여름 파프리카 수경재배에서 근권 냉방 시간이 근권 온도와 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향

최기영(Ki Young Choi),고지연(Ji Yeon Ko),유형주(Hyung Joo Yoo),최은영(Eun Young Choi),이한철(Han Cheol Rhee),이용범(Yong-Beom Lee) 한국원예학회 2014 원예과학기술지 Vol.32 No.1

본 실험은 고온기 근권 냉방 시간에 따른 배지 온도 하강과 파프리카(Capsicum annum L.) ‘Orange glory’의 생리적 반응을 알아보고자 7월 16일부터 10월 15일까지 코이어 배지에서 수경 재배하였다. 배지의 일평균, 최고 및 최저 온도 변화와 파프리카의 뿌리 활력, 수분 포텐셜, 개화시기 및 착과수 등을 측정하였다. 20 ± 2°C의 냉수를 순환시키는 XL 파이프 근권부 냉방시간 처리는 전일(전일, 24시간), 야간(야간, 오후 5시-오전 3시), 및 냉방 무처리(대조구)로 7월 23일부터 9월 23일까지 처리하였다. 고온기(7월 23일-8월 31일) 동안 일평균 배지 온도가 전일 처리구에서는 25.6°C(22.7-28.2°C), 야간 처리구에서는 26.1°C(22.9-29.2°C)로 대조구의 29.1°C(24.7-33.2°C)에 비해 1.8-5°C 낮아졌다. 하루 중(맑은 날, 8월 1일) 배지의 최고온도 도달 시간이 전일과 야간 처리구에서는 오후 4-5시였으며, 대조구는 오후 7-8시였다. 주간(오전 6시-오후 8시)과 야간(오후 8시-오전 6시) 시간의 배지 온도는 처리에 따라 차이를 보였다. 주간/야간의 배지 평균온도는 대조구보다 전일 처리구에서 3.3°C/4°C, 야간 처리구에서 2.1°C/3.4°C 낮아졌다. 배지 깊이별 배지 온도 차(대조구 배지 온도 – 처리구 배지 온도)는 하부에서 가장 컸다. 전일 처리구의 배지 온도차 변화는 배지 상/중/하부에서 완만하였으나, 야간 처리구는 주간과 야간 시간대 배지 온도 차가 배지 중간, 하부에서 커졌다. 배지 평균 온도가 25°C 이상 계측된 날이 대조구에서는 40일, 전일 처리구에서는 23일, 야간 처리구에서는 27일로 대조구에 비해 각각 42.5%, 32.5% 배지온도 하강효과를 보였다. 전일 처리구의 파프리카 뿌리 활력과 수분 포텐셜은 야간 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다. 근권 냉방 처리의 첫 개화 시기는 4-5일 앞당겨지고 착과수도 유의하게 증가하였다 그러나 고온기 지상부가 고온(≥ 30°C)으로 파프리카 착과는 늦어졌다. 이는 근권 냉방으로 배지 온도가 1.8-5.0°C 낮아졌으나, 고온기 파프리카 생육과 착과를 위해서는 위해서는 근권 냉방뿐 아니라 지상부 온도를 낮추는 방식이 병행되어야 한다. This study aimed to determine an appropriate cooling timing in the root zone for lowering substrate temperature and its effect on physiological response of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L. ‘Orange glory’) grown on coir substrate in summer, from the July 16 to October 15, 2012. Daily temperature of substrate, root activity, leaf water potential, first flowering date, and the number of fruits were measured by circulating cool water through a XL pipe in the root zone during either all day (all-day) or only night time (5 p.m. to 3 a.m.; night) from the July 23 to September 23, 2012. For comparison, no cooling (control) was also applied. Between the 23 rd of July and 31 st of August (hot temperature period), daily average temperatures in substrates were 25.6°C, 26.1°C, and 29.1°C for the all-day and night treatment, and control respectively. About 1.8 to 5°C lower substrate temperature was observed in both treatments compared to that of control. In sunny day (600-700 W・m^-2・s ^-1), the highest temperature of substrate was measured between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. under both the all-day and night treatments, whereas it was measured between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m. under the control. Substrate temperatures during the day (6 a.m. to 8 p.m.) and night (8 p.m. to 6 a.m.) differed depending on the treatments. During the day and night, averaged substrate temperature was lower about 3.3°C and 4.0°C for the all-day, and 2.1°C and 3.4° for the night treatment, compared to that of control. In the all-day and night treatment, the TD [TD = temperature of (control)] was greater in bottom than that of other regions of the substrate. Between the day and night, no different TD values were observed under the all-day treatment, whereas under the night treatment there was difference with the greatest degree in the bottom of the substrate. During the hot temperature period, total numbers of days when substrate temperature was over 25°C were 40, 23 and 27 days for the control, all-day, and night treatment, respectively, and the effect of lowering substrate temperature was therefore 42.5% and 32.5% for the all-day and night treatment, respectively, compared to that for the control. Root activity and leaf water potential of plants grown under the all-day treatment were significantly higher than those under the night treatment. The first flowering date in the all-day treatment was similar to that in the night treatment, but 4-5 day faster than in the control. Also, the number of fruits in both treatments was significantly higher than that in the control. However, there was no effect of root zone cooling on eliminating delay in fruiting caused by excessively higher air temperature (> 30°C), although the substrate temperature was reduced 1.8°C to 5°C. These results suggest that the method of cooling root zone temperature need to be incorporated into the lowering growing temperature for growth and fruit set of health paprika.

Anther Culture of Transgenic Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

김지연,Young Soon Kim,이기범,Kyung-Moon Kim 한국육종학회 2005 한국육종학회지 Vol.37 No.5

Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an important vegetable crop that can surely benefit from plant biotechnology. Using transgenic pepper lines resistant to fungal disease, anther culture system was applied to show the possibility to use in molecular breeding program. We compared some conditions for enhancing anther culture efficiency. We did not find the beneficial effect of low pretreatment of anthers in both wild type and transgenic lines. By comparing medium compositions, anthers produced more microspore-derived embryos or embryogenic callus in combination of 0.1 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L of kinetin. In anther culture response, wild type had better androgenesis than transgenic lines. PCR results showed that plants regenerated from anthers of transgenic pepper lines had transgenes, HPT/PepEST. By hygromycin tests, plants developed from anthers of transgenic lines showed resistance to hygromycin. A total of 48 plants were produced from anther culture of wild type and transgenic lines, among them, 43 were developed from wild type and 5 plants from transgenic lines. Six plants and one plant spontaneously set pepper fruits in wild type anther-derived plants and anther derived plants from transgenic lines, respectively. Regenerated plants showed various phenotypes and some of plants grew normally. These results showed the possibility to use anther culture system for accelerating breeding programs by the combination with plant biotechnology.

고추 유전자원의 카로티노이드 조성 및 ASTA color 지수 분석

윤장언(Jang-Eon Yoon),김정봉(Jung-Bong Kim),김헌웅(Heon-Woong Kim),장길수(Kil-Soo Jang),고호철(Ho-Cheol Ko),장환희Hwan-Hee Jang,이성현Sung-hyen Lee,황유진(Yu-Jin Hwang) 한국육종학회 2015 한국육종학회지 Vol.47 No.3

Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) were harvested from 523 different genotypes cultivated at the Pepper Experiment Station in Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Technology Administration of Yeongyang in the northeast region of Korea. The investigation of pepper with high carotenoids contents was quantitatively and qualitatively analysed by HPLC. The individual carotenoids were separated as capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene by reverse-phase HPLC and identified with their external standards. The levels of total carotenoids and ASTA color values in 523 peppers were 0.5-84.8mg/100g of dry weight (DW) and 0.7-233.1, respectively. Individual carotenoid content and percentage of total carotenoid content were shown as follows: β-carotene (24.8%) (average 5.0 mg/100g DW) 〉 capsanthin (24.7%) (average 5.0 mg/100g DW) 〉 zeaxanthin (20.4%) (average 4.1 mg/100g DW) 〉 β-cryptoxanthin (14.8%) (average 3.0 mg/100g DW) 〉 lutein (13.3%) (average 2.7 mg/100g DW) 〉 α-carotene (2.0%) (average 0.4 mg/100g DW). As a result of plotting by using SIMCA, ASTA color values showed that the cluster is created.

고온기 야간시간 근권냉방이 파프리카 배지온도와 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향

최기영,고지연,CHOIEUN YOUNG,이한철,이성은,이용범 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.22 No.4

This study examined a technique for cooling root zone aimed at lowering substrate temperature for sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L. ‘Orange glory’) cultivation in coir substrate hydroponics during hot season, from the 16th of July to 15th of ℃tober in 2012. The root zone cooling technique was applied by using an air duct (∅12 cm,hole size 0.1 mm) to blow cool air between two slabs during night (5p.m. to 3a.m.). Between the 23rd of July and 31st of August (hot temperature period), average daily substrate temperature was 24.7℃ under the root zone cooling,whereas it was 28.2℃ under condition of no cooling (control). In sunny day (600~700 W m−2 · s−1), average substrate temperatures during the day (6a.m. to 8p.m.) and night (8p.m. to 6a.m.) were lower about 1.7℃ and 3.3℃,respectively, under the cooling treatment, compared to that of control. The degree of temperature reduction in the substrate was averagely 0.5℃ per hour under the cooling treatment during 6p.m. to 8p.m.; however, there was no decrease in the temperature under the control. The temperature difference between the cooling and control treatments was 1.3℃ and 0.6℃ in the upper and lower part of the slab, respectively. During the hot temperature period,about 32.5% reduction in the substrate temperature was observed under the cooling treatment, compared to the control. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and leaf water potential of plants grown under the cooling treatment were significantly higher than those under the control. The first flowering date in the cooling was faster about 4 days than in the control. Also, the number of fruits was significantly higher than that in the control. No differences in plant height,stem thickness, number of internode, and leaf width were found between the plants grown under the cooling and control,except for the leaf length with a shorter length under the cooling treatment. However, root zone cooling influenced negligibly on eliminating delay in fruiting caused by excessively higher air temperature (> 28℃), although the substrate temperature was reduced by 3℃ to 5.6℃. These results suggest that the technique of lowering substrate temperature by using air-duct blow needs to be incorporated into the lowering growing temperature system for growth and fruit set of health paprika. 본 실험은 고온기 근권냉방이 파프리카의 배지온도 하강과 파프리카의 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 7월 16일부터 10월 15일까지 코이어 배지에서 재배하였다. 냉방방식은 공기순환 덕트(지름 12cm, 미세구멍(0.1mm)으로 찬 공기(7월~8월; 20 ± 2℃, 9월; 23 ± 2℃)를 야간시간(오후 5시~오전 3시) 공급하였다. 고온기(7월 23일부터 8월 31일) 중 파프리카 배지의일평균 온도가 냉방처리구는 24.7℃, 대조구는 28.2℃로,냉방처리구에서 대조구보다 3.0~5.6℃ 배지온도가 낮아졌다. 하루 중 맑은 날(650~700W · m−2) 주간(오전 5시~오후 8시)/야간(오후8시~오전5시) 냉방처리구 배지 온도는 대조구보다 1.7℃/3.3℃ 낮아졌다. 오후 6시에서 8시까지 초저녁 배지온도 하강속도가 냉방처리구에서는 평균 0.5℃/h, 대조구는 0℃/h였다. 배지 상부와 하부 간의대조구 대비 냉방처리구의 온도차도 각각 1.3℃, 0.6℃ 였다. 냉방처리는 고온(28~32℃) 배지 온도 노출율을 대조구 대비 32.5% 감소시켰다. 냉방처리구의 파프리카 광합성, 증산율 및 수분포텐셜은 대조구보다 높았다. 첫 개화시기도 대조구보다 4일앞당겨지고, 착과수도 증가하였다. 냉방처리구의 엽장은짧아졌으나, 초장, 경경, 분지수, 엽폭 등은 차이가 없었다. 야간 근권냉방으로 배지 온도가 3.0~5.6℃를 낮추었으나, 고온기 온실 온도가 고온에서는 파프리카 착과가지연되므로, 지상부 온도 하강 방법을 병행하면 파프리카 생육과 착과에 효과적이라 판단된다.

Comparative study of cadmium nitrate and lead nitrate [Cd(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2] stress in cyto-physiological parameters of Capsicum annuum L.

Hasan Nazarul,Choudhary Sana,Laskar Rafiul Amin,Naaz Neha,Sharma Nidhi 한국원예학회 2022 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.63 No.5

This study was conducted to understand the toxic effects of cadmium nitrate and lead nitrate [Cd(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2] and their mitigating role on the Capsicum annuum L. cultivar. The biological effects of Cd and Pb were investigated using stress response indicators such as stomata, gas exchange parameters, proline, and defensive enzyme systems. Fresh seeds were treated with different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of both Cd and Pb for 6 h. Cytological effects were observed under a microscope by crushing acetocarmine-stained anthers on glass slides. Stomata size was determined with a scanning electron microscope. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were determined analytically with a spectrophotometer. An expected decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid content was observed with increasing concentrations. Cytotoxic effects of Cd and Pb resulted in various changes in chromosomes including laggard, stickiness, multi-nucleate, and disturbed polarity. The size of stomata decreased at higher concentration and measured to 2.20and 4.6 μM with low stomata conductance at 500 ppm of Cd and Pb. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates showed a moderate trend with increasing concentrations, where high photosynthetic and transpiration rates were measured to 20.20 and 23.40 m−2 s−1 at 200 ppm concentration. Maximum SOD and CAT activ- ity was 2.82 and 6.34 unit mg−1 at 300 ppm of Cd. These results are valuable for understanding how crop plants respond to heavy metals, especially when using them as inducing agents during cyto-physiological experiments.

Plant Growth and Fruit Characteristics of Grafts of Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) between Diverse Rootstocks and Scions

Tae-Ryong Kwon,Gi-Eun Hwang,Moon-Jung Lee,Kil-Su Jang,Kee-Choon Park,Jae-Ha Lee,Byung-Soo Kim 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

적화처리가 ‘Derby’와 ‘Cupra’ 파프리카의 건물생산량 및 광합성 효율에 미치는 영향

이정현(Jeong Hyun Lee),차종철(Jong Chul Cha) 한국원예학회 2009 원예과학기술지 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구는 파프리카의 과실 착과 전 개화한 꽃을 제거하여 생식기관으로 분배되는 동화산물을 영양기관으로 전류시켜 잠재적인 영양 생장량을 구명하고 생식 기관으로 인한 영양생장량의 차이가 총 건물의 생산에 미치는 영향을 구명 하고자 전남대학교 농업생명과학대학 유리온실에서 ‘Derby’와 ‘Cupra’를 2008년 2월 12일에 파종하여 재식밀도 3.51주/㎡로 정식하여 동년 6월 6일 까지 수행하였다. 개화된 꽃을 적화한 처리구에서는 식물의 초장과 마디수에 영향을 미쳐 영양기관의 발육량에 증가시켰으며, 과실의 착과는 영양생장기관의 생육에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 영양기관의 건물중은 처리구가 대조구에 비해 무거웠으나, 뿌리와 과실을 포함한 총 식물체 건물중은 동일하였다. 단위면적당 엽면적은 대조구에 비해 많았음에도 불구하고, 건물생산량이 동일한 것은 처리구의 낮은 기공저항값과 광이용효율에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 결과적으로 기공 전도도를 감소시킴으로써 광합성 효율의 감소로 수광량 대비 총 건물의 생산이 감소한 것이라고 생각된다. 영양생장은 영양기관의 발육속도를 증가시키고 반면, 착과수의 증가는 영양생장기관의 발육을 억제하였으며, 영양생장을 하고 있는 군락의 엽면적 지수가 높게 나타나 군락에 의한 광수광량은 높았지만, 수광된 광의 이용효율이 낮아 엽면적당 단위 건물생산량의 감소를 초래하였다. Two different cultivars, ‘Cupra’ and ‘Derby’, of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants were grown with fruits (CON) or without fruits, removed of all flowers (RF) on stems, at glasshouse from 12 February to 6 June, 2008. We studied the influence of removing flowers on plant characteristics, dry matter distribution and dry matter production. When plants were grown with RF, plant height and number of internodes were increased by 18% and 24%, respectively. Vegetative part of plant was increased by 70% for leaves, 88% for stem and 114% for root than vegetative organs in CON. Strong generative growth, on the other hand, could be inhibited the growth and development of vegetative organs. The treatment with RF was promoted dry matter distributed into vegetative organs by 11 to 20.5% point; especially, stem was much larger than control. Large leaf area, leaf area index and low specific leaf area (SLA) were measured at RF treatment. Low SLA implied a high leaf weight per unit of leaf area, which means thicker leaf than CON. High leaf area index showed high light interception, consequently, high dry mass production would be expected at RF treatment. Total dry mass including root and fruit, however, was not different between the treatments. Stomata conductance (SC) was observed much lower in ‘Cupra’ than ‘Derby, which was 13% and 64% lower than control, respectively. The crop showed lower light use efficiency (total dry mass per unit intercepted photosynthetically active radiation integral, g MJ?¹) with lower SC at RF treatment. Low SC could indicate low photosynthesis rate, and hence low light use efficiency and less extend dry mass production at RF treatment.

The effect of storage temperature on antioxidant capacity and storability of paprika

박미희,엄향란,박부희,백동렬,Siva Kumar Malka 한국식품저장유통학회 2024 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Storage temperature profoundly influences the storability of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.). However, the impact of storage temperature on storability and its association with the antioxidant activity of paprika are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the storage attributes, activity, and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in paprika stored at 4, 10, and 20℃ for 14 d and then at 20℃ for an additional 5 d (14+5 d; retail conditions). Storage at 10℃ effectively mitigated pitting, stalk browning, shriveling, and decay while significantly enhancing the marketability of paprika. The fruits stored at 4℃ were prone to pitting, whereas those stored at 20℃ were sensitive to stalk browning and decay. Moreover, paprika stored at 10℃ exhibited higher 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) activity and total phenolic content than those stored at 4 and 20℃, indicating improved antioxidant activity. Additionally, storage at 10℃ upregulated the expression levels of the antioxidant genes, catalase and peroxidase, suggesting the mechanism underlying the quality enhancement of paprika. Our findings suggest that paprika storage at 10℃ alleviates chilling injuries, preserves the quality and marketability, and enhances the antioxidant potential of paprika. These findings provide insights into how temperature influences the quality and minimizes post-harvest losses during the storage and distribution of paprika.

The effect of roasting on capsaicinoids, volatile compounds, and fatty acids in Capsicum annuum L. (red pepper) seeds

김다혜,박혜영,조인희 한국식품과학회 2022 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.31 No.2

Capsaicinoids, volatile compounds, and fatty acidswere analyzed in red pepper seeds to determine any changes atdifferent roasting temperatures. The contents of capsaicin anddihydrocapsaicin decreased as roasting temperatures increased. 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine,2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)pyrazine, 1-methylpyrrole,hexanedial, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-acetylfuran, and butane-2,3-diol were newly detected in red pepper seeds roasted at100 C. Concentrations of pyrazines, pyrroles, oxygen-containingheterocyclic compounds, carbonyls, and alcoholsincreased rapidly in red pepper seeds as the roasting temperatureincreased. Such compounds could contribute roasted,grilled, and sweet odor notes to roasted red pepper seeds. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all red pepperseeds. There were no significant differences in polyunsaturatedfatty acids in red pepper seeds as roasting temperatureincreased. In conclusion, roasting red pepper seeds could beused in thermally processed foods because during roasting theirpungency is reduced, desirable savory odors are enhanced, andthe levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids remain unchanged.

Anther Culture of Transgenic Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Ji Yeon Kim,Young Soon Kim,Gi Bum Yi,Kyung Moon Kim 한국육종학회 2005 한국육종학회지 Vol.37 No.4