AI 시대의 디지털 격차

김문조(Kim, Mun Cho) 지역사회학회 2020 지역사회학 Vol.21 No.1

정보 편중으로 인한 불평등 현상은 공유성·이전성·복제성과 같이 평준화에 기여함직한 정보의 기본 속성에 반하는 잠재적 역기능의 하나로 꼽혀 학술적·정책적으로 주시되어 왔다. ‘정보격차’로 불려온 정보화 시대의 불평등은 하드웨어 차원인 기기(tool), 소프트웨어 차원인 자료(data), 휴먼웨어 차원인 사용자(user)에 따라 기회격차, 활용격차 및 수용격차라는 세 유형으로 구분된다. 그런데 기계 지능이 인간지능을 넘보는 AI 시대에 들어서면서 정보격차는 새로운 양상을 보이고 있다. 디지털화가 새로운 도약단계로 들어서는 AI 시대의 디지털 격차를 하드웨어, 소프트웨어 및 휴먼웨어 차원에서 되짚어보면, 그것은 운영격차·선별격차·증강격차라는 세 갈레로 발현하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 정보격차로 불려온 AI 이전 시대의 디지털 격차1.0과 AI 시대의 디지털 격차2.0은 다음과 같은 측면에서도 상이한 면모를 보인다. 생활공간의 공유를 전제로 하는 전자의 경우 소유-비소유 관계가 문제의 핵심을 이루는 반면, 후자에 있어서는 생활공간에서의 실존성과 직결된 존재-부존재라는 쟁점이 중요시 된다. 따라서 디지털 격차1.0에서는 사회적 형평성에 어긋나는 정보수혜층과 정보소외층 간의 간극을 축소하기 위한 복지적 접근이 적실한 해법으로 상정되나, 디지털 격차2.0의 경우에는 생활 현장에서의 실존감을 유실한 심정적 퇴출자들의 인간성 회복이 보다 절실한 과제로 대두한다. 그 결과, 기술사회적 논의수준에 머물던 기존 정보격차론은 AI 시대를 맞아 기술담론·사회담론·인간담론을 망라한 수준으로 확장될 전망인데, 이 때 실용지나 암묵지의 소재 여부와 직결된 ‘신(新)지역격차’가 새로운 지적 관심사나 정책적 의제로 소환될 개연성이 높다. Social inequality due to the unequal distribution of information has drawn a great attention in academia and public policy sphere as it is considered one of the latent dysfunctions that go against the basic attributes of information seemingly contributing to social equalization, through the sharing, transferring or reproducing information. Digital divide which has been called the ‘information inequality’ throughout the information age, can be divided into three types: opportunity divide, utilization divide and reception divide in terms of hardware(tool), software(data) and humanware(user), respectively. However, in the AI era, where machine intelligence apt to exceed human intelligence, the digital divide is shifting to a totally new stage. Looking at the digital divide in the AI era in light of the three aspect of hardware, software and humanware, it can be categorized into operational divide, curation divide and augmentation divide. The digital divide of the pre-AI era, which has been called the digital divide1.0 and the digital divided2.0 of the AI era reveal different characteristics as follows. While the ownership/non-ownership relationship is at the core of the problematic for the former which is under the premise of sharing living space, the matter of inclusion/exclusion directly related to the problem of existence in living space is most important for the latter. Thus, in the case of the digital divide of 1.0, welfare approach aiming at reducing the gap between the information rich and the information poor turns out to be the most promising solution than anything else. In the case of digital divide 2.0, however, how to enhance the human dignity of the people who are losing their sense of existence in social life. Therefore, the existing digital divide theory, which remained at the level of socio-technical discussion should be expanded to the more comprehensive discussion that encompasses technological, scientific and humanistic discourses in coming era of AI. Then, it is highly probable that the “new regional disparity” centered on the locale of residence, which is linked to the exchanges of practical or tacit knowledge will be called upon as a new intellectual topic or policy agenda.

스마트 기기의 3단계 디지털 격차에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구: 이용동기를 중심으로

황주성 한국정보사회학회 2024 정보사회와 미디어 Vol.25 No.2

본 연구는 스마트 기기 이용의 궁극적인 목적인 이용성과에 영향을 주는 요인을 찾아내고자 한다. 디지털 격차에 대한 기존 연구들은 주로 역량이나 활용에 초점을 둔 반면, 가장 중요하고 실질적인 격차라 할 수 있는 이용성과에 영향을 주는 요인들을 제대로 설명해 내지 못하였다. 성과의 차이는 디지털 격차가 단순히 온라인상의 불평등에 머물지 않고, 현실적인 삶의 격차로 연결된다는 점에서 그 중요성이 강조되어 왔다. 또한, 이용동기에서, 역량과 활용을 거처 성과에 이르는 3단계의 순차적 격차모형을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 자료는 한국지능정보화진흥원에서 매년 조사하는 ‘디지털 정보격차 실태조사’의 2020년도 원시자료를 활용하였으며, 분석은 SPSS와 AMOS를 이용하였다. 분석결과, 이용동기가 스마트 기기의 이용성과에 가장 크고 유의미한 정적(+) 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났고, 역량과 활용이 뒤를 이었다. 접근은 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 이용동기에서 역량, 활용 그리고 성과로 이어지는 순차적 격차모형의 적합도는 유의미하게 나타났다. 이용동기는 역량에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라, 이용성과에도 의미 있는 직·간접적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과는 스마트 기기의 이용이 오프라인 삶의 성과로 귀결되기 위해서는, 이용역량에 앞서 이용자가 왜 그것을 이용하려고 하는지, 즉 이용동기의 중요성도 고려해야 한다는 시사점을 제기한다. 욕구 및 필요에 중점을 두는 맞춤형, 개인 중심적 디지털 격차 정책의 필요성을 제언한다. As the use of smart devices becomes widespread, policy approaches to addressing the digital divide require a new perspective. In the case of smartphones, which are used by 94.6% of the population, access itself no longer holds much significance. Even if the same device is used, the meaning it has in an individual’s life can vary greatly. This means that differences within the user group are more important than differences between users and non-users, and that there is a growing need to focus on outcomes beyond access, capacity, and usage. This is because differences in outcomes due to the use of smart devices can in turn affect an individual’s offline life and social capital, and there is a great concern that differences in newly formed social capital can extend and reproduce into another digital divide. Many studies on digital divide have been conducted with a focus on capacity and usage. However, empirical studies on outcomes are very limited, both domestically and internationally. In this vein, this study aims to identify factors that affect user outcomes, which can be considered the ultimate goal of using smart devices. Another area that digital divide studies have not sufficiently addressed is the motivation for use. Existing academic and policy studies have focused on capacity, while failing to fully understand the importance of motivation, which is cited as one of the most important reasons for using or not using digital devices. Van Dijk, a leading figure in digital divide research, and his fellow scholars recognize use motivation as the needs, reasons, or purposes related to internet use, and they emphasize its importance. In particular, he presented motivation as the most important factor preceding physical access in his three-stage digital divide model. A significant portion of the group that does not use the Internet does not recognize ‘why they need it’ and ‘what benefits it can provide’. They do not use it because they do not know how it can help them solve the problems they face in reality. However, there is not much empirical research or policy effort regarding the importance of motivation. French and his colleagues argue that motivation is the most fundamental reason for not using the Internet, but has not been studied in sufficient depth and detail. In this vein, this study aims to verify the meaningfulness of the sequential sequential divide model, that progresses from motivation to capacity, usage and outcome. The three-stage sequential divide model provides a comprehensive framework to explore the relationship between motivation and outcomes, moving from motivation to capability, usage, and ultimately, outcomes. To answer these questions, this study set two research questions. Research question 1) What are the factors that affect the outcome of using smart devices? Research question 2): Is the sequential digital divide model appropriate? Does motivation has a statistically meaningful effects on the outcome? To approach these questions, empirical study using secondary has been carried out. The data utilized are from the raw data of the 'Digital Divide Survey 2020' by the National Information Society Agency of Korea. The analysis are performed using SPSS and AMOS. The analysis of research question 1 showed that motivation had the largest and most significant positive (+) impact on the user outcomes of smart devices, followed by capacity and usage(<Table 1>). Access do not have a statistically significant impact. As for research question 2, the fit of the three-stage sequential divide model(motivation → capacity → usage → outcome) turned out to be significant. Motivation not only directly influenced capacity, but also had meaningful direct and indirect effects on user outcomes. These results are significant in that they show that the three-stage sequential digital divide model from motivation to outcome is significant. The findings suggest that to achieve real-life outcomes through...

중소기업의 B2B 전자상거래에서 정보격차가 기업성과에 미치는 영향

최혁라,유일 한국고객만족경영학회 2009 고객만족경영연구 Vol.11 No.2

This study is measured digital divide of organization who use e-commerce, in the aspects of access, usage and electronic information sharing based on the various theoretical discussions on the existing digital divide with identifying the divide through online as e-commerce divide. In the above practice, It is investigated that how the digital divide happens depended on the digital divide patterns and also it influences on organization satisfaction and organization performance. First, this study is focused on the average of the digital divide level regarding the organizational characteristics. In the result, industry is not significant in all digital divide patterns, while the number of an employee is different under all digital divide patterns except access divide. The introduction period of e-commerce is significant in organization performance divide, the average between the sales is different in the regions of access divide, qualitative divide and electronic information sharing. Second, in the result of comparative influences of digital divide factors on satisfaction and performance through e-commerce, quantitative usage divide and electronic information sharing divide are significantly effective in organization satisfaction. Besides only quantitative usage divide is effective in organization performance. Access divide and qualitative usage divide, however, has no influence on satisfaction and performance. We also discussed implications, limitations and future research. 본 연구는 기존의 정보격차(digital divide)에 관한 다양한 이론적 논의를 바탕으로 온라인 상거래 상에서 발생하는 격차를 전자상거래 격차(e-commerce divide)로 개념화하고 전자상거래를 이용하는 기업의 정보격차를 접근과 활용 그리고 전자적 정보공유 차원에서 측정하였다. 이를 통해 정보격차의 유형에 따른 정보격차의 발생원인을 조직특성차원에서 파악하고 정보격차의 차이가 기업의 성과격차인 조직만족도와 조직성과에 미치는 영향력을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구결과 조직특성에 따라 정보격차의 수준을 평균값을 중심으로 살펴본 결과 업종은 모든 정보격차의 유형에서 집단간에 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났으나, 종업원수의 경우는 접근격차를 제외한 모든 정보격차의 유형에서 집단간 평균값에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전자상거래 도입연한은 조직성과격차에만 집단간 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 매출액의 경우는 접근격차, 질적활용격차 그리고 전자적 정보공유격차 유형에 집단간의 평균값 차이가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 전자상거래 성과격차인 조직만족도와 조직성과에 미치는 정보격차요인들의 상대적 영향력을 분석한 결과, 조직만족도의 경우 양적활용격차와 전자적 정보공유격차가 유의한 영향을 미치고, 조직성과의 경우는 양적활용격차만이 유의한 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 접근격차와 질적활용격차는 조직만족도와 조직성과에 미치는 영향력이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구의 결과와 의의, 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향에 대해서도 논의하였다.

디지털 디바이드 해소를 위한 노인복지관의 디지털 체험 공간 연구

김미숙 ( Kim Misook ),김연아 ( Kim Yeana ) 한국공간디자인학회 2022 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.17 No.7

(Background and Purpose) The daily life of most age groups are changing rapidly due to the development and widespread use of the Internet. However, the elderly is experiencing difficulties in a digital society, particularly discomfort with using digital devices. This study aims to address the digital divide affecting the elderly and the phenomenon of alienation caused by it. The digital divide can disrupt inter-generational communication and cause psychological difficulties among the elderly. To address the issue of the digital divide affecting the elderly, measures were taken to educate this demographic population. However, since only a basic education was provided, the ability of the elderly to use digital devices and technology has remained poor. In the digital age, the proper use―rather than simple use―of digital literacy skills is required. Therefore, this study examines the need to create a digital literacy space to address the issue of alienation experienced by elderly from the digital divide. (Method) A literature review was performed on the need by the elderly to have a digital literacy space by reviewing theories through references and investigating previous cases and studies. The review also examined the extent of digital use and alienation among the elderly and the empirical evidence that attributes this alienation to the digital divide. In addition, it analyzed the need and experience of a digital literacy education. (Results) The findings of this study confirmed the presence of a digital divide and the alienation caused by it and experienced by the elderly. Even in the use of the smartphone, which is a ubiquitous digital device in daily life, there was a gap between the elderly and the younger generation. The elderly also expressed difficulty in using the kiosk. In the digital age, digital literacy is needed not only to operate digital devices, but also for digital information for various purposes. Without an effective digital literacy education, the elderly will be further marginalized. The number of digital literacy programs for the elderly are growing, and private organizations are also providing education and support to address the digital divide affecting the elderly. The analysis of local and overseas examples of digital literacy has revealed the importance of providing a comfortable space that can encourage a direct and positive experience with using digital technology and devices. (Conclusions) To address the digital divide, the elderly must be provided not only with a basic education in digital literacy, but also a comfortable space for them to learn and experience digital literacy in their daily lives. Hence, it is possible to create a space for the elderly to live a meaningful life in the digital age.

A Follow-up Study on Smart Divide Issues in Korean Rural Area

Jongtae Lee 한국농식품정보과학회 2016 Agribusiness and Information Management Vol.8 No.1

Digital divide commonly means the gap among diverse stakeholders, businesses, physical areas, and individual people in terms of opportunities, accessibilities, and usabilities (Acılar, 2011). Lee and Park (2011) and Barzilai-Nahon (2006) suggested that the digital divide issues should be considered as an important public issue because proper public response may enhance or reduce the information gaps by the digital divide. This study is a follow-up study of the study of Lee and Park. This study’s main aim is to clarify the changes of the digital divide in the rural areas during five years and to find out meaningful factors to reduce the gaps between the rural area and urban area. To achieve the research aim, this study analyzes the public data by ITSTAT and previous studies on the digital divide. Also this study follows the system thinking approach to model the causal relationships among diverse factors on the digital divide. With the results, this study suggests that the factors to measure the digital divide should be re-designed including smartphone penetration and accessibilities. Especially, current digital divide scoring factors should be considered in the way of social welfare.

A New Framework for Digital Divide in the Smart Phone Age

( Jun Jong-kun ),( Qian Chungxiang ) 동의대학교 경제경영전략연구소 2012 經濟經營硏究 Vol.7 No.2

The rapid diffusion of new IT-related devices and services including smartphones and SNS in recent years has totally changed users` life style and behavior. Fast change in ICT makes previous research on digital divide obsolete in explaining changing aspects of digital divide. In order to provide a better explanation of the impact of recent development in ICT, this paper proposes a holistic model for digital divide by combining information usage gaps and the types of digital divide. The new framework for digital divide presents three types of access divide which are material access divide, skill access divide, and voice access divide at the vertical axis. The concept of voice access divide was coined to explain the voice power users have and how influential they are when they try to make their voices heard in the digital world. The horizontal axis of the framework represents three types of usage gaps: consumption gap, production gap, and dissemination gap. The framework aims to explain how each type of usage gap is narrowed or widened. Thanks to the diffusion of social media, users are putting more time in production and dissemination of information than in consumption, which should narrow the consumption gap, a traditional divide, and widen the production and dissemination gaps.

디지털 네이티브 집단 내의 디지털 격차 : 영향요인의 탐색과 제언

안정임 한국소통학회 2023 한국소통학보 Vol.22 No.2

디지털 격차 연구에서 1020 세대들은 고령층의 상대적 격차 현황을 비교하기 위한 준거집단으로만 활용되어왔을 뿐, 이들 내부의 격차 현실에 대한 연구는 상당히 부족하 다. 본 연구는 디지털 네이티브로 일컬어지는 1020 세대 내에서의 디지털 격차의 존재 여부와 그에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 탐색하였다. 한국지능정보사회진흥원의 <2020 디 지털정보격차 실태조사> 데이터를 활용하여 디지털 기기 유형별 소유 여부의 도구적 격 차 변인, 컴퓨터와 모바일의 이용 기술적 변인, 조력자와 사회관계 자본 등의 관계적 변 인, 디지털에 대한 이용 동기와 태도 등 심리적 변인들이 정보활용격차와 정보생산격 차, 참여격차에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 1020 세 대 내에서도 다양한 형태의 디지털 격차가 존재하고 있으며, 특히 노트북 소유 여부와 같은 도구적 요인의 영향력이 재부상하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 노령층 중심으로 연구되어 온 조력자 변인이 젊은 층에서도 영향을 미쳤고, 이용기술, 이용동기 등이 모 든 격차 유형에서 유의미한 변인으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 및 정책 과제로 새로운 디지 털 환경에서 기기 접근과 소유에 의한 1단계 격차의 재검토, 1020 세대에게도 필요한 조력자의 역할, 이용동기를 유발하는 요인에 대한 탐색 등을 제안하였다. 또한 디지털 네이티브라는 이름 하에 동일 집단으로 인식되어온 1020 세대 내부의 다양한 격차 현상 에 대한 보다 심층적인 질적 연구의 필요성도 논의하였다. In the digital divide research, the 1020 generation has been used only as a reference group to compare the relatively poor status of the divide among the elderly, and research on the divide within young generation is lacking. This study explored the existence of the digital divide within the 1020 generation, referred to as digital natives, and the factors affecting it. Using <2020 Digital Divide Survey> data, instrumental variables such as ownership of different types of digital device, technical variables such as use of computers and mobile, relational variables such as supporters and social capitals, psychological variables such as motivation and attitude toward digital use, this study empirically analyzed the impacts on the information utilization divide, content production divide, and participation divide. As a result, it was revealed that various forms of digital divide exist within the young generation. In particular, whether or not to own a laptop, variables of supporters, technology skills, and motivation for use were found to be significant variables in all types of divide. Based on the results, reexamination of the first-level divide due to device access and ownership in the new digital environment, the role of supporters necessary for the 1020 generation, and the search for factors activating the motivation were suggested as future research and policy tasks. In addition, the need for more in-depth qualitative research on various inequalities within the 1020 generation, which has been recognized as the monolithic group under the name of digital native, was discussed.

지자체 공간정보화 수준분석 및 격차 완화방안

김걸 ( Kirl Kim ),김영호 ( Young Ho Kim ) 한국도시지리학회 2010 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.13 No.3

Spatial information is commonly evaluated very important because it plays significant roles in national administrations, public service, and efficient land use in the national territory. As information society matures, regional gap in information, digital divide, is frequently considered inevitable. The digital divide is identically applicable to spatial information among different regions. Particularly requiring huge financial investment in construction and management, spatial information may lead to serious digital divide in a country. In spite of the importance of spatial information and corresponding digital divide, there are not many researches about digital divide in spatial information. This study investigates digital divide of spatial information by analyzing whole 248 government administrative units in Korea. In the process, this study presents prototype of digital divide analysis about spatial information and provides technical suggestions to reduce the digital divide. The result shows that Korea has regional gaps, the digital divide, in spatial information, and the digital divide was particularly dominant between metropolitan areas and rural villages. This study suggests multi-dimensional suggestions in political, financial, planning and evaluation perspectives to handle the digital divide.

디지털 전환 시대의 정보 격차 개념에 관한 비판적 논의: 지능정보기술 격차 모형의 제안 및 실증 연구

홍은영,문정욱,박천희 한국행정학회 2023 韓國行政學報 Vol.57 No.3

This study explores the causes of the digital divide (hereinafter referred to as the intelligent information technology [IIT] divide) that occurs in the digital transformation era, and it explores the structural relationship between the IIT divide and acceptance in order to seek policy directions that the government should pursue in the future. To this end, this study critically reviews existing discussions related to the digital divide and re-examines the concept of the divide in the digital transformation era. Based on the analysis results, the following policy directions are proposed. First, most research related to the existing digital divide focuses on phenomena that occur at the group level, and as a result, policies are mainly post-hoc approaches to alleviate problems. This study proposes that cause-centered policy design is necessary to actively respond to the problems of the divide. Second, this study proves the robust effect of the divide in explaining people’s attitudes toward IIT adoption. While the major variables discussed in previous studies related to the digital divide effectively explain the IIT divide, it was found that they did not explain acceptance. Such results show why we should be interested in the concept of a divide in the current situation where we can only accept new technologies. Third, the IIT divide should be understood as a social phenomenon that is composed of individual inherent characteristics, technological characteristics, and contextual situations around users. There is thus a limit to any single prescription by the government. Therefore, this study proposes that a clear and focused role of the government is needed through a sophisticated diagnosis of the IIT divide.

디지털 정보격차 관련 국내 연구 동향 분석

고정현,강우진,이종욱 한국도서관·정보학회 2021 한국도서관정보학회지 Vol.52 No.4

This study aims to grasp the key issues and the direction for digital divide research in South Korea. Based on the 488 KCI journal articles published between 2003 and 2020, the authors analyzed the changes in the number of articles per year and the subject areas of journals. Furthermore, the topic modelling and keyword network anlaysis were applied to identify the subjects of research. The main findings can be summarized as follows: first, there was a stable trend for a while after the number of articles had increased by the year of 2007, and then there has been a sharp increase since 2019. Second, digital divide research has been conducted from diverse fields including social science, multidiscipline, and engineering. Third, the six subject areas were identified which are ‘digital divide among regions’, ‘digital divide among people with disabilities’, ‘technical environment of digital divide’, ‘divide from information use and its consequence’, ‘legal and institutional environments of digital divide’, and ‘digital divide of the elderly’. Finally, it was shown that the areas of ‘divide from information use and its consequence’ and ‘technical environment of digital divide’ have attracted attention recently.