang,Zhou, Xiaojuan,Zhou, Jianjin,Zhu, Lin,Teng, Haiyun,Yang, Gui-an,Song, Yushou,Sun, Zhiji Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.6

Gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) is regarded as a novel scintillator for the realization of ultra-high spatial resolution in neutron imaging. Monte Carlo simulations of GOS scintillator show that the capability of its spatial resolution is towards the micron level. Through the time-of-flight method, the light output of a GOS scintillator was measured to be 217 photons per captured neutron, ~100 times lower than that of a ZnS/LiF:Ag scintillator. A detector prototype has been developed to evaluate the imaging solution with the GOS scintillator by neutron beam tests. The measured spatial resolution is ~36 ㎛ (28 line pairs/mm) at the modulation transfer function (MTF) of 10%, mainly limited by the low experimental collimation ratio of the beamline. The weak light output of the GOS scintillator requires an enormous increase in the neutron flux to reduce the exposure time for practical applications.

Synthesis of Galactooligosaccharides in the Cheese Whey-based Medium by a Lactase from Lactobacillus paracasei YSM0308

Song, Tae-Suk,Lee, Kyung-Sang,Kang, Seung-Bum,Yoo, Seong-Ho,Lee, Jong-Ik,Yoon, Sung-Sik Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2013 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.33 No.5

An enzyme ${\beta}$-galactosidase or ${\beta}$-galactohydrolase [EC3.2.1.23], commonly called lactase, mediates galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) synthesis under conditions of high substrate concentrations. Also, lactase hydrolyzes ${\beta}$($1{\rightarrow}4$) lactose into glucose and galactose, the latter is successively transferred to free lactose to make various oligosaccharides via transgalactosylation. GOS is non-digestible to human digestive enzymes and has been used as a functional prebiotics. Among the 24 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains used, Lactobacillus paracasei YSM0308 was selected based on its exhibition of the highest ${\beta}$-galactoside hydrolysis activity, and the crude lactase was prepared for examination of reaction conditions to affect the GOS synthesis. Lactase activity was measured with a spectrophotometer using ONPG (o-nitropheyl ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside) method. Lactase activity was not detected in the culture supernatant and was mostly present in the cell pellet after centrifugation. Activity of the crude lactase preparation ranges from102 to 1,053 units/mL, with the highest activity determined for L. paracasei YSM0308. Optimal conditions for GOS synthesis are as follows: concentration of whey powder, pH, temperature, and time were 30%, pH 6.5-7.0, $30^{\circ}C$, and 4 h, respectively. The final GOS concentration was 19.41% (w/v) by the crude YSM0308 lactase, which was obtained from strain YSM0308 grown in the 10% (w/v) reconstituted whey-based medium.