Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Urine Cotinine Levels by Occupation in the Korean population

( So Ryong Lee ),( Chae Gwan Lee ),( Chun Hui Suh ),( Jong Tae Lee ),( Jin Heon Lee ),( Jin Kyung Kim ),( Seung Do Yu ),( Choong Hee Park ) 대한보건협회 2011 대한보건협회 보건종합학술대회 Vol.2011 No.-

[Background] The urine cotinine levels of non-smokers indicates widespread exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Work place is one of the main factors of the SHS in the Korea population. [Objectives] This study was aimed to estimate the status of second-hand smoke exposure through urine cotinine analysis in the Korean population and to analyze occupational factors affecting cotinine in urine. [Methods] Data was obtained from the National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea as "The 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in Human Body." We selected 4084 nonsmoking adults from 200 localities participated in this survey. Urine cotinine concentrations were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. All analyses incorporated sampling weights that adjusted for unequal probabilities of selection. [Results] The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of urine cotinine concentration among all participants was 15.4 (13.76-17.21) ug/L. The urine cotinine concentrations of males (GM(95% CI), 17.83 (15.19-20.93) ug/L) was higher than females (GM(95% CI), 14.27 (12.62-16.15) ug/L). The urine cotinine concentration of workers (GM(95% CI), 16.50 (14.48-18.80) was higher than non-workers (GM(95% CI), 14.20 (12.34-16.34) ug/L). According to the National Center for Health statistics (NCHS: USA) occupational categories, the geometric mean urine cotinine were 15.51 ug/L for white-collar group; 16.93 for service group; 21.73 for farm worker group; 17.29 for blue-collar group. The proportion who smelled smoke was significantly higher in workers (36.9%) than in non-workers (20.8%).

기체 크로마토그래피/질소-선택적 검출을 이용한 소변 중 니코틴과 코티닌의 동시 분석

김희갑,박미진 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.4

A gas chromatographic method was established for the simultaneous determination of urinary nicotine and cotinine. The analytes in basified urine containing a sufficient amount of Na₂SO₄ were extracted into dichloromethane by vigorous shaking. Into the transferred organic phase was added a small amount of acidified methanol (0.5 N HCl in methanol), followed by concentrating the mixture to dryness using a mild stream of nitrogen gas. The concentrate was reconstituted with methanol and the final solution analyzed using the gas chromatograph equipped with the nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The reproducibility tests showed coefficients of variation less than I 1% for both compounds. The percent recovery for both analytes ranged from 88 to 103%, The estimated method detection limits for nicotine and cotinine were 0.60 and 5.1 ng/mL, respectively. Extraction efficiencies for both nicotine and cotinine apparently declined without the addition of Na₂SO₄ into the urine. Moreover, the absence of methanolic HCI in the extract resulted in almost complete evaporation of nicotine and partial loss of cotinine during the concentration process, indicating that the formation of nicotine-HCI and cotinine-HCI species is prerequisite to the suppression of the loss of both compounds.

지역 특성에 따른 주민의 혈중 Pb 농도와 요중 Cotinine의 농도

오유진 ( Yu-jin Oh ),김형욱 ( Hyoung-wook Kim ),김윤재 ( Yun-jae Kim ),한윤덕 ( Yoon-deok Han ),정성현 ( Sung-hyeon Jung ),이종대 ( Jong-dae Lee ),장봉기 ( Bong-ki Jang ),이진헌 ( Jin-heon Lee ),손부순 ( Bu-soon Son ) 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.3

The National Institute of Environmental Research (3rd KONEHs) conducted a survey of 280 residents in Ulsan, Suwon and Asan, and the concentration of heavy metals in the blood and urine were also analyzed. In case of blood lead concentration, Ulsan 2.27 ㎍/㎗, Suwon 2.08 ㎍/㎗, and Asan 1.75 ㎍/㎗, the high peak in Ulsan, and the low peak in Asan. In case of cotinine concentration, Ulsan smoking(609.16 ㎍/g_ct) is higher than nonsmoking(74.07 ㎍/g_ct), as Suwon and Asan smoking(416.72 ㎍/g_ct, 903.21 ㎍/g_ct) is higher than nonsmoking(72.72 ㎍/g_ct, 18.06 ㎍/g_ct), smoking group is higher than nonsmoking group in all areas revealed statistically significant correlation(p<0.01). In considering results synthetically, these study results are an aid to constructing environmental health science-side heavy metal management measure education programs for normal residents.

Decline in non-smoking workers’ urine cotinine levels after increased smoking regulation in Korea

Ju-Hyoung Park,Chae-Kwan Lee,Se-Yeong Kim,Chunhui Suh,Kun-Hyung Kim,Jeong-Ho Kim,Byung-Chul Son,Jong-Tae Lee,Seung-Do Yu,Wookhee Choi,Hosub Im 대한직업환경의학회 2015 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.27 No.-

Objectives: To identify any association between implementing smoking regulation policies and workers’ urine cotinine concentration levels in Korea. Methods: From the first stage of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research from 2009 to 2011, 2,475 non-smoking workers selected. We analyzed the trend in the changes of cotinine concentration in urine using the general linear model and linear regression, in various jobs as categorized by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and Korea Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). Results: The urine cotinine concentration tended to decrease every year (2.91 ng/ml in 2009, 2.12 ng/ml in 2010, and 1.31 ng/ml in 2011), showing a decreasing trend (P < 0.001). The total subjects’ decreased cotinine concentration in urine between 2009 and 2011 was 2.72 ng/ml (54.1 % relative decrease). The changes in each subgroup’s urine cotinine concentration ranged from 1.59 to 6.03 ng/ml (33.2 to 77.5 %). All groups except for the managerial group (n = 49), which had a small sample size, had statistically significant negative regression coefficients (p < 0.05). The ranges of the decrease in urine cotinine were 2.75 ng/ml (53.6 %) for males and 2.72 ng/ml (54.9 %) for females. The negative slope in urine cotinine level was statistically significantly greater in men than women. The changes in urine cotinine by occupation as classified by the NCHS occupational categories ranged from 2.43 to 3.36 ng/ml (46.6 to 61.5 % relative decrease). The negative slopes in urine cotinine levels of the white-collar and farm workers were statistically significantly greater than those of the service workers and blue-collar workers. The change by occupation as classified by the KSCO ranged from 1.59 to 6.03 ng/ml (a 33.2 to 77.5 % relative decrease). The negative slopes in urine cotinine levels of the professionals and related workers and clerks were statistically significantly greater than those of the service workers and plant and machine operators and assemblers. Conclusions: The cotinine concentration in urine among non-smoking worker groups tended to decline from 2009 to 2011. Such a result may be an indirect indicator of the effectiveness of smoking regulation policies including the revision of the National Health Promotion Act.

간접흡연에 노출된 청소년의 요 코티닌 배설량

이혜령,김현근,김규남,이선영,유선미,김효빈,김봉성,홍수종,김자형,이소연,이도훈,유장석,성문우 대한가정의학회 2009 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.30 No.1

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the urine cotinine concentrations in Korean adolescents. Methods: The study population was 1st grade high school adolescents (n = 1467, girls 22.2%) recruited from four high schools, two from Seoul, one from Kangleung and one from Woolsan. We obtained information on active smoking and ETS exposure through self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. Results: The prevalence of active smoking was 6.9% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Median urine cotinine concentrations were 19.5 ㎍/L (range, 0-2341 ㎍/L) among smokers, and 0 ㎍/L (range, 0-1359 ㎍/L) among nonsmokers. The positive rate of urine cotinine among nonsmokers exposed to ETS was 2.9%. Boys were exposed to ETS in the order of frequency in PC room (79.6%), home (39.4%), school (11.5%), and public places (5.9%); girls were exposed in the order of frequency in home (40.9%), PC room (33.2%), public places (28.0%), and school (15.2%). The frequency and duration of ETS exposure were significantly larger and longer in boys than in girls. Boys contacted friends who smoked more than girls did (32.6% vs. 17.1%). Parents’ smoking status was similar both in boys and girls. Any information on ETS exposure did not differ according to the detectable urine cotinine among nonsmoking adolescents. Conclusion: Low positive rate of urine cotinine and no association of urine cotinine with various ETS exposure history re-flect that urine cotinine may not be a good marker for ETS exposure in Korean adolescents. 연구배경: 간접흡연에 노출되고 있는 청소년을 대상으로 간접흡연 노출 특성에 따른 요 코티닌 분포를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 방법: 서울의 2개, 강릉, 울산에서 각 1개 인문계 고등학교 1학년 1467명(여자 22.2%)을 대상으로 직접 흡연 및 간접흡연 노출 특성에 대한 설문조사와 요 코티닌 농도를 측정하였다. 성별에 따라 간접흡연 노출 특성을 비교하고, 요 코티닌 양성률에 영향을 주는 특성을 조사하였다. 결과: 직접흡연율은 남자 6.9%, 여자 0.9%이었다. 요 코티닌은 흡연자에서 중앙값 19.5 ㎍/L (범위, 0-2341 ㎍/L), 비흡연자에서 0 ㎍/L (범위, 0-1359 ㎍/L)이었고 비흡연 청소년의 요 코티닌 양성율은 2.9%이었다. 간접흡연에 노출되는 장소는 남자에서 PC방(79.6%), 집(39.4%), 학교(11.5%), 공공장소(5.9%) 순이었고 여자에서 집(40.9%), PC방(33.2%), 공공장소(28.0%), 학교(15.2%) 순이었다. 간접흡연 노출 빈도는 남자에서 주 1-4회(58.9%), 월 1-2회 이하(23.6%), 거의 매일(17.6%) 순이었고, 여자에서 주 1-4회(48.8%), 거의 매일(26.5%), 월 1-2회 이하(24.7%) 순이었다. 간접흡연 노출 시간은 남자에서 30분 미만(71.5%), 30분-2시간(21.0%), 2시간 초과(7.5%) 순이었고, 여자에서는 30분 미만(89.1%), 30분-2시간(9.0%), 2시간 초과(1.9%) 순으로 남자에서 노출되는 시간이 더 길었다. 흡연하는 친구와 접촉은 남자에서 더 많았고(32.6% vs. 17.1%), 부모의 흡연 상태는 청소년의 성별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. 비흡연자에서 다양한 간접흡연 노출 특성은 요 코티닌 양성 여부에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 비흡연 청소년의 요 코티닌 양성률이 낮고 간접흡연의 특성이 요 코티닌 양성률에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 보아 요 코티닌은 청소년에서 간접흡연을 잘 반영하지 않는 것으로 보인다.

Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

Jung, Sungmo,Lee, In Seon,Kim, Sae Byol,Moon, Chan Soo,Jung, Ji Ye,Kang, Young Ae,Park, Moo Suk,Kim, Young Sam,Kim, Se Kyu,Chang, Joon,Kim, Eun Young The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2012 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.73 No.4

Background: The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. Results: The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups. The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. Conclusion: Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.

Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

정성모,김은영,이인선,김새별,문찬수,정지예,강영애,박무석,김영삼,김세규,장준 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2012 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.73 No.4

Background: The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. Results: The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups. The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. Conclusion: Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.

Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

( Sungmo Jung ),( In Seon Lee ),( Sae Byol Kim ),( Chan Soo Moon ),( Ji Ye Jung ),( Young Ae Kang ),( Moo Suk Park ),( Young Sam Kim ),( Se Kyu Kim ),( Joon Chang ),( Eun Young Kim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2012 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.73 No.4

Background: The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. Results: The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups, The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. Conclusion: Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.

Association between the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home and urine cotinine concentrate among pregnancy women in thailand

( Paithoon Sonthon ),( Aumporn Sonthon ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.0

Background: There was strong evidence from several studies that second hand smoke exposure during pregnancy is impact on respiratory problems in infant including asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis. Furthermore, most studies were conducted in developed countries. The present study aims to investigate the association between the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home and urine cotinine concentrate among pregnant women in Thailand. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical study by using the interview from the totaled 1,274 non-smoke pregnant women were antenatal care in 7 public hospitals under the Ministry of public health, Thailand, and urine samples were analyzed for cotinine concentrate. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate association between the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home and urine cotinine concentrate. Results: Among the total of 1,274 non-smoke pregnant women, 53.8% had the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home was every day and 59.7% had urine cotinine level was ≥400 ng/ml. After adjusting for covariates, we found that the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home every day was the significantly association with urine cotinine concentrate (adjusted mean difference = 134.2; 95%CI = 29.1 to 239.3; p<0.05). In terms of other covariates, time of second hand smoke exposure per day, employment status, home contribute with tobacco, and parity of pregnancy were also strongly associated with urine cotinine concentrate. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the frequency of smoker’s cigarette consumption in the home every day is the indicator of level urine cotinine concentrate among pregnant women. Other factors could be shown to be associated with urine cotinine concentrate. Therefore, health personals should be assess of second hand smoke exposure during pregnancy and promote smoke-free environments to improve infant health. Funding statement: The project was funded by Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center (TRC).

Validity assessment of self-reported smoking status in firefighters using the urine cotinine test

Han Cheol Heo,Young Seok Byun,Soo Ho Sohn,Seong Min Jo,Sung Kyu Park,Joon Sakong 대한직업환경의학회 2020 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.32 No.-

Background: In firefighters, smoking management is important because they are exposed to various harmful substances in their occupational environment. Accurate surveys of smoking status are essential to control tobacco use. The main disadvantage of self-report questionnaires, which are commonly used for investigating smoking status, is the possibility that the subjects" response are invalid. If the validity of firefighters" answers on smoking questionnaires is not adequate, different methods will be needed for investigating smoking status in firefighters. Methods: This study was conducted on 445 male firefighters from 9 fire stations in Daegu (the city in South Korea) who visited a medical institution for medical checkup in 2016. The urine cotinine test strip (DCT-102; CLIAwaived Inc., cut-off value = 200 ng/mL) was used to classify the actual smoking status and to assess the validity of self-reported smoking status on questionnaires. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the smoking questionnaires were analyzed. Subjects testing positive in the urine cotinine test (assumed the actual current smokers) were selected. The frequency at which actual current smokers were misclassified as current non-smokers by the questionnaire was calculated. Subjects" characteristics were analyzed for possible association with any discrepancy between self-reported smoking status and urine cotinine test results. Results: The smoking rates among firefighters surveyed using the smoking questionnaire and the urine cotinine test were 22.47% and 51.24%, respectively. Of the all subjects, 29.66% (n = 132) were misclassified. The sensitivity of the smoking questionnaire was 42.98%, the specificity was 99.08%, the PPV was 98.00%, and the NPV was 62.32%. In the 228 subjects classified as current actual smokers by the urine cotinine test, 57.02% (n = 130) were misclassified on the questionnaire. The misclassification rate increased with age. The degree of misclassification also increased when subjects had a history of disease. Conclusions: In present study, the validity of the smoking questionnaire for firefighters was not suitable for investigating smoking status due to low sensitivity. To increase the validity of smoking status monitoring in firefighters, consideration of the various factors like survey environment, subjects" characteristics, and occupational factors is needed.