Potential of Chitosan Hydrogel Based Activated Carbon Nanoparticles and Non-Activated Carbon Nanoparticles for Water Purification

Fadiyah Hasta Puspitasari,Nurdiansyah,Ummu Salamah,Nela Rahmati Sari,Akhiruddin Maddu,Achmad Solikhin 한국섬유공학회 2020 Fibers and polymers Vol.21 No.4

Water pollution has been an alarming concern for researchers due to its hazard to life, human health, andenvironment. Chitosan and lignocellulose materials have been harnessed for the purification of contaminated water. Theobjective of this study was to investigate the potential use of chitosan hydrogel filled with activated carbon nanoparticles(ACNPs) and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (n-ACNPs) for water purification. The results of this study revealed thatboth ACNPs and n-ACNPs were comprised by poly- and single crystals with an average nanofiber diameter of 22.27 nmwhereas n-ACNPs were aggregated with diameter size of above 100 nm and was dominated with amorphous region. Limitedvoids were observed in chitosan/ACNPs hydrogel but n-ACNPs added in chitosan hydrogel were aggregated to form voids. With the addition of ACNPs and n-ACNPs, there was not dramatic change in IR wavenumber. The addition of high ACNPsconcentration increased crystallinity index (CrI) of chitosan hydrogel but high addition of n-ACNPs concentration decreasedCrI’s chitosan hydrogel. After chitosan/ACNPs and chitosan/n-ACNPs hydrogel were submerged with heavy metals, IRspectra were altered, and the internal surfaces of these hydrogels became different. Both chitosan/ACNPs and chitosan/n-ACNPs hydrogel were able to absorb Fe and Zn effectively over heavy metals of Pb and Cu. Chitosan hydrogel was moreeffective to kill Escherichia coli than chitosan/ACNPs and chitosan/n-ACNPs hydrogel.

Efficient preparation of a permanent chitosan/gelatin hydrogel using an acid-tolerant tyrosinase

Choi, Yoo Rae,Kim, Eun Hae,Lim, Sujin,Choi, Yoo Seong Elsevier 2018 Biochemical engineering journal Vol.129 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An acid-tolerant tyrosinase, tyrosinase-CNK, was used to form chitosan/gelatin hydrogels without any additional crosslinking materials at pH 4, where appropriate chitosan/gelatin blends were efficiently prepared based on the solubility of chitosan only under acidic conditions. The in vitro gelation degree and rheological studies revealed that the gelation of the chitosan/gelatin solution was successfully achieved within 12min by the tyrosinase-CNK reaction at pH 4, and the glycol chitosan/gelatin blends were similarly crosslinked within 7min at pH 6 (the optimum pH of tyrosinase-CNK). Remarkably, tyrosinase-CNK catalyzed the formation of permanent and stable chitosan/gelatin and glycol chitosan/gelatin gels, unlike the previous results of tyrosinase-mediated chitosan/gelatin gelation in which commercially available mushroom tyrosinase only catalyzed transient gel formation. In addition, the pore size distribution was greater than 100μm in the morphological structure, and the high swelling ratio and enhanced mechanical properties are expected to be suitable for tissue engineering applications. These results demonstrate that the acid-tolerant tyrosinase-CNK can efficiently mediate the in vitro formation of chitosan/gelatin conjugates, and the obtained hydrogels have the potential to be used as a promising scaffold.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Permanent chitosan/gelatin hydrogels were prepared using an acid-tolerant tyrosinase. </LI> <LI> Glycol chitosan/gelatin hydrogels were similarly formed by the enzymatic reaction. </LI> <LI> Morphological and mechanical properties showed suitable potential as scaffolds. </LI> </UL> </P>

Evaluations of Nerve Cell Compatibility of Self Cross-Linking Chitosan-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Hydrogel

( Su Mi Kim ),( Seong Yeon Jo ),( Eun Kyung Shin ),( Do Yeon Kim ),( In Sup Noh ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2012 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.9 No.2

Chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) (chitosan-PEO) hydrogel was evaluated by the assays of live & dead, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), thiazoyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red for its applications in induction of adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of nerve cells by releasing nerve growth factors from the hydrogel. Fabrication of the chitosan-PEO hydrogel was obtained by mixing the precursor solutions of PEO with thiol groups and chitosan-acrylate, which was synthesized in advance by sequential chemical cross-linking of para-aminosalicyclic acid and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate to chitosan. After chemical characterizations of chitosan derivatives with FTIR and NMR, the chitosan-PEO hydrogels were evaluated by observing gel formation, and both biocompatibility and behaviors of PC-12 nerve cells. The nerve cells adhered on the hydrogel, and their adhesion and proliferation were affected by delivery of nerve growth factors (NGFs) from the hydrogels. Differentiation of PC-12 cells on the surface of the tissue culture flask was dependent upon the amount of NGFs sustain-released from the chitosan-PEO hydrogel as observed by the measurement of neurite length.

감마선 조사에 의해 제조된 키토산/아크릴산 하이드로겔의 특성

심재운 ( Jae Woon Shim ),강필현 ( Phil Hyun Kang ),박성은 ( Sung Eon Park ),노영창 ( Young Chang Nho ) 한국공업화학회 2002 공업화학 Vol.13 No.7

키토산(chitosan)을 아크릴산에 용해시킨 후 개시제 혹은 가교제를 필요로 하지 않는 감마선을 이용해 약물 전달용 하이드로겔을 제조하고 그 특성을 조사하였다. 키토산과 아크릴산의 조성비를 각각 0.1∼1.5 wt%와 30, 50, 70 vol%로 혼합하여 30∼70 KGy의 조사량으로 감마선 조사하여 제조된 하이드로겔의 겔함량은 96% 이상이었으며, 키토산과 아크릴산의 비율이 증가할수록, 조사량이 증가할수록 99%까지 증가하였다. 제조된 겔의 팽윤도는 키토산과 아크릴산의 비율이 증가할수록, 조사량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 20 h 내에서 급격히 증가하다가 서서히 평형에 도달하였다. 또한, 감마선 조사로 제조된 chitosan/AAc 겔을 pH 1∼12에서 팽윤시킨 결과, 용액의 pH가 증가 할수록 팽윤도도 증가하였으며, pH 12에서 가장 큰 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 겔의 팽윤 특성은 감마선 조사에 의해 형성된 가교결합과 이온화된 amino기와 carboxyl기의 작용에 의한 것임을 FT-IR과 SEM 관찰로 확인할 수 있었다. The chitosan/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogels for drug delivery were synthesized with polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of chitosan mitiated by gamma-ray irradiation and their characteristics were investigated. Various chitosan/AAc hydrogels were prepared with the different ratios of chitosan (0.1∼1.5 wt%), acrylic acid (30, 50, 70 vol%) and radiation dose (30∼70 KGy). The gel contents of hydrogels were more than 96%, and as the ratios of chitosan/acrylic acid and radiation dose were increased, it increased to 99%. The swelling degrees of chitosan/AAc hydrogels decreased as the ratio of chitosan/acrylic acid and radiation dose increased, and reached equilibrium within 20 h. In the pH range of 1∼12, chitosan/AAc hydrogels were more swollen at high pH than low pH, and showed the largest swelling occurred at pH 12. FTIR as well as SEM results indicated that the swelling characteristics of chitosan/AAc hydrogels were due to the cross-linking of ionized amino and carboxylic functional groups by gamma irradiation.

Mechanical, Thermal, and Swelling Properties of Cross-linked Hydrogels Based on Oxidized Cellulose Nanowhiskers and Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) Blends

Chao Sheng,Yiming Zhou,Xinyu Zhang,Guoxin Xue 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.10

Cross-linked hydrogels of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were prepared by using oxidized CNWs as a cross-linker. The effects of the oxidation level of CNWs on the swelling behavior, thermal stability, viscoelastic properties and compressive strength of the hydrogels were studied. Chemical cross-links, hydrogen bonds, as well as nanofiller reinforcement between the three materials played a major role in determining the properties of the hydrogels. Swelling test results showed that the incorporation of oxidized CNWs decreased the water absorbability of the hydrogels due to the increase in cross-linking degree. Viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels with oxidized CNWs was increased by 537 % in storage modulus, from 4.65 kPa to 29.6 kPa. Compressive strength of 181.5 kPa at 50 % strain was observed from the cross-linked hydrogels, compared with 21.2 kPa of the non-cross-linked hydrogels. The thermal experiments showed that the chemical cross-linking slightly increase the resistance toward thermal degradation of the hydrogels.

초거대 다당류 사크란과 키토산을 이용한 하이드로겔의 합성 및 팽윤특성 분석

신호준 ( Hojoon Shin ),권순영 ( Soon-young Kwon ),최동일 ( Dongil Choi ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2021 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구에서는 사크란-키토산 하이드로겔을 성공적으로 합성하였으며 팽윤 특성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1) 사크란을 고분자인 키토산으로 가교함으로써 기존의 사크란 겔 이상의 높은 함수율을 획득할 수 있었다(98~99%). (2) FT-IR, TGA, DSC, XRD 분석을 통해 사크란과 키토산 사이의 아마이드 결합에 의해 사크란-키토산 겔이 합성되었음을 확인하였다. (3) 재팽윤시 블록 타입 하이드로겔은 필름 타입 하이드로겔 보다 빠른 팽윤과 더 높은 함수율 보였다. 염을 첨가하면 겔의 함수율이 감소하는 경향을 보였는데 염의 농도가 높을 수록 함수율 감소가 컸으며 필름 타입 하이드로겔에서 감소폭이 더 컸다. 이는 염에 의해 사크란의 나노 루프(nanoloop)가 해체되어 물분자의 포집능력이 감소하였으며, 2가 양이온이 복수의 COO^-와 반응하여 가교효과를 발휘하여 재팽윤을 억제하였기 때문으로 사료된다. Sacran is a heteroanionic polyelectrolyte, forms liquid crystal (LC) gels at low concentration (c > 0.5 wt%) and has high water contents (97.5 ~ 98.3 wt%). Although various researchers reported chemically crosslinked sacran gels with a more stable structure, water content of these sacran gels was lower than that of conventional sacran gel. In this present study, we newly prepared and characterized chemically crosslinked-hydrogel composed of a mega molecular polysaccharide sacran and chitosan with high water content. We successfully synthesized a chemically crosslinked sacran-chitosan hydrogel by a condensation reaction with DMT-MM. Crosslinking between carboxyl group of scran and amine group of chitosan was observed by FT-IR, TGA, DSC and XRD analysis. Saran-chitosan hydrogels showed high water content (98 ~ 99 %), which is superior to that of conventional sacran gels. Water content of hydrogels was highest in the order of DW > NaCl > CaCl₂ solution and tended to decrease as the concentration of NaCl and CaCl₂ increased. This result can be explained that salt addition broke the nanoloops of sacran network, which retained water molecules, and caused decrease of retention capacity of hydrogels.

Polyphenol-Functionalized Hydrogels Using an Interpenetrating Chitosan Network and Investigation of Their Antioxidant Activity

김보람,강병만,Temmy Pegarro Vales,양시경,이주민,김호중 한국고분자학회 2018 Macromolecular Research Vol.26 No.1

In this work, polyphenol-modified hydrogels were prepared and their antioxidant activities were investigated. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA)- based hydrogels were first synthesized and subsequently functionalized with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure comprising crosslinked chitosans and p(HEMA) networks. The resulting hydrogels were further modified with polyphenols such as gallic acid and dopamine through amide coupling reactions to afford the antioxidant hydrogels. The antioxidant activity of the prepared hydrogels were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assays. The gallic-acid-modified hydrogels exhibited superior antioxidant activity when compared to their dopamine-functionalized counterparts; this was correlated to the number of hydroxyl groups in the benzene ring. Moreover, longer chitosan moieties afforded larger amounts of polyphenols. Thus, hydrogels containing the same polyphenols but longer chitosan moieties exhibited stronger antioxidant activity. This work demonstrates that the development of antioxidant hydrogels based on chitosan-IPN structures shows great potential for application in biomedical devices and ophthalmic materials.

음이온성 리포솜이 결합된 키토산 겔의 항암효과

최민수,한희동,김태우,송충길,박은석,신병철 한국약제학회 2005 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.35 No.1

Depot system for local drug delivery using chitosan hydrogel has been developed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and to prevent the severe side effect in whole body. Thus, we have prepared an injectable chitosan hydrogel containing liposomes to treat cancers clinically. Anionic liposomes incorporated to improve sustained release efficiency within chitosan hydrogel. The chitosan solution containing liposomes was designed to form a hydrogel complex at body temperature. The released behavior of doxonibicin from liposomes in chitosan hydrogel showed sustained-release caused by diffusion of doxorubicin from temperature responsive liposome into chitosan hydrogel. The chitosan hydorgel containing liposomes enhanced the therapeutic potency for the solid tumor in vivo system. Our results indicate that the liposomes in chitosan hydrogel represent a depot system for local drug delivery.

키토산-다당류 복합 하이드로젤의 특성과 적용에 대한 최근 연구동향

김혁,고피나단 자나르다난,노인섭 한국키틴키토산학회 2020 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Since chitosan, a natural polymer, has low mechanical strength, chitosan-based hydrogel has been fabricated by combining chitosan with other biomaterials such as gelatin, alginate, chondroitin suflate, poly (ethylene glycol) and collagen among many other polymeric biomaterials. Their properties such as solubility, porosity, swelling ratio and biocompatibility have been improved by combining such biomaterials, forming a composite hydrogel. Chitosan-polysaccharide composite hydrogels have been extensively studied as biomaterials in various fields such as tissue engineering (bone, cartilage, vascular tissues, nerve tissues, etc.), 3D bioprinting, bioinks, drug delivery, injectable hydrogels, cell therapy and wound healing, etc. In this review, we discuss on current status of the characteristics of chitosan-polysaccharide composite hydrogels and their potential applications, focusing on its composite components such as dextran, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, starch, pectin and others.

천연고분자 유도체 Carboxymethyl Chitosan과 Carboxymethyl Cellulose가 포함된 고흡수성 수지의 팽윤 거동

김진 ( Jin Kim ),김용문 ( Yong Moon Kim ),이기영 ( Ki Young Lee ),이창문 ( Chang Moon Lee ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2015 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize the superabsorbent polyacrylate hydrogel containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). In addition, cinnamon oil obtained from the inner bark of several trees was added to give antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects on the hydrogels. The surface morphologies of the superabsorbent hydrogels were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As the CMCS contents increased in the hydrogel of 0.75 g CMC, the pore size decreased and the pore was uniformly distributed over the whole surface of the hydrogels. Swelling properties of the superabsorbent polyacrylate hydrogel containing CMC and CMCS were investigated at 24 h in distilled water (DW) at room temperature. The polyacrylic acid hydrogel exhibited swelling ability of 131.6 (g/g) at 24 h in DW, whereas as the CMC and CMCS contents were increased in the hydrogels, the swelling ability decreased significantly at the same time. Interestingly, when the amount of CMC and CMCS was 0.75 and 0.1 g, respectively, the higher swelling ability of the hydrogel showed compared with the polyacrylic acid hydrogel. There was no influence of cinnamon on the swelling properties of the hydrogels. In this study, we found that the polyacrylate hydrogels containing CMC, CMCS and cinnamon can show higher swelling ability compared with the polyacrylate hydrogel. Therefore, it can be expected that the more safe and biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogel can be developed by adding biopolymers.