Geo-microbial and geochemical evidences in the near surface soils of Jamnagar sub-basin, Saurashtra, Gujarat, India: implications to hydrocarbon resource potential

Mohammed A. Rasheed,M. Lakshmi,M.S. Kalpana,P.L.S. Rao,D.J. Patil,V. Sudarshan,A.M. Dayal 한국지질과학협의회 2012 Geosciences Journal Vol.16 No.4

The Jamnagar sub-basin of Saurashtra, Gujarat is considered geologically prospective for hydrocarbons by Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), India. However the major part of the Jamnagar sub-basin is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering the exploration of Mesozoic hydrocarbon targets. In India, significant hydrocarbon finding in the stratigraphic sequence has not been established, as the major part of the Mesozoic sediments is underlying the Deccan Traps. Detection and mapping of the Mesozoic sediments below the Deccan Trap has been a long-standing complex geophysical problem facing the oil industry. The vast sheet of volcanic cover, which overlies the Mesozoic sediments acts as a geophysical shield and inhibit the effective use of conventional seismic techniques. Surface geochemical techniques based on hydrocarbon microseepage from subsurface accumulations, have potential to evaluate the prospects for petroleum exploration. In view of this, surface geochemical survey for adsorbed soil gas and microbial analysis was conducted in Jamnagar sub-basin, total 150 near surface soil samples were collected for the evaluation of hydrocarbon resource potential of the Basin. Microbial analysis revealed high bacteria counts for methane (1.32×106 cfu/gm), ethane (8.50× 105 cfu/gm), propane (6.86×105 cfu/gm) and butane oxidizing bacteria (5.70×105 cfu/gm) in soil samples of Jamnagar sub-basin. The bacterial concentration distribution maps show three distinct anomalies in the study area, indicating hydrocarbon microseepage at these places. The geochemical investigations in soil samples showed the presence of high adsorbed hydrocarbon gases concentration of methane (C1) 1 to 518 ppb and Ethane plus hydrocarbons (C2+) 1 to 977 ppb respectively. Further, carrying out integrated geo-microbial and geo-chemical studies with adsorbed soil gas showed the anomalous hydrocarbon zones nearby Khandera, Haripur, and Laloi areas which could probably aid to assess the true potential of the Basin. On the basis of microbial prospecting and adsorbed soil gas studies Jamnagar sub-basin study area appears to be a warm zone for hydrocarbon prospects and needs detailed investigation with other geo-scientific methods. Integrated geophysical studies have shown that Jamnagar sub-basin of Saurashtra has significant sediment thickness below the Deccan Traps and can be considered for future hydrocarbon exploration. The corroboration of adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria suggests its efficacy as one of the potential tool in surface geochemical exploration of hydrocarbons.

Toxicity cutoff of aromatic hydrocarbons for luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri

Lee, S.Y.,Kang, H.J.,Kwon, J.H. Academic Press 2013 Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol.94 No.-

Effects of individual petroleum hydrocarbons on the luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri were evaluated according to a standard protocol to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship and identify the apparent toxicity cutoff. Eighteen aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene and its derivatives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were chosen as model compounds with their log K<SUB>ow</SUB> values between 2.7 and 6.4. The obtained values of 50 percent luminescence inhibition (EC<SUB>50</SUB>) showed a good linear correlation with logK<SUB>ow</SUB> up to ~5. However, toxic effects were not observed for more hydrophobic chemicals with logK<SUB>ow</SUB> value >5. The calculated chemical activities that caused EC<SUB>50</SUB> were mostly between 0.01 and 0.1. This agrees with an earlier hypothesis concerning a chemical activity resulting the critical membrane concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest chemical activities for aromatic hydrocarbons with logK<SUB>ow</SUB> value >5 or melting point >100<SUP>o</SUP>C are <0.01 when they are spiked at their water solubility level according to the standard test protocol; this occurs for two primary reasons: (1) partitioning between organism and the test solution and (2) decreasing fugacity ratio with increasing melting point. Accordingly, luminescence inhibition by petroleum hydrocarbons is well explained by the baseline toxicity model. However, the apparent toxicity cutoff observed for single chemicals is not necessarily valid in a complex mixture, because baseline toxicity is regarded concentration additive.

전자선 조사한 건조 멸치류에서 유도된 지방분해산물의 분석

홍영신(Young Shin Hong),김경수(Kyong Su Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.12

건조된 국멸치와 지리멸치 및 밴댕이에 1, 3, 5, 7 및 10 k㏉의 선량으로 전자선을 조사하여 비조사 시료와 조사된 시료에서 지방을 추출한 후 전자선 조사 시 유도 생성되는 hydrocarbon류를 florisil column chromatography를 이용하여 분리하였으며, hydrocarbon류의 함량 및 분해패턴은 GC/MS로 확인하였다. 전자선 조사된 건조 멸치류에서 palmitic acid로부터 생성되는 1-tetradecene(C14:1), pentadecane(C15:0)과 stearic acid로부터 1-hexadecene(C16:1), heptadecane(C17:0) 및 oleic acid로부터 8-heptadecene (C17:1), 1,7-hexadecadiene(C16:2)이 확인되었으며, 6종의 hydrocarbon류는 조사선량에 따라 증가하였다. 건조된 멸치류에서 유기용매에서 기인한 것으로 판단되는 pentadecane(C15:0) 및 heptadecane(C17:0)을 제외한 hydrocarbon류 중 8-heptadecene(C17:1)의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 1-tetradecene(C14:1), 1-hexadecene(C16:1), 1,7-hexadecadiene(C16:2) 순으로 확인되었다. 따라서 전자선 조사된 건조 멸치류에서 분석된 hydrocarbon류 중 1-tetradecene(C14:1), 1-hexadecene(C16:1) 그리고 8-heptadecene(C17:1) 및 1,7-hexadecadiene(C16:2)은 전자선 조사 여부를 판별할 수 있는 유용한 지표로 활용될 수 있을 것이라고 사료된다. Radiation-induced hydrocarbon contents of dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring were evaluated following electron-beam irradiation at doses of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 k㏉. GC/MS identification of the induced hydrocarbons by irradiation was conducted after lipid separation by soxtec, followed by florosil column chromatography. 1-Tetradecene (C14:1) and pentadecane (C15:0) derived from palmitic acid, 1-hexadecene (C16:1) and heptadecane (C17:0) from stearic acid, and 8-heptadecene (C17:1) and 1,7-hexadecadiene (C16:2) from oleic acid were the major induced hydrocarbons in irradiated dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring samples. At the same irradiation dose, concentration of induced hydrocarbons differed from fatty acid composition and increased in accordance with radiation dose level. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons, such as 1-tetradecene (C14:1), 1-hexadecene (C16:2), 8-heptadecene (C17:1), and 1,7-hexadecadiene (C16:2), were confirmed as irradiation marker compounds. Therefore, these marker compounds could be used to distinguish electron-beam irradiated dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring from non-irradiated ones.

마이크로파 추출법을 이용한 방사선 조사 대두의 Hydrocarbons 분석 전처리조건 최적화

이정은 ( Jeong Eun Lee ),권중호 ( Joong Ho Kwon ) 한국유화학회 2013 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.30 No.4

지질 함량이 많은 식품에 방사선 조사여부 판별방법으로 적용가능한 hydrocarbons법의 전처리 추출공정을 개선하고자, 추출시간을 효율화 하고 추출용매의 사용을 줄일 수 있는 마이크로웨이브 추출법을 적용하였다. 국제 교역량이 가장 높은 농산물중 대두를 대상으로 방사선 조사(4 kGy)를 하여 hydrocarbons 분석에 대한 전처리 조건을 최적화하고자 하였다. 예측된 대두의 최적 추출범위는 extraction time 1.3-3.2분, microwave power 61-133 W로 나타났고, 예측된 범위에서 임의점을 설정하여 회귀식에 대입하여 최적값을 예측하였을 때 값은 microwave power와 extraction time이 각각 97 W과 2.2 분으로 확인되었다. 방사선조사 허가식품에 대해서 검지법의 분석결과의 정확성과 더불어 신속성이 요구되는 상황에서 hydrocarbons검지법 적용이 가능한 대두를 대상으로 MAE (micarowave-assisted extraction) 추출법을 적용한다면, 식품공전상의 현행 추출전처리(12-24시간)에 따른 분석시간을 줄이고 추출공정 개선이 가능할 것으로 본다. Microwave-assisted extraction, MAE, which is known as less time and less solvent than current extraction methods, was applied to hydrocarbons extraction from irradiated soybean. Among the transported agricultural products, soybean was selected as representative samples for possible application of irradiated treatment and identification of radiation-induced markers. Using 4 kGy-irradiated soybean, different microwave extraction conditions (extraction time and microwave power) were applied and the changes in hydrocarbon concentrations were monitored. The predicted optimum extracted condition for hydrocarbon analysis of soybean was found to be microwave extraction with a microwave power of 97 W and extraction time of 2.2 min. This extraction time was significantly lower compared to the common extraction time of 12-24hr.

전자선 조사한 아몬드(Prunus amygosalus L.)와 땅콩(Arachis hypogaea)에서 유래한 지방분해산물 분석

정인선(In Seon Jeong),김재성(Jae Sung Kim),황인민(In Min Hwang),최성화(Sung Hwa Choi),최지연(Ji Yeon Choi),노은영(Eun Yeong Nho),나임칸(Naeem Khan),김병숙(Byung Sook Kim),김경수(Kyong Su Kim) 한국식품과학회 2013 한국식품과학회지 Vol.45 No.1

아몬드와 땅콩의 비조사 시료와 1, 3, 5, 10 kGy로 전자선을 조사한 시료에서 유도된 hydrocarbon류의 생성량을 분석하기 위하여 지방을 n-hexane으로 추출하여 florisil column으로 분리 및 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 전자선 조사된 아몬드와 땅콩에서 유래한 hydrocarbon류는 oleic acid에서 1,7-hexadecadiene(C<SUB>16:2</SUB>)과 8-heptadecene(C<SUB>17:1</SUB>), linoleic acid에서 1,7,10-hexadecatriene(C<SUB>16:3</SUB>)과 6,9-heptadecadiene(C<SUB>17:2</SUB>), 그리고 palmitic acid에서 1-tetradecene(C<SUB>14:1</SUB>) 및 pentadecane(C<SUB>15:0</SUB>) 생성되었고, oleic acid와 palmitic acid에서는 C<SUB>n-2</SUB>, linoleic acid에서는 C<SUB>n-1</SUB> 화합물이 보다 더 높게 생성되었다. 전자선을 1, 3, 5, 10 kGy의 선량별로 조사한 시료에서 생성된 hydrocarbon류의 함량은 조사선량에 따라 증가하였고 비조사 시료에서는 확인되지 않았다. 특히, oleic acid와 linoleic acid에서 유래한 1,7-hexadecadiene(C16:2), 8-heptadecene(C17:1)과 1,7,10-hexadecatriene(C<SUB>16:3</SUB>) 및 6,9-heptadecadiene(C<SUB>17:2</SUB>)의 경우 아몬드와 땅콩 모두에서 다른 hydrocarbon류에 비해 전자선 조사에 의한 생성량이 높게 나타난바 전자선 조사유무 판별 marker로 사용 가능함을 확인하였다. Food irradiation has recently become one of the most successful techniques to preserve food with increased shelf life. This study aims to analyze hydrocarbons in almonds (Prunus amygosalus L.) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) induced by electron beam irradiation. The samples were irradiated at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 kGy by e-beam and using florisil column chromatography fat, and content was extracted. The induced hydrocarbons were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major hydrocarbons in both irradiated samples were 1,7-hexadecadiene (C<SUB>16:2</SUB>) and 8-heptadecene (C<SUB>17:1</SUB>) from oleic acid, 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C<SUB>16:3</SUB>) and ,9-heptadecadiene (C<SUB>17:2</SUB>) from linoleic acid and 1-tetradecene (C<SUB>14:1</SUB>) and pentadecane (C<SUB>15:0</SUB>) from palmitic acid. Concentrations of the hydrocarbons produced by e-beam were found to be depended upon the composition of fatty acid in both almonds and peanuts. The Cn-2 compound was found to be higher than Cn-1 compound in oleic acid and palmitic acid, while in case of linoleic acid, Cn-1 compound was higher than Cn-2 compound. The radiation induced hydrocarbons were detected only in irradiated samples, with 1 kGy or above, and not in the non-irradiated ones. The production of 1,7-hexadecadiene (C<SUB>16:2</SUB>), 8-heptadecene (C<SUB>17:1</SUB>), 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C<SUB>16:3</SUB>) and 6,9-heptadecadiene (C<SUB>17:2</SUB>), in high concentration gave enough information to suggest that these may be the possible marker compounds of electron beam irradiation in almonds and peanuts.

디젤오염지역에서 분리한 세균 Sphingomonas sp. 3Y의 석유계 탄화수소분해특성

안영희(Yeonghee Ahn),정병길(Byung-Gil Jung),성낙창(Nak-Chang Sung),이영옥(Young-Ok Lee) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.5

장기간 경유로 오염된 지역의 토양으로부터 분리한 세균 3Y는 석유계 탄화수소를 구성하는 다양한 화합물을 유일 탄소원으로하여 성장하였다. Sphingomonas sp. 3Y는 지방족 화합물은 물론이고 방향족 화합물을 이용해서 성장할 수 있었다. 지방족 화합물로서는 hexane과 hexadecane을 이용하여 성장하였고, 한편 방향족 화합물로서는 BTEX는 물론이고 phenol, biphenyl, 또는 phenanthrene을 유일 탄소원으로 이용하여 성장하였다. 본 균주는 indole과 catechol을 이용한 실험결과 방향족 탄화수소의 생분해 과정에서 맨 첫 단계 반응에 관여하는 효소인 aromatic ring dioxygenase 활성과 benzene 환을깨는 효소인 meta-cleavage dioxygenase 활성을 나타내었다. Sphingomonas sp. 3Y의 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석과계통수 작성 결과 본 균주는 α-Proteobacteria인 Sphingomonas속에 해당하였으며 지금까지 잘 알려진 석유계 탄화수소를 분해하는 Sphingomonas sp. 균주들과는 다른 cluster를 형성하였다. 다양한 석유계 탄화수소 성분을 이용하여 성장하는 Sphingomonas sp. 3Y는 유류로 오염된 토양의 복원에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 여겨지며 이 균주의 최적 분해 조건을 조사한다면 그 결과는 이 균주가 분리된 오염지역의 생물학적 분해를 최적화하는데 기여할 것이다. Bacterial stain 3Y was isolated from a site that was contaminated with diesel for more than 15 years. The strain could grow on various petroleum using hydrocarbons as the sole carbon source. The strain grew not only on aliphatic hydrocarbons but also on aromatic hydrocarbons. 3Y grew on aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons hexane or hexadecane, and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons BTEX, phenol, biphenyl, or phenanthrene. The strain showed aromatic ring dioxygenase and meta-cleavage dioxygenase activities as determined by tests using indole and catechol. Aromatic ring dioxygenase is involved in the initial step of biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons while meta-cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the cleavage of the benzene ring. Based on a nucleotide sequence analysis of its 16S rRNA gene, 3Y belongs to the genus Sphingomonas. A phylogenetic tress was constructed based on the nucleotide sequences of closest relatives of 3Y and petroleum hydrocarbon degrading sphingomonads. 3Y was in a cluster that was different from the cluster that contained well-known sphingomonads. The results of this study suggest that 3Y has the potential to cleanup oil-contaminated sites. Further investigation is warranted to optimize conditions to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons by the strain to develop a better bioremediation strategy.

Catalytic copyrolysis of cork oak and bio-oil distillation residue

Lee, Yejin,Oh, Daejun,Kim, Young-Min,Jae, Jungho,Jung, Sang-Chul,Jeon, Jong-Ki,Kim, Sang Chai,Park, Young-Kwon Elsevier 2018 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.429 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The atmospheric distillation residue (ADR) of cork oak (CO) pyrolysis oil was used as the co-feeding material for the catalytic pyrolysis of CO over HZSM-5 catalysts to improve the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Although the non-catalytic copyrolysis of CO and ADR did not improve the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons, the catalytic copyrolysis of CO and ADR promoted the synergistic formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. HZSM-5(30), having a lower SiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>(30), showed better performance for the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons than HZSM-5(80) because of its higher acidity. The catalytic copyrolysis of CO and ADR also decreased the formation of coke. The largest quantity of aromatic hydrocarbons was obtained from the catalytic copyrolysis of CO and ADR over HZSM-5 (30) at 600°C, whereas the lowest coke yield was achieved at 700°C. When the catalyst to sample ratio was increased from 2:1 to 5:1, the synergistic formation of aromatic hydrocarbons was limited, resulting in a lower experimental yield of aromatic hydrocarbons than the theoretical yield. A lower coke yield was also achieved at a high catalyst to sample ratio (5:1).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Catalytic copyrolysis of cork oak and bio-oil distillation residue was performed. </LI> <LI> HZSM-5 was used as catalyst. </LI> <LI> Bio-oil distillation residue addition resulted in synergistic aromatic production. </LI> </UL> </P>

Evidence for a relationship between hydrocarbon microseepage and trace metal anomalies: an implication for petroleum exploration

Todupunuri Madhavi,Munnuru S. Kalpana,Dattatray J. Patil,Anurodh M. Dayal 한국지질과학협의회 2011 Geosciences Journal Vol.15 No.2

The paper reports the role of hydrocarbon microseepage in surface alterations of trace metal concentrations. In this study trace metal alterations were mapped that appear to be associated with hydrocarbon microseepages in the oil/gas fields of Mehsana block, North Cambay basin, India. The ranges of adsorbed soil gas concentrations of Methane, Ethane, Propane, i-Butane and n-Butane are found to vary from 1–402 ppb, 1–135 ppb, 1–70 ppb, 1–9 ppb, 1–18 ppb respectively, suggesting the presence of hydrocarbons and microseepage associated with the study area. The carbon isotopic signature of methane ranged from –29.5 to –43.0‰ (PDB) and ethane from –19.1 to –20.9‰ (PDB), indicating a thermogenic source of hydrocarbons. The absence of any significant correlation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) (r = 0.1 and 0.5 respectively) content with hydrocarbons in soil samples demonstrates the catagenetic origin of the desorbed gases. The Trace metal concentrations varied in the following manner: Ni: 49–155 ppm, V: 67–158 ppm, Cu: 29–82 ppm, Zn: 64–327 ppm, Ba: 241–554 ppm and Sr: 118–892 ppm. These high concentrations of trace metals which are more than their respective average concentrations generally found in soils are indicative of hydrocarbon induced alterations in the area. The low Eh values observed in anomalous hydrocarbon bearing soil samples compared to non anomalous samples in the area, could be attributed to the reducing conditions created by the hydrocarbon seepage from subsurface and might have influenced the trace metal solubilities which is reflected in their increased concentrations. Trace metal anomalies are seen haloed to adsorbed soil gas anomalies (∑C_(2+)) indicating that the major generative depressions of oil and /or gas fields of Sobhasan / Linch in the study area promoted vertical migration of hydrocarbon microbubbles which in turn facilitated trace metal deposition in the surface soils. By using integrated method approach, the weak signal of oil and gas reservoirs could be amplified in the frontier areas and the uncertainity of the vertical correlation of surface anomalies could be reduced

호두(Juglans nigra)의 감마선 조사에 따른 hydrocarbon류와 2-alkylcyclobutanone류의 GC/MS 분석

노은영,김경수,최지연 한국식품저장유통학회 2014 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.21 No.6

This study was conducted to analyze the hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones as marker compounds in walnuts after the walnuts’ exposure to γ irradiation. The samples were irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 kGy doses. The lipids were extracted via soxhlet extraction using hexane, and were separated by florisil column and identified via gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hydrocarbons that were detected were 8-heptadecene (C17:1) and 1,7-hexadecadiene (C16:2) from oleic acid and 8,11-heptadecadiene (C17:2) and 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C16:3) from linoleic acid. The 2-alkylcyclobutanones that were detected were 2- dodecylcyclobutanone (DCB) from palmitic acid, 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (TCB) from stearic acid, 2- (5'-tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone (TECB) from oleic acid, and 2-(5',8'-tetradecadienyl)cyclobutanone (5',8'-TCB) from linoleic acid. The correlation between the irradiation dose and the concentrations of the hydrocarbons and 2- alkylcyclobutanones in the walnuts was found to be linear. The radio-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones were clearly detected in the irradiated walnuts at 1 kGy and above, but not in the non-irradiated ones. The major hydrocarbons obtained after irradiation were 8-heptadecene from oleic acid and 8,11-heptadecadiene and 1,7,10-hexadecatriene from linoleic acid, and the major 2-alkylcyclobutanones were TECB from oleic acid and 5',8'-TCB from linoleic acid. Therefore, these major compounds were concluded to be the marker compounds for determining the irradiated and non-irradiated samples.

Standardizing GC-FID Measurement of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in Air for International Intercomparison Using Retention Index and Effective Carbon Number Concept

Liaw, Sheng-Ju,Tso, Tai-Ly 한국분석과학회 1995 분석과학 Vol.8 No.4

Accurate measurements of ozone precursors are required to understand the process and extent of ozone formation in rural and urban areas. Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been identified as important ozone precursors. Identification and quantification of NMHCs are difficult because of the large number present and the wide molecular weight range encountered in typical air samples. A major plan of the research team of the Climate and Air Quality Taiwan Station (CATs) was the measurement of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons. An analytical method has been development for the analysis of the individual nonmethane hydrocarbons in ambient air at ppb (v) and subppb(v) levels. The whole ambient air samples were collected in canisters and analyzed by GC-FID with $Al_2O_3$/KCl PLOT column. Our targeted for quantitative analysis 43 compounds that may be substantial contributors to ozone formation. The retention indices and molar response factors of some commercially available $C_2{\sim}C_{10}$ hydrocarbons were determined and used to identify and quantify air samples. A quality assurance program was instituted to ensure that good measurements were made by participating in the International Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiments (NOMHICE).