가상현실 기반 치과 진료 자세 교육 시스템 개발 및 평가

임승찬,엄태연,이은혜,김진영,임정준 한국교육정보미디어학회 2024 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.30 No.6

본 연구는 치과 술자의 올바른 진료 자세 교육을 위한 가상현실 시뮬레이션을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 치과의사와 치과대학 학생들의 높은 근골격계 질환 발생률로 인해 올바른 진료 자세에 대한 조기 교육의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 기존 교육 방법의 한계를 극복하고자 본 연구에서는 가상현실 기술과 모션 트래킹 기술을 활용하였다. 이를 위해 치석 제거 훈련을 위한 환경을 가상현실로 구현하고, RULA 기반의 자세 평가 시스템과 실시간 피드백 시스템을 통합하였다. HMD와 8개의 모션 트래킹 센서를 활용하여 사용자의 자세를 실시간으로 평가하고 피드백을 제공할 수 있도록 시스템을 구현하였다. 치의학 대학 및 대학원 재학생 36명을 대상으로 한 평가 결과, 시스템의 사용성은 7점 만점에 평균 5.89점으로 높게 나타났으며, 작업 부하 분석에서도 평균 3.14점으로 낮은 인지 부담을 보였다. 효과성 평가에서는 실시간 피드백을 받은 실험군이 대조군에 비해 유의미한 자세 개선을 보였으며, 특히 피드백이 제공되지 않은 마지막 시점에서도 개선된 자세가 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 가상현실 기술을 활용하여 치과 진료 자세 교육의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였으며, RULA 기반의 자동화된 평가 시스템을 통해 실시간으로 자세를 측정하고 피드백을 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a virtual reality (VR) simulation system for training proper ergonomic posture in dental practice. With the increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals and students, there is a critical need for early ergonomic training. To address the limitations of traditional training, we developed a VR-based system that integrates motion tracking technology and real-time feedback mechanisms. The system simulates a dental scaling environment, incorporating a RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)-based posture evaluation system with immediate feedback. The system evaluation results showed high usability with an average score of 5.89 out of 7, while the NASA-TLX assessment indicated low work load with a mean score of 3.14. In terms of effectiveness, participants who received real-time feedback showed significantly improved posture compared to those in the control group. These improvements were maintained even after feedback was discontinued in the final phase of testing. This research demonstrates how VR technology can enhance dental ergonomic education through automated assessment and immediate feedback, offering a promising approach to prevent musculoskeletal disorders through systematic early training. The findings suggest that VR-based educational simulation can effectively address the limitations of conventional ergonomic training in dental education.

의사소통 훈련을 위한 소아치과용 가상현실 시뮬레이션에서 숙련수준이 사용자의 평가에 미치는 영향

김채연 ( Chaeyeon Kim ),김국현 ( Kukhyeon Kim ),류지헌 ( Jeeheon Ryu ) 한국교육정보미디어학회 2020 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is to develop virtual reality simulation for verbal interaction training and to propose the principles of virtual reality simulation design and development. In this virtual simulation, a virtual child patient was developed in consideration of the effective design factors of virtual patients and the characteristics of actual child patients such as appearance and verbal and non-verbal characteristics. The virtual child patient was designed to make a verbal conversation with the users. The virtual child patient was named as DANVI, which stands for Dental Avatar for Narrative Verbal Interaction. It was to emphasize the verbal function to communicate with the users. DANVI can demonstrate facial expression and various gestures enabling emotional conversation during the clinical review. It consists of 4 steps as greeting → personal information check → opening question → dental observation. For the user evaluation of the developed virtual reality simulation, forty dental students (female=17 and male=23) participated. They enrolled in a graduate studies of dentistries at a public university. The numbers of participants were twenty-eight (70.0%) and twelve (30.0%) for junior and senior respectively. The seniors had a clinical experience so that they had a clinical practice to treat child patients during the practicum for twelve months. The average age was 29.45 (SD=3.15). The independent variable was usefulness, satisfaction, virtual patient presence questionnaires. The results were analyzed with multi-variate analysis of variance. In addition, a focus group interview with four participants was conducted for an in-depth understanding of the survey results. As a result, senior students with pre-clinical experience were significantly more likely to recognize the usefulness and satisfaction of the virtual avatar than junior students with no pre-clinical experience. However, there were no differences in a virtual avatar presence between the two groups. This means that differences in perception on usefulness or satisfaction were not caused by the presence of the virtual patient, but by functional usability and the context of interaction. This study is expected to broaden the horizons of simulation education for verbal interaction.

기하모델-볼륨모델간 실시간 변환을 이용한 기하모델 변형방법

유병찬,한상원,신병석 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2023 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.19 No.1

With the development of virtual reality technology, various types of education/training simulations are being developed. An important technique in these simulations is to deform the object by an external force. Here, we will discuss how to process the deformation of a part of a solid object in real time. In this paper, we propose a geometric model transformation technique using two-step voxelization and adaptive remeshing. First, the target mesh is voxelized at high resolution and the generated volume data is compressed. If a part of the model is cut or polished by an external force, the corresponding voxel is modified by reflecting it in the converted volume data instead of directly applying it to the mesh. Then, the mesh is extracted again through the marching cube algorithm and the surface is smoothed through Laplacian smoothing. Existing marching cube algorithms and Laplacian smoothing algorithms have slow processing speeds, so real-time transformation processing is difficult. To solve this problem, real-time mesh creation was made possible by applying remeshing only to the deformed part instead of remeshing the entire mesh. In order to confirm the effectiveness of this method, it was confirmed that it is possible to shave part of the teeth by applying this method to dental surgery simulation. 가상현실 기술의 발전에 따라 다양한 종류의 교육/훈련 시뮬레이션들이 개발되고 있다. 이러한 시뮬레이션에서 중요한 기술은 외력에 의해 대상물체를 변형하는 것이다. 여기서는 단단한 물체의 일부가 깎이는 변형을 실시간에 처리할 수 있는 방법을 다루고자 한다. 이 논문에서는 2단계 복셀화(voxelization)와 적응형 리메싱(remeshing)을 이용한 기하모델 변형 기법을 제안한다. 먼저 대상 메쉬를 고해상도로 복셀화하고 생성된 볼륨 데이터를 압축한다. 외력에 의해 모델의 일부가 절단되거나 연마되면 이것을 직접 메쉬에 적용하는 대신 변환된 볼륨 데이터에 반영하여 해당 복셀(voxel)을 수정한다. 이후 Marching Cubes 알고리즘을 통하여 메쉬를 다시 추출하고 라플라시안 스무딩(Laplacian smoothing)을 통해 표면을 부드럽게 한다. 기존 Marching Cubes 알고리즘 및 라플라시안 스무딩 알고리즘은 처리속도가 느리기 때문에 실시간 변형처리가 어렵다. 이를 해결하기 위해 전체 메쉬에 대해 리메싱하는 것이 아니라 변형된 부분에 대해서만 리메싱을 적용함으로써 실시간 메쉬 생성이 가능하도록 했다. 이 방법의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 치과 수술 시뮬레이션에 이 방법을 적용하여 치아의 일부를 깎아내는 시술이 가능함을 확인하였다.

치과용 유니트체어 유압구동 시스템 해석모델 개발

노대경,이동원,김택준,장주섭 사단법인 유공압건설기계학회 2023 드라이브·컨트롤 Vol.20 No.1

From the perspective of dental chair manufacturers, it is important to of localizing hydraulic system in order to secure market competitiveness. This study aims to develop the analysis model of a dental chair which overseas companies secure core technologies. The study follows the steps below. First, the component parts of the solenoid valve unit of a foreign leading company are analyzed and implemented in virtual environment. Second, dynamic behavior scenario is established based on solenoid valve signal chart provided by a foreign leading company. The analysis model is verified and its performance is analyzed using dynamic behavior according to each scenario. Third, a simulation is carried out to determine whether the cylinder velocity of designed hydraulic system surpasses 1cm/s as required by the design.

치기공(학)과 실습용 샘플 모형의 타당성에 대한 3차원적 분석

남신은(Shin-Eun Nam) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.16

목적 본 연구의 목적은 치기공(학)과 교과과정에서 이용되는 실습용 샘플 모형을 3차원 가상모형으로 재구성하여 상·하악 치열의 크기와 형태 및 해부학적 구조물의 위치를 분석하고, 나아가 실제 구강 내 모형을 대상으로 이루어진 선행연구 결과와의 비교를 통해 샘플 모형을 타당성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 치기공(학)과 실습시간에 사용되는 샘플 모형을 준비하여 3차원 스캐너(optoTOP-HE, Breukmann, Germany)를 이용해 3차원 가상모형으로 재구성하였다. 준비된 실습 샘플 모형을 대상으로 치열의 크기를 분석하기 위한 4개의 항목(견치부 너비, ICW; 구치부 너비, IMW; 견치부 길이, IIC; 구치부 길이, IIM)과, 교합만곡을 분석하기 위한 3개의 항목(스피만곡, 윌슨만곡, 몬슨 구의 반지름)을 측정하였다. 또한 절치부에서부터 절치유두까지의 최단거리(IP)를 측정하여 상악 전치부와 절치유두의 위치관계를 분석하였다. 모든 측정은 RapidForm 2004(INUS technology INC, Seoul, Korea) 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 측정에서 얻은 결과값은 동일한 측정지표를 이용해 분석한 이전의 선행연구 결과와 비교하였다. 신뢰도 분석은 급내상관계수(ICC)로 산출하였으며, 0.999(p<.001)의 높은 상관계수를 나타내었다. 결과 상·하악 실습용 샘플 모형을 대상으로 치열의 너비(ICW/IMW)와 치열의 길이(IIC/IIM)를 측정한 결과 상악에서의 치열 너비(ICW/IMW)를 제외한 대부분의 측정 항목이 이전의 선행연구 결과에 비해 작게 나타났으며, 하악 치열이 이루는 스피만곡과 몬슨구의 반지름 역시 더 작게 나타났다. 또한, 절치부에서부터 절치유두까지의 최단거리(IP) 역시 선행연구 결과보다 짧아 절치유두의 위치가 실습용 샘플 모형에서 더욱 전방으로 위치하는 경향을 보였다. 결론 이상의 선행연구 결과와의 비교로 비추어 볼 때 치기공(학)과에서 사용되는 실습용 샘플 모형은 실제와 크기 및 형태에서 차이가 있음을 파악할 수 있었으며, 본 연구결과를 토대로 향후 실습용 샘플 모형 제작 시 보다 적절한 크기와 형태의 모형을 제작할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Objectives This study aimed to analyze and evaluate that of sample model used in the dental technique training using 3-dimesional virtual models. Methods The sample models were scanned and rendered as a virtual dental models using a 3-D scanner(optoTOP-HE, Breukmann, Germany). 4 measurements were made to determine arch size(ICW, intercanine width; IMW, intermolar width; IIC, incisor to intercanine line; and IIM, incisor to intermolar line) and three measurements were made to determine occlusal curvatures(curve of Spee, curve of Wilson, and Monson’s sphere). In addition, the distance from incisor to incisive papilla(IP) was measured to investigate the relationship between upper anterior teeth and incisive papilla. All measurement values were compared with previous studies which used the same measurement parameters. Intra-rater reliability was evaluated for all parameters using ICC, revealing excellent coefficient values(ICC = 0.999, p<.001). Results ICW/IMW(arch width) and IIC/IIM(arch length) were smaller in the both upper and lower sample models except for ICW/IMW in the upper model. Curve of Spee was shallower and the radius of Monson’s sphere were smaller in the lower sample model, as well. In addition, IP was shorter and tend to be located more anterior compared to previous studies. Conclusions These results suggested that the sample models were smaller than average sizes reported in the previous studies, and incisive papilla in the sample model was located more anterior in the palate. This finding could be used as a meaningful reference for improving sample models of dental technique training.

치과용 유니트체어 유압구동 시스템 해석모델을 활용한 누유량 분석

노대경,이동원,김재용,장주섭 사단법인 유공압건설기계학회 2023 드라이브·컨트롤 Vol.20 No.4

This study aimed to analyze the performance of hydraulic systems for dental chair when long working hours makes the temperature of hydraulic fluid rise. The study was carried out in the following manner. First, 'cylinder's clearance' was reflected in the three kinds of hydraulic circuits, which were developed through the preceding study, in order to analyze oil leak. Second, 12 cases of simulations comprised of the up and down of cylinders were carried out. Third, it was determined whether the cylinder velocity of dental chair surpasses 1cm/s required in the development even in the hydraulic fluid temperature of 60℃. In conclusion, this study used SimulationX to verify the performance stability at high temperatures using three types of hydraulic circuits designed to develop a Korean unit chair

치과용 유니트체어 유압구동 시스템 해석모델을 활용한 개선설계 사례

노대경(Dae Kyung Noh),이동원(Dong Won Lee),김택준(Taek June Kim),장주섭(Joo Sup Jang) 유공압건설기계학회 2023 드라이브·컨트롤 Vol.20 No.2

This study aims to develop a Korean dental chair hydraulic circuit by improving the existing equipment in order to localize foreign leading companies products. The suggested Hydraulic circuit can be applicable to varied sectors where height and backrest angle control of chair-type equipment are required. The study followed the steps below. First, three kinds of foreign hydraulic circuits were analyzed and three kinds of Korean dental chair hydraulic circuits were suggested. Second, it was determined whether the three kinds of Korean hydraulic circuits operate normally through SimulationX, a software specialized in multi domain analysis, and the effectiveness of each circuit was examined.

햅틱 피드백 장치를 이용한 치과 수술 시뮬레이션

윤상연,성수경,신병석 한국정보처리학회 2023 정보처리학회 논문지 Vol.12 No.6

Virtual reality simulations are used for education and training in various fields, and are especially widely used in the medical fieldrecently. The education/training simulator consists of tactile/force feedback generation and image/sound output hardware that providesa sense similar to a doctor's treatment of a real patient using real surgical tools, and software that produces realistic images and tactilefeedback. Existing simulators are complicated and expensive because they have to use various types of hardware to simulate varioussurgical instruments used during surgery. In this paper, we propose a dental surgical simulation system using a force feedback deviceand a morphable haptic controller. Haptic hardware determines whether the surgical tool collides with the surgical site and providesa sense of resistance and vibration. In particular, haptic controllers that can be deformed, such as length changes and bending, canexpress various senses felt depending on the shape of various surgical tools. When the user manipulates the haptic feedback device,events such as movement of the haptic feedback device or button clicks are delivered to the simulation system, resulting in interactionbetween dental surgical tools and oral internal models, and thus haptic feedback is delivered to the haptic feedback device. Using thesebasic techniques, we provide a realistic training experience of impacted wisdom tooth extraction surgery, a representative dental surgerytechnique, in a virtual environment represented by sophisticated three-dimensional models.

구내 촬영용 엑스선 장치의 관전류에 따른 영상 평가

김아연,조병두,이승재 한국방사선학회 2023 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.17 No.4

The radiation dose received by the patient varies according to the tube current and time used during dental intraoral imaging. A large amount of tube current is required for image quality, but the radiation dose to the patient increases accordingly. Therefore, in this study, the optimal amount of tube current that can reduce the radiation dose received by the patient while securing the image quality was calculated through the evaluation of the image quality according to the tube current used during intraoral imaging through simulation. The average tube current, time, and tube voltage presented in the Guidelines for Diagnostic Reference Level for intraoral radiography were used as basic imaging conditions, and images were obtained when only the tube current was changed, and then the optimal tube current was compared and analyzed with the basic image quantity was calculated. Images were obtained by changing the tube current to 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mA under the basic conditions of 63 kV, 6 mA, and 0.29 s. The obtained image was evaluated for structural similarity index with the image taken under the condition of 6 mA using the ICY program. As a result, even under the condition of 0.5 mA tube current, the index of structural similarity with the image of 6 mA was evaluated to be high. Based on these results, it is considered that the radiation dose given to the patient can be greatly reduced if imaging is performed at 0.5 mA instead of 6 mA during dental intraoral imaging.