현대중국어 ‘V出來/出去’ 구문 연구: 코퍼스의 실례 분석에 기초하여

이갑남 동아인문학회 2023 동아인문학 Vol.65 No.-

The frequency of errors in compound directional complements among Chinese learners is high, and it is difficult to accurately grasp their meaning solely based on the explanations in textbooks or grammar books. Therefore, comprehensive research is needed. This study analyzes the characteristics of the meaning and usage of the “V ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)” sentence in modern Chinese compound directional complements. As a specific method, the “V ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)” sentence was searched and utilized on BCC Copers. Verbs with strong binding power with the tendency complement “ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)” have the property of shifting or changing the position of things like “Zou(走)” and “Na(拿)”, and verbs with weak binding ability are used as the extended meaning of directional complements. In the “V ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)” sentence, the possibility of combining it with “ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)” varies depending on the meaning of the verb. Some verbs only have strong binding power with “ChuLai(出來)”, while some verbs are more likely to combine with “ChuQu(出去)”, showing asymmetry when combined with “ChuLai(出來)/ChuQu(出去)”. In the same verb complement structure, it is also used for both basic and extended meanings depending on the object. Distinguished the compound directional complement “V ChuLai(出來)/ ChuQu(出去)” sentences based on the position of the object, and examined various types of example sentences with basic and extended meanings. Class A objects are located before compound directional complements. Class B objects are located between compound directional complements, and objects, places, actors, and body parts are used as objects. Class C is located after the object in the compound directional complement, Class D is located after the ba word, and before the compound directional complement. The analysis results of the basic and extended meanings show that the objects used in different meanings are different, but they are similar according to the type of object position. 복합방향보어는 중국어 학습자들의 오류 빈도가 높은데, 교재나 어법서의 설명만으로는 의미를 정확히 파악하기는 어렵기에 종합적인 연구가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 현대중국어 복합방향보어 중 ‘V出來/出去’ 구문이 의미와 통사적 용법에 있어 어떠한 특징이 있는지를 분석해 보았다. 구체적인 방법으로, BCC 코퍼스에서 ‘V出來/出去’ 구문을 검색하여 활용하였다. 방향보어 ‘出來/出去’와 결합력이 강한 동사는 ‘走’와 ‘拿’처럼 위치이동 혹은 사물의 위치를 변화시키는 특성이 있고, 결합능력이 약한 동사는 방향보어의 파생의미로 쓰였다. ‘V出來/出去’ 구문에서 동사의 의미에 따라 ‘出來/出去’와 결합 가능성이 달랐다. 일부 동사는 ‘出來’와만 결합력이 강하고 일부 동사는 ‘出去’와만 결합 가능성이 높아 ‘出來/出去’와 결합에 있어 비대칭성을 나타내었다. 동일한 動補구조에서 목적어에 따라 기본의미와 파생의미로 달리 쓰이기도 하였다. 복합방향보어 ‘V出來/出去’ 구문을 목적어 위치에 따라 구분하고, 기본의미와 파생의미에 해당하는 유형별 예문을 살펴보았다. A유형은 목적어가 복합방향보어 앞에 위치한다. B유형은 목적어가 복합방향보어의 사이에 위치하는데, 대상, 장소, 행위자, 신체 부위가 목적어로 사용되었다. C유형은 목적어가 복합방향보어의 뒤에, D유형은 把자 뒤, 복합방향보어 앞에 위치했다. 분석 결과 의미별로 사용된 목적어는 서로 상이하지만, 목적어 위치에 따른 유형은 유사하였다.

≪釋迦如來十地修行記≫ 술보구문 연구

박원기 중국어문연구회 2022 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.110

Seokgayeoraesipjisuhaenggi was written by a Buddhist monk during the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. This work is typical of Early Modern Chinese, and it was written during the Yuan Dynasty of China. Until now, there have been several editions of this, but here, the Nakeunbon edition has been studied as the main material. According to research so far, it was written in 1328. In terms of overall style, grammar, and vocabulary, this literature reflects the language of the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. This study focused on Verb-complement constructions in this literature, which were classified into four subcategories based on some sort of criterion. These four subcategories are ‘Verb-resultative complement’, ‘Verb-directional complement’, ‘state complement’, and ‘potential complement’. Each subcategory can be divided into more detailed categories. ‘Verb-resultative complement’ can be sub-classified according to its semantic orientations: recipient-orientation complement, agent-orientation complement, verb-orientation complement. The verb-orientation complement is also called ‘phase complement’. The Verb-directional complement can be sub-classified into simple directional complement and compound directional complement. Each of these is divided into directional meaning and resultative meaning usage again. The state complement is divided into Result type & Descriptive type. The potential complement is divided into V-de-C, V-de-O. Each complement construction objectively reflects the situation of the complement construction during the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. Although the volume of this work is not large, it fully reflects the objective situation of the language at the time. This paper compared and examined through the literature of Yuan Dynasty and Shuihuzhuan(水滸傳) of the Ming Dynasty, and found that much of them were similar as a result. In particular, the Yuan and Ming Dynasty was the period of simplification of the Verb-complement constructions, and this work shows this character well. We expect Seokgayeoraesipjisuhaenggi to be sufficiently used as a major basis for Early Modern Chinese Complement research in the future.

《飜譯老乞大》에 나타난 동보구조 고찰

金和英(Kim Hwa-Young) 대한중국학회 2006 중국학 Vol.27 No.-

  Kinds of 《Lao Qi Da》 was the study book of Chinese used from the 14th century to the 18th century.<BR>  This is the important materials to be known as the linguistic features of those days in reflecting used Chinese in an age of the Won, Myung, and Cheong.<BR>  One of those, 《FanYi Lao Qi Da》, is the study book of Chinese which is translated Korean based on Chinese Character between the orthoepist and the popular pronunciations by Choi, Se-Jin in the Chosun Dynasty era.<BR>  The Verb-complement organizes Resultative Complements, Directional complements, Degree Adverb Complement, Potential Complements, Quantifier Complements showed 《FanYi Lao Qi Da》. However, this article was not explained about the complement of Quantifier Complements.<BR>  To be extremely careful in the Resultative Complements, the complement could be the adverb moving ahead of the verb and 「Jiang 將」 which was normalized to preposition in the modern Chinese was used to Directional complements or completion marks.<BR>  「V+de/bu de」 is used a lot among three types in the Potential Complements.

현대중국어 방향보어구조의 함의 재조명

김윤정(Kim, Yoonjeong) 한국중어중문학회 2015 中語中文學 Vol.61 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to reframe the discussion of the Chinese directional complement construction by adopting the concepts of "Path" and "Deictic Spatial Direction." All the members in the category of Chinese directional complement have been defined as representing "directions" to actions, however, this paper will suggest that they might be differentiated by representing "Path" and "Path Deixis." This paper is formed by the following discussions: (1) to give an overview of "Path" and "Deictic Spatial Direction" with a focus on the main ideas of this analysis; (2) to examine how “Path” and “Deictic Spatial Direction” are embodied in the Chinese directional complement construction; (3) to reanalyze the Chinese directional complement construction based on the concepts of "Path" and "Deictic Spatial Direction"; and to illustrate how this reanalysis works on solving the problems related to Chinese directional complement.

딥러닝 언어모델과 중국어 문법 ―BERT를 활용한 방향보어의 예측 모형을 중심으로

강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ) 한국중국어문학회 2021 中國文學 Vol.106 No.-

In this study, we investigated how accurately the BERT model can predict Chinese directional complement. In addition, we analyzed which words the BERT model uses as an important clue in the Chinese directional complement inference process. According to the results of this study, it can be seen that the BERT model shows excellent performance in inferring distributional features and grammatical relationships based on transfer learning. Results of experiments with five Chinese directional complements show that the accuracy rate of predictions is quite high. In addition, as a result of analysis using the masked language model, it was found that the BERT model appropriately uses important clues to determine Chinese directional complement in context. We believe that this study is not only meaningful in the field of NLP, but also provides insight into Chinese grammar research or language education. If this methodology is properly utilized, it will be possible to establish an application system for Chinese grammar research and education. In Neural network models, sufficient language data learning allows us to predict which language expressions are more natural to use. Proper use of these advantages will give us insight into Chinese grammatical functions. This Chinese grammar prediction system will also help Chinese learners improve their skills by showing them what expressions are grammatically correct.

《西遊見聞》의 ‘出’類방향보어의 문화언어학적 고찰

趙太蓮(조태련),鄭鎭?(정진강) 중국어문논역학회 2022 中國語文論譯叢刊 Vol.- No.50

《西遊見聞》의 단어 특징은 ‘한문 문법 특징을 띠고 있다’는 것이다. 하지만 지금까지의 관련 연구 성과를 종합해 보면 한국어나 일본어의 시각에서는 활발한 연구 성과를 보였지만 ‘중국어적’ 시각에서의 성과는 비교적 부진했던 것이 사실이다. 이에 균형적이고 종합적인 연구 결과를 도출하기 위해 본고는 중국어의 시각에서 연구를 진행하였다. 주요 연구방법은 우선, 유길준의 문화 언어학(cultural linguistics) 적 공헌을 부르디외의 사회학 이론을 기반으로 하여 문화 자본(cultural capital)과 언어 자본(linguistic capital)으로 나누어 고찰함으로써 유길준에게 체화된 문화와 언어의 하비투스(habitus)를 분석하였다. 다음으로 문화언어학적 관점에서 유기적인 관계를 맺고 있는 언어단위 간의 조합성과 객관적 사물 간의 연관성, 그리고 주관적 인식의 논리성을 통해 《西遊見聞》에 보이는 유길준이 사용한 단어를 중심으로 그에게 내재한 문화 자본과 언어 자본이 언어의 동적 사용과 변화를 유도해 낸 단어의 양태를 고찰하는 데 목적을 두었다. 통계에 근거하면 《漢語大辭典》에 수록되지 않은 《西遊見聞》의 이음절 단어 2,927개 가운데 한국어 문법구조에는 없는 ‘V+C’ 구조가 102개로 집계되었고, 이는 결과 보어와 방향 보어로 구분됨을 밝혔다. 이 중 방향보어는 외적 구조의 측면에서는 가장 단순하지만, 내적인 의미 관계에서는 술보구조 중 가장 복잡한 보어이다. 따라서 방향보어 가운데서도 약 76%를 차지하는 ‘出’類방향보어를 주요 분석대상으로 정리하였다. 그 결과 유길준 《西遊見聞》에 출현된 ‘出’類방향보어의 문법적 기능은 기본적인 의미와 파생적인 의미로 나눠지는 것으로 중국어의 문법적 기능과 동일하여 중국어의 문화와 언어하비투스가 체화되어 있음을 확인하였다. The characteristics of words in Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon(西遊見聞) have the characteristics of modern Chinese grammar. According to the statistics of previous research results, Korean and Japanese disciplines have done a lot of research on his works, and also achieved considerable research results. However, the achievements in the study of Chinese linguistics are still relatively backward, especially the research objects based on the vocabulary of Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon are very few. In order to make the research achievements of Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon more balanced and comprehensive, this paper will study it from the Chinese level. The main research methods are as follows: firstly, based on Bourdieu’s sociological theory, Gil-Jun Yu’s cultural capital and linguistic capital are investigated respectively to synthesize his contribution to modern sociocultural linguistics in South Korea. Secondly, from the perspective of cultural linguistics, this paper analyzes the words created by Gil-Jun Yu in Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon, aiming to investigate the influence of Gil-Jun Yu’s internal cultural and linguistic capital on the combination of words. According to statistics, there are 2,927 words created by Gil-Jun Yu in Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon, of which 102 words are in the form of ‘V+C’ which does not exist in Korean grammar. The specific analysis shows that the ‘V+C’ form can be divided into two types: result complement and directional complement. Furthermore, it focuses on the analysis of the ‘Chu’ directional complement, which accounts for about 76% of the directional complement. The results show that the grammatical function of the directional complement of ‘Chu’ in Seo-Yu-Gyun-Moon is basically the same as that of the directional complement of “Chu” in Chinese. Therefore, it is confirmed that Gil-Jun Yu’s linguistic habitus is based on Chinese culture and modern Chinese grammar elements.

现代汉语“VV+补语”结构分析 ― 以上海话为重点

张玉芳 ( Chang Ockbang ) 중국어문연구회 2020 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.99

In this paper, we examined the resultative complement structure in the form of “VVC(verb-reduplication+complement)” in Shanghai dialect. We found that this structure, though rarely used in the modern Chinese Mandarin, was frequently used in the modern southern dialects. According to the corpus data, the real “VVC” form of the verb-resultative complement structure began in the Yuan Dynasty, then disappeared in the northern dialect, but was retained in the southern dialect. In our opinion, the form of “VVC” in shanghai dialect includes “Verb-Resultative complements-Object” type and the “Verb-directional complements-Object” type. These two “VVC” structures have two meanings: increased quantity and decreased quantity, which are different from min(閩) dialect and northern dialects. Secondly, the structure of “VVC” in shanghai dialect is mostly used in imperative sentences, indicating a kind of trial meaning, which can strengthen or soften the tone. There are also a parts of “VVC” structure that are often preceded by a auxiliary verb “要”, indicating a wish or intention of the speaker, so this structure has a certain degree of subjectivity, and this structure appears in the unfinished sentence. In short, the semantic and functional overlap of verbs in the “VVC” structure of shanghai dialect is much more complicated than in the modern Chinese Mandarin, and there are also great regional differences.

现代汉语“V+C1C2+NP处”结构的使用现象研究

Bao Jun Liu,임소정 한국중국어교육학회 2023 중국어교육과연구 Vol.- No.40

In Modern Chinese grammar, it is stipulated that the locative object following a verb can only be placed in between the compound directional complement. However, there is a significant phenomenon of the locative object appearing after the compound directional complement in our surroundings. How is this ungrammatical word order phenomenon distributed and what differences exist between it and the normal grammatical expression? Based on previous research, this article presents a comparative analysis of a large corpus of data, enumerating the distribution and syntactic differences between two types of expressions. For instance, the verb category represented by "进" and "回" tends to use the intermediate-object structure, while the verb category represented by "出" and "过" tends to use the post-object structure in the compound directional complement. From an information structure perspective, the intermediate-object structure is often employed to emphasize the locative object at the end of a sentence, while the post-object structure is frequently used in serial verb constructions to highlight the following constituent. Through an analysis of the corpus and a comparison with actual usage through questionnaire surveys, this article discovers that the phenomenon of placing the locative object after the compound directional complement deserves our attention. It is not simply ungrammatical sentences but rather a special word order with usage patterns and tendencies. Moreover, to some extent, it can fulfill the needs of specific syntax and semantics.

从语义指向分析状态补语的韩譯法

강춘화 중국어문학연구회 2007 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.43

This study is based on the semantic direction of complement in “V+得+stative complement”, and analyze the form of correspondence in Korean when the semantic direction is the subject, the predicate, the object in the Ba-sentence. The conclusion is as below : The complement usually correspond to the adverbial in Korean, in several case correspond to the predicate in Korean, sometimes correspond to consequence-phrase in the complex sentence which represent the cause and effect. The subject in the stative complement which is made of the subject and the predicate often correspond to the object in Koren, and the predicate in the stative complement which is made of the subject and the predicate often correspond to the adverbial in Korean.

元明清时期多功能词“过”研究

张斌 ( Zhang Bin ),崔宰荣 ( Choi Jae-young ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.93

目前, 学界对“过”的共时、历时考察比起“了、着”而言较为不足, 通过对前人研究的考察发现“过”还有一些需要探讨的余地。介于此, 本稿将以≪元典章·刑部≫、≪元刊杂剧三十种≫、≪金瓶梅词话≫、≪红楼梦≫为考察范围, 以趋向补语“过d”、表示“完结”的“过₁”和表示“经验”的“过₂”为考察对象, 考察结果如下: 第一, 通过讨论“过₁”是否符合助词的三要素;表示动作“完结”的成分是否一定是“体”范畴;“V+过₁”后面可以出现助词“了”。本文认为表示“完结”的“过₁”不是动态助词, 而是结果补语。 第二, 考察文献中“S+V+过_d+O_人/物/事”的频率最高(353例/62.7%), 其次是“S+V+过_d+O_场所”(194例/34.5%), 最低的是“S+V+过_d+O_时间”(16例/2.8%)。 第三, 近代汉语后半期“S+V+过₁/过₂”结构的后面带宾语的例子明显大幅增加, 但是总体来看, “过₁”后不带宾语的例子比带宾语的例子多, 比例为252(56%):198(44%);“过₂”后不带宾语的例子比带宾语的例子少, 比例为119(33.8%):233(66.2%)。 第四, 趋向补语“过”最初表示的是“经过、通过”某一个场所, 所以它的宾语最初理所应该是表示场所的名词, 后来宾语由“场所”扩大为“人、物、事”, 又由“场所”投射为“时间”时, 就提供了可以重新分析的可能性。通过重新分析可见“S+V+过_d+O_时间”结构具有表“经过”和“完成”的两层化现象, 这种现象可以看成是“过”从趋向补语向表示完结的“过₁”的过渡期。 After a review of the previous studies, it was found that there were less synchronic and diachronic studies in the academic circle on ‘Guo(过)’ than on ‘Le (了)’ and ‘Zhe(着)’, while the former still needs more discussion. Therefore, this paper studies ‘Guo_d(过_d)’ as a directional complement, ‘Guo₁(过₁)’ indicating ‘completed’, and ‘Guo₂(过₂)’ indicating “experienced” in The Institutions of the Yuan Dynasty. The research results are as follows: Firstly, it discussed whether ‘Guo₁(过₁)’ conformed to the three elements to be a auxiliary word, and whether the element indicating the ‘completion’ of an action must be classified into ‘Aspect’, and found that ‘V+Guo₁(过₁)’ could be followed by a auxiliary word ‘Le(了)’. It was concluded that ‘Guo₁(过₁)’ indicating ‘completed’ is not an dynamic auxiliary, but a resultative complement. Secondly, it found in the existing literature that, the sentence pattern marked by ‘S+V+Guo_d(过_d)+O_sb./sth.’ most frequently appeared(353 cases/62.7%), followed by ‘S+V+Guo_d(过_d)+O_space’(194 cases/34.5%), and then ‘S+V+Guo_d(过_d)+O_time’(16 cases/2.8%). Thirdly, in the latter half of the Early Modern Chinese, there was a significant increase in cases of ‘S+V+Guo₁(过₁)/Guo₂(过₂)’ followed by an object; however, in general, there were less cases of ‘Guo₁(过₁)’ followed by an object than those without one, and the proportion was 252(56%):198(44%); while there were more cases of ‘Guo₂(过₂)’followed by an object than those without one, and the proportion was119(33.8%):233(66.2%). Fourthly, the initial meaning of ‘Guo(过)’ as a directional complement was “passing by or through” a site, thus, there was no doubt that the object followed by ‘Guo(过)’ should be a noun indicating a site. But the signified of the object was later extended to ‘someone, something, and someplace’, and then the ‘site’ was further extended to indicate ‘time’, providing the possibility of a re-analysis. After a re-analysis, it was found that the structure of ‘S+V+Guo_d(过_d)’+O_time’ could express both ‘passing’ and ‘completed’, which could be seen as a transition period as of ‘Guo(过)’ as a directional complement to ‘Guo₁(过₁)’ indicating “completed”.