지역어 부흥운동의 일한 비교 연구― 오키나와와 제주의 경우 ―

金恩希 한국일본학회 2010 日本學報 Vol.83 No.-

This study compared Okinawa in Japan and Jeju in South Korea concerning the language revitalizations. Language revitalization is the attempt by interested parties, including individuals, cultural or community groups, governments, or political authorities, to reverse the decline of a language. The process of language revitalization is the reverse of language death. The background of the language revitalization in Okinawa is related to racial independence. Therefore the Okinawa people try to protect their language. Jeju people looked for their identities through their language, in two flows of globalism and regionalism. It is a background of the language revitalization. Language standardization has already been completed in both areas. This is a common background. The Okinawa prefectural assembly enacted the ordinance of “Day of the dialect”. The Jeju provincial assembly enacted the ordinance of the dialect promotion. This is the first case that the local government started the protection of their language. A regional language indicates the cultural diversity in a language community. In both areas, the events of the same kind are held for the activation of regional languages. For instance, a speech contest in a dialect, dialect signboards, and a dialect souvenir, and so on. It is not a true revitalization to protect a regional language like a cultural asset. A true revitalization is to recognize the regional language as a means of communication in the language community.

A Study on the Relation between Immigrant Language Maintenance and Language Ideology

Mihyon Jeon(전미현),Daehee Kim(김대희) 원광대학교 인문학연구소 2022 열린정신 인문학연구 Vol.23 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 언어 이동과 언어 전환에 관한 언어 상실, 유지, 그리고 재활성화의 개념에 대한 검토에 기초하여 이민자들의 언어 유지와 언어 이데올로기 사이의 상관성을 탐구하는 데 있다. 두 개 이상의 언어가 특정 맥락에서 접촉할 때 어떤 일이 일어나는지 이해하기 위해서는 언어 유지, 손실 및 언어 재활성화라는 세 차원에 주목할 필요가 있다. 언어 유지란 특정 언어 커뮤니티에서 특정 언어를 지속적으로 사용하는 것을 말한다. 언어 상실은 특정 언어 사용 집단이 더 이상 언어를 사용하지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 언어 활성화는 특정 언어의 사용을 증가시키기 위한 목적으로 소수 언어에 새로운 언어 형태나 사회적 기능을 추가하려는 시도이다. 언어의 재활성화는 언어의 전환과 관련이 있다. 이민자의 계승어 유지는 소수민족 언어와 더불어 이민사회의 공용어 내지 다수가 사용하는 언어를 동시에 습득하는 이중언어 발달을 최종 목적으로 한다. 언어의 유지와 활성화 과정에서의 권력의 작용은 매우 중요하다. 언어 이동과 유지 및 이중어어 발달 과정을 이해하기 위해서는 권력 관계를 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 언어 상실, 유지, 활성화에 대한 연구에서는 권력 관계에 대한 인식과 함께 언어 이데올로기의 개념을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 언어 이데올로기는 언어 자원이 어떤 사회에서는 검증되고 어떤 사회에서는 무효화되는 기존의 권력 관계의 합법화에 기여할 수 있다. 사회 구성원들이 가지고 있는 언어 이데올로기의 형태는 기존의 권력 관계에 의해 형성될 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to seek the correlation between the language maintenance and language ideology of immigrants based on a review of the concepts of language loss, maintenance, and revitalization regarding language shift and reversing language shift. In order to understand what happens when two or more languages come into contact in a specific context, attention should be paid to three dimensions: language maintenance, loss, and language reactivation. Language maintenance refers to the continuous use of a specific language by a specific language community. Language loss means that a specific language-speaking group no longer uses the language. Language revitalization is an attempt to add a new language form or social function to minority languages with the aim of increasing the use of a specific language. Revitalization of language is related to reversing language shift. In considering the process of maintenance and revitalization of language, the issue of power relations is crucial. In order to understand the process of language shift and maintenance, it is necessary to understand the relationship of power. Also, in the study of language loss, maintenance, and revitalization, it is essential to understand the concept of language ideology alongside an awareness of the relationship of power. Language ideology can contribute to the legalization of the existing relations of power in which linguistic resources are verified in some societies and invalidated in others. The form of language ideology held by members of society can be formed by the existing relations of power.

Quechua Language Revitalization Policies and Planning in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador

Tuba Yilmaz(Tuba Yilmaz ) 전남대학교 교육문제연구소 2023 New Horizons of Educational Research Vol.3 No.1

The Quechua language, spoken by indigenous Quechuans, faced endangerment due to the widespread use of Spanish. This paper explored the language revitalization policies for Quechua language in South American countries, particularly Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. The paper began by presenting a concise overview of Quechua and the Quechuan community, elucidating the factors contributing to Quechua's endangered status and the prevalence of Spanish monolingualism. Subsequently, it delved into an exploration of language revitalization policies and challenges within each country, framed by corpus planning, status planning, acquisition planning, and prestige planning. The paper concluded with a discussion on the outcomes of Quechua revitalization efforts. This paper offered valuable insights for countries adopting a 'language as a resource approach,' and particularly those endeavoring to implement additive policies for their extinct, endangered, or threatened languages.

소수언어와 언어권리

변명섭 미래영어영문학회 2015 영어영문학 Vol.20 No.1

An important claim of this paper is that there are no absolute criteria of language policy and planning, because of the complexities of the issues which involve the sociology of language. In particular, the issues involving the position or status of Jeju dialect have the similar complexities which need to be resolved in the fields of academic and social domains. In general, minority language groups adopt one of several policy options in respect of the status of their languages or dialects. One aspect of language planning is to declare their language or dialect as a national/official language, establishing linguistic rights. Another choice is to maintain their language or dialect by actively using and promoting it in a de facto diglossic situation, in which members of minority languages maintain their languages across generations, thus facing no threat of language loss. In this case, viable speech communities continue to be maintained, keeping the language loss postponed. The third option is to allow their language or dialect to proceed to linguistic continuum, in which members of minority languages lose their language after several generations, ultimately resulting in language loss. In this case, the influence of standard languages of majority groups entail the marginalization (or endangerment) and eventual loss of minority languages or dialects. The three different choices mentioned above can also be applied to the discussion of the position or status of Jeju dialect. Giving examples of language situations relevant to such three cases across the world, this paper provides some sociolinguistic implications to be responsible for dealing with the position of Jeju dialect, addressing some issues of acquisition or literacy planning that fall within linguistic rights or revitalization in general.

제주 방언의 언어활력 평가

김은희(Kim, Eun-Hee) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2015 로컬리티 인문학 Vol.0 No.14

유네스코가 제시한 위기언어에 대한 9개의 평가 요인을 적용하여 제주 방언의 언어활력을 측정해 보았다. 제주방언의 위기의 정도와 지속가능성을 밝히기 위함이다. 본 연구에서 측정한 제주방언의 언어활력 지수는 5단계 중에 평균 1.9이다. 종합적으로 2단계의 분명히 위기에 처한 언어(definitely endangered language)로 판정할 수 있다. 방언 레벨의 언어임을 감안하면 활력지수가 높은 편이다. 제주방언은 가정 내 사용 비율이 비교적 높고 자신의 방언능력을 높이 평가하는 등 언어 유지에 필요한 환경이 조성되어 있다고 볼 수 있다. 공적 기관의 언어정책과 지역주민의 자기언어에 대한 태도가 아주 긍정적이다. 그러나 위의 결과는 위기언어 등록 이후 방언부흥운동의 성과가 반영된 것으로 위기언어 등록 당시의 사정과는 다를 수 있다. 유네스코의 위기언어 등록은 언어공동체의 위기감을 반영하기 때문에 언어 활력 지수가 결정적인 역할을 하는 것은 아니다. 제주방언의 경우는 지역주민의 위기감이 위기언어 등록으로 표출된 것이다. 실제 위기언어 등록은 방언 레벨의 언어도 소멸돼서는 안 되는 것으로 인식하고 더 발전적인 보존정책을 실시하기 위한 계기가 되었다. 위기를 기회로 삼은 전형적인 예이다. Crystal은 위기언어의 진행을 더디게 하는 요인으로 공동체 내에서의 위신의 향상, 경제적 축적, 합리적 권력의 증가, 강인한 교육제도, 언어의 기록, 전자기술의 이용의 6요인을 들고 있는데 제주방언은 강인한 교육제도를 제외하고는 적극적으로 대응하고 있다. 특히 잠재적 위신이 높고 언어의 기록, 전자기술의 활용이 두드러진다. 교육용 CD제작, 홍보 동영상 제작, 방언 자료의 전산화, 모바일 콘텐츠의 개발 등 미디어와 새로운 영역에 대한 대응이 신속하였다. 앞으로 제주방언의 언어재활성화 전개과정에 대한 연구가 요구된다. The Jeju dialect have been included in UNESCO’s “Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger” in 2010. This study is about sustainability and vitality assessment of Jeju dialect. Understanding the language vitality is the first step toward reinvigorating its usage. Language communities are complex and diverse, and measuring absolute number of speakers are tremendously difficult. Thus, UNESCO proposed key nine factors that are especially useful when evaluating vitality, degree of endangerment and sociolinguistic environment of its language. Following are nine factors UNESCO suggested: (1) Intergenerational Language Transmission, (2) Absolute Number of Speakers, (3) Proportion of Speakers within the Total Population, (4) Trends in Existing Language Domains, (5) Response to New Domains and Media, (6) Materials for Language Education and Literacy, (7) Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes and Policies, (8) Community Members’ Attitudes toward Their Own Language and (9) Amount and Quality of Documentation. From this measurement, vitality of Jeju dialect was found to be 1.9 out of 5 grades, where lower number indicates safer situation. So, Jeju dialect is considered rather safe language in terms of dialect level language. However, Jeju dialect is registered as “Language in Danger” by UNESCO. These contradicting understanding on Jeju dialect vitality is from twofold: one is imprecise language assessment, and the other is Jeju people’s insecure feeling toward their native language, where community response becomes critical measure point, not language vitality itself. With the fear of losing Jeju’s own language, people of Jeju wanted it to be registered in UNESCO’s “Language in Danger.” After this, areas of the dialect usage have been expanded and this event became a catalyzer for reactivating Jeju dialect.

언어부흥 사례를 통한 소멸위기 언어의 이해

양창용 한국언어연구학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.23 No.2

The goal of this paper is to examine the current language situations from a typological point of view. Especially, the main focus goes on the better understanding of endangered languages through the revitalizing efforts. This paper consist of two parts. At first, we are going to look over the general understanding of endangered languages dealing with the following: Why languages disappear? For this, reviewing previous studies, it is observed that what factors have an impact on language loss and language vitality in terms of endangered status. Second of all, we try to get the better understanding of endangered languages to probe some cases of revitalized endangered languages. Through the observation of several revitalizing cases, we can say that language diversity is essential to the human heritage.

Language Revitalization: Challenges for Kazakh in Higher Education

Kucherbayeva Dina,Smagulova Juldyz 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2023 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.14 No.2

This paper is an initial attempt to evaluate the challenges of promoting a new national language as a medium of instruction (MOI) in a post-socialist higher education (HE) context. In the case of Kazakhstan, the choice of MOI is perceived as a key tool to strengthen national identity and resist domination of Russian; in higher education sector language policies are constructed to foster cultural independence which translates into establishing Kazakh as a full-fledged medium of academia. Drawing on the historical-structural approach (Tollefson, 1991, 2013), we analyze the ideologies and practices of university students studying in Kazakh. Findings from audio-recorded interviews suggest that implementing Kazakh-medium instruction policies face numerous pragmatic and ideological challenges, such as a dearth of teaching and learning resources in Kazakh and lack of Kazakh-speaking faculty. This study contributes to scholarship on language revitalization in the context of tertiary education.

지역어의 시간적 변화를 통해 본 언어 변화의 실제와 양상

김유범(Kim, Yu-pum) 국어국문학회 2016 국어국문학 Vol.- No.176

본 연구는 언어 변화에 주목해 20여 년이라는 시간적 간격을 지닌 동일 지역어의 모습을 비교, 분석함으로써 언어 변화가 진행된 실제적 내용과 양상을 구명해 보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 지역어를 시간적 차이가 있는 두 시점에 조사한 결과를 비교하고 고찰하는 과정을 통해, 언어 변화의 실제와 그 양상을 살펴보는 일은 언어 변화를 관찰 가능한 현상으로 이해하는 데 도움을 준다. 이를 위해 1990년과 1991년 두 해에 걸쳐 조사된 강원도 정선 지역의 방언과 2013년 다시 조사된 동일 지역의 방언을 비교하여 그간의 변화 내용과 양상을 살펴보았다. 20여 년이라는 시간과 정선 지역어라는 연구 대상은 분명히 제약된 상황이지만, 좁은 범위 안에서나마 언어 변화의 실제적 양상을 살펴봄으로써 언어 변화에 대한 직접적 접근과 더불어 새로운 연구 방법론을 생각해 볼 수 있었다. 언어 변화 중 어휘 변화가 가장 두드러진 변화를 보여 준다는 점, 사회적 요인에 의해 일어나는 언어 변화는 지배적일 수는 있지만 체계적이지는 않다는 점, ‘기억 속 어휘’의 다양한 분포는 언어 변화 과정에서 나타나는 하나의 양상으로 이해된다는 점, 세대 간 또는 한 개인의 역사에서 나타나는 언어 변화는 언어 변화가 실제적인 현상임을 직접적으로 보여 준다는 점 등은 정선 방언의 변화를 통해 관찰해 볼 수 있었던 언어 변화의 양상들이다. In this paper, I aimed to study practice and aspect of language change by analyzing two states of a language in the same region, having time difference more than 20 years. Especially, I used language data of Jeongseon area in Gangwon-Do, investigated in 1990, 1991, and 2013 with my colleagues. Through this study I have come to know about some properties of language change as follows: Firstly, we could observe the diachronic change of Jeongseon dialect through vivid spoken language data. Secondly, we could find a new way of investigation and research of language by giving a time difference in doing fieldwork. Finally, we could talk about practice and aspect of language change on the basis of not written data but spoken data. In addition, I emphasized that we should have special attention to the problem of language endangerment, not only in general languages but also in subordinate dialects.

한국어 국외 활성화 방안에 관한 연구 -세종학당을 중심으로-

박춘태 ( Choon Tae Park ),권연진 ( Yeon Jin Kwon ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2014 인문학연구 Vol.48 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 한국어 국외 활성화를 위해 적절하고도 효율적인 방안을 제시하는데 있다. 문화외교의 일환인 한국어 국외 활성화는 글로벌 시대에 문화융성의 기반으로서 지대한 영향력을 갖고 있을 뿐만 아니라 국가브랜드 가치를 제고시키고 국력 증대를 실현할 수 있다. 2007년 국가 주도로 탄생된 한국어 보급 전문기관인 세종학당은 설립 취지에서 밝혔듯이 문화상대주의 방식을 통해 한국어의 지평을 넓혀가야 함을 천명하고 있다. 엄밀히 말해 학습자 국가의 언어와 문화를 한국어와 한국문화에 동일한 가치 기준을 적용할 때 한국어의 국외 활성화는 지속가능성을 보장할 수 있다. 즉 공통의 가치에 대한 공감대를 형성함으로써 국가·국민 효익(benefit)에 중요한 단초를 제공할 수 있다. 그동안 세종학당은 개설 측면에서 가파른 성장세를 이어오고 있지만 한편으로 일부 부작용도 도출하고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 세종학당을 중심으로 전개되어 온 한국어 국외 보급의 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 성공적인 한국어 국외 활성화를 위한 다양한 방안을 제시함으로써 궁극적으로 국가번영과 국가브랜딩에 일조하고자 한다. This study makes a method for revitalization of Korean language overseas. The use of Korean language as the main ingredient in cultural diplomacy is rapidly spreading across the whole world. The environment for Korean language education has gradually improved because of the Korean government`s support. Thus, Korean language has become quite an influential factor for improving the country`s image, aiding its development and economic growth as well as preserving its identity in the world as a main performer today and in the future. The King Sejong Institute has been established abroad even Africa with the support of the Korean Government in 2007. This study reviewed the relationship of the principle of cultural relativism with the institute`s goals which is why the King Sejong Institute was established. A precondition for its establishment was that the dissemination of the Korean language must be carried out on the basis of mutual language respect and understanding, with each side being willing to understand the other. Thus, the King Sejong Institute will contribute to a deeper understanding of Korea and promote Korean language education overseas through its distinguished program and in other ways. Revitalization of Korean language with the expansion of the King Sejong Institute will introduce the prosperity of Korea to people abroad, interacting with and respecting the learner`s language and culture in accordance with a favorable reputation. We tried to find appropriate and effective methods to improve the King Sejong Institute`s management of the Korean language dissemination, including creating a strategy based on cultural relativity together with the related law to improve the system. In this way, people will come to respect Korean culture and language as they interact with the King Sejong Institute.

Analysis of Koreans' Overt and Covert Language Attitudes towards Jeju Dialect

Kwak, Saebom,You, Seok-Hoon 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2019 언어정보 Vol.0 No.29

This study investigates Koreans' overt and covert language attitudes towards the Jeju dialect. In order to analyze both overt and covert attitudes, direct (survey questionnaire) and indirect (matched-guise test) methods were used together. There were a total of 90 subjects, 30 of whom were speakers of Jeju dialect and 60 of whom were speakers of other Korean regional dialects: central dialect, Gyoungsang dialect, and Jeolla dialect. After all the questionnaires were completed, the results were compiled and subjected to statistical testing (paired t-test or Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test). The study revealed that Jeju dialect users regard their own dialect as a language with high solidarity and low status when their overt and covert attitudes were investigated. Also, it was confirmed that other dialect users label Jeju dialect as a language with low solidarity and low status when their overt attitude was analyzed. However, when their covert attitudes were analyzed, it turned out that they feel Jeju dialect is a language with low status and neutral level of solidarity. There was a subtle difference between Jeju dialect users’ overt and covert language attitudes in regard to status. This might have been caused by Jeju dialect users’ radical perception change towards Jeju dialect. As for the other dialects users, there was a difference between their overt and covert language attitudes in respect to solidarity. Their prejudice against Jeju dialect is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy.