COMS 위성의 가시 및 적외 영상 채널로부터 복원된 대류운의 강우강도 향상과 검증

문윤섭,이강열 한국지구과학회 2016 韓國地球科學會誌 Vol.37 No.7

The purpose of this study is to improve the calibration matrixes of 2-D and 3-D convective rainfall rates(CRR) using the brightness temperature of the infrared 10.8 μm channel (IR), the difference of brightness temperatures between infrared 10.8 μm and vapor 6.7 μm channels (IR-WV), and the normalized reflectance of the visible channel(VIS) from the COMS satellite and rainfall rate from the weather radar for the period of 75 rainy days from April 22, 2011 to October 22, 2011 in Korea. Especially, the rainfall rate data of the weather radar are used to validate the new 2-D and 3-DCRR calibration matrixes suitable for the Korean peninsula for the period of 24 rainy days in 2011. The 2D and 3D calibration matrixes provide the basic and maximum CRR values (mm h−1) by multiplying the rain probability matrix, which is calculated by using the number of rainy and no-rainy pixels with associated 2-D (IR, IR-WV) and 3-D(IR, IR-WV, VIS) matrixes, by the mean and maximum rainfall rate matrixes, respectively, which is calculated by dividing the accumulated rainfall rate by the number of rainy pixels and by the product of the maximum rain rate for the calibration period by the number of rain occurrences. Finally, new 2-D and 3-D CRR calibration matrixes are obtained experimentally from the regression analysis of both basic and maximum rainfall rate matrixes. As a result, an area of rainfall rate more than 10 mm/h is magnified in the new ones as well as CRR is shown in lower class ranges in matrixes between IR brightness temperature and IR-WV brightness temperature difference than the existing ones. Accuracy and categorical statistics are computed for the data of CRR events occurred during the given period. The mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squire error (RMSE) in new 2-D and 3-D CRR calibrations led to smaller than in the existing ones, where false alarm ratio had decreased, probability of detection had increased a bit, and critical success index scores had improved. To take into account the strong rainfall rate in the weather events such as thunderstorms and typhoon, a moisture correction factor is corrected. This factor is defined as the product of the total precipitable waterby the relative humidity (PW·RH), a mean value between surface and 500 hPa level, obtained from a numerical model or the COMS retrieval data. In this study, when the IR cloud top brightness temperature is lower than 210 K and the relative humidity is greater than 40%, the moisture correction factor is empirically scaled from 1.0 to 2.0 basing on PW·RH values. Consequently, in applying to this factor in new 2D and 2D CRR calibrations, the ME, MAE, and RMSE are smaller than the new ones. 본 연구의 목적은 2011년 4월 22일부터 10월 22일까지 우리나라에서 강수가 있는 총 75일 동안 COMS 위성의 적외 채널 10.8 μm 휘도 온도(IR), 적외 채널 10.8 μm와 수증기 채널 6.7 μm의 휘도 온도차(IR-WV), 정규화 된 가시 반사도(VIS)와 기상 레이더의 강우강도를 이용하여 2-D와 3-D 대류운의 강우강도 (CRR) 조견표를 향상시키는 것이다. 특별히 한국형 2-D와 3-D CRR 조견표를 검증하기 위해 2011년 강수가 있는 24일 동안의 기상 레이더 강우강도 자료가 사용된다. 2-D와 3-D CRR 조견표는 각 채널의 등급 범주별 강우 총수와 비강우 총수의 행렬을 이용하여 구한 강우 확률에 평균 누적강우강도와 최대 강우강도를 각각 곱함으로써 2-D (IR, IR-WV)와 3-D (IR, IR-WV, VIS) 조견표의 기본과 최대 행렬을 얻을 수 있다. 최종적으로 새로운 2-D와 3-D의 CRR 조견표는 경험적으로 기본과 최대 강우강도 행렬의 회귀 분석으로 얻어진다. 그 결과 새로운 CRR 조견표는 기존보다 낮은 IR 휘도 온도, 낮은 IR-WV 휘도 온도차일 때에도 비교적 많은 강우 현상을 나타내며, 10 mm h−1이상의 강우강도 영역이 확대되어 나타난다. 정확도와 범주별 통계가 주어진 기간 동안 발생했던 CRR 자료에 대해 계산된다. 새로운 2-D와 3-D CRR 조견표의 평균 오차, 평균절대 오차, 제곱근평균 오차가 기존 조견표보다 작게 나타나며, 예측 거짓경고비율은 감소하고, 탐지확률은 증가하며, 임계성공지수는 개선된다. 태풍과 뇌우와 같은 기상 이변에서의 강한 호우를 고려하기 위해서 습윤 보정 계수를 교정한다. 이 인자는 수치모델이나 COMS에서 복원한 지면에서 500 hPa까지 평균한 총가강수량과 상대습도의 곱 (PW·RH) 으로 정의된다. 이 연구에서는 PW·RH에 근거하여 IR 운정 휘도 온도가 210 K 이하일 때, 상대습도가 40% 이상일 때 1에서 2사이를 경험적으로 정한다. 새로운 2-D와 3-D CRR 조견표를 적용한 결과 평균 오차, 평균 절대 오차, 제곱근 평균 오차가 줄어든다.

토양현장진단 조견표 활용

문미화(Mi-Hwa Moon) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2010 No.10

댐 방류조건별 하천수위상승 예측 및 검증

김지성(Kim, Ji-Sung) 대한토목학회 2021 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

미국 학교급식프로그램의 운영 실태와 시사점

염철현(Chul Hyun Yum) 한국비교교육학회 2011 比較敎育硏究 Vol.21 No.5

미국의 학교급식프로그램은 1세기 이상 장구한 역사적 변천과정을 거쳐 현재에 이르고 있으며, 급식 대상자의 영양과 건강을 보호하는 것에 그치지 않고 농촌경제의 활성화와 국가안보의 관점도 고려한다. 또한 학교급식프로그램은 기본 원형에 해당하는 점심급식을 바탕으로 아침급식, 방과 후 간식제공, 우유급식, 방학 중 급식 제공 등 전방위적인 급식프로그램을 운영하면서 종합적ㆍ체계적인 사회복지프로그램으로 자리를 굳혔다. 그러나 30%가 넘는 아동 및 청소년의 비만과 과체중이 사회적ㆍ경제적 쟁점으로 부상한 가운데 학교급식의 운영 방식과 식단 구성에 변화를 요구하게 되었다. 최근에는 경기침체의 장기화로 급식프로그램의 예산 확보가 쉽지 않아 연방정부와 주정부 간의 갈등이 빚어지고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 미국 학교급식프로그램의 유형, 대상자 선정, 예산지원방식, 식단 구성 및 처리 방식 등은 사회적 합의에 이르지 못하고 논쟁의 중심에 놓여 있는 한국의 학교급식프로그램에 유익한 시사점을 제공할 것으로 사료된다. The National School Lunch Program is a federally assisted meal program providing nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to low-income children in the elementary and secondary school. Congress expanded the National School Lunch Program to include cash reimbursement for snacks and milk as well as breakfast. The types of foods served to children depend on income eligibility set by the Department of Agriculture. each year. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the poverty level are eligible for free meals. Those eligible for reduced-price meals are between 130 percent and 185 percent of the poverty level. Children from families with incomes over 185 percent of poverty pay a full price, though their meals are still subsidized and reduced compared with normal price. Recently Congress passed the “Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act” and this legislation called “Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act” authorizes funding for federal school meal and child nutrition programs and increase universal meal access to healthy food for low-income children. This particular bill presents an important opportunity to improve nutrition and focus on reducing childhood obesity. Also This bill sets updated nutritional standards for federally-subsidized lunches. This bill would also require schools to spend more money for fresh fruits and vegetables for compliance. Many school districts are concerned about the financial impact the law could have on school districts in difficulty economic situations. Nevertheless, the meals type, support system, nutrition standards, meal eligibility, and cooperation of states operated by the National School Lunch Program give Korean meals system beneficial implications.

임베디드 소프트웨어 구성용 C-언어의 효과적인 임무 분기 방법에 관한 고찰

강명훈,이현창 한국소프트웨어감정평가학회 2023 한국소프트웨어감정평가학회 논문지 Vol.19 No.1

In this paper, an effective branching method of C-language used in embedded systems was presented. For this purpose, a theoretical analysis of branching by simple if statement, branching by if statement of tree structure, branching by switch statement, branching by function pointer array, and function pointer branching by look-up table was conducted. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the if statement is most advantageous for 2 or 3 branches, but the if statement in the tree structure is advantageous for branches within about 32 branches, and the function pointer array is advantageous for more than that. In particular, in the case of one-chip microcontrollers with very small volatile memory, function pointer branching by look-up table was most effective. In order to confirm these analysis results, an experiment was conducted on a microcontroller, and results almost similar to the theoretical expectations were confirmed.

계절별 대기연직온도를 고려한 GEMS 구름산출물 보정

김규연,최용상,김보람,박상서 한국기상학회 2019 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.10

한옥의 수평부재 단면조견표 개발에 관한 연구

김영민(Kim, Yeong-Min),김장희(Kim, Jang-Hee) 대한건축학회 2014 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.30 No.2

In this study the section tables were developed which help to decide appropriate section size of lateral members of 3-ridge and 5-ridge roof hanok, such as, ridgepole, Jusim-Dori, Dori and Jangyeo, Pyung-Bang and Chang-Bang, and rafters. The main items which were considered in developing section tables are roof structure types, timber species and material properties, overburden loads, length and disposition of members. We proposed schemes for computing allocation loading area for each lateral members according to geometric shapes and topological disposition between members. The length of members and size of sections are restricted to a field applicable ranges. The filed applicability of the developed section tables were evaluated using a test-bed hanok in Myongji University and a pilot hanok in Eunpyeong hanok village. The evaluation was carried out by comparing three results of sections from detailed structural design, section tables and actual construction. It turns out that the sections from section tables are somewhat conservative but has sufficient field applicability in early design stage.

수직하중에 대한 한옥 기둥부재의 초기설계를 위한 구조검토방안

김영민(Kim, Yeong-Min) 대한건축학회 2015 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.31 No.11

In this study the section tables for the column members of Hanok were developed, which can be used in the early design stage of Hanok. The key items in developing section tables are column types, wood species and their material properties, connection types between column and horizontal members, roof loads, and member length and their topological disposition. The columns of Hanok are classified as four types, such as, exterior corner column, edge column, interior corner column and interior column. I proposed approximate calculation method for computing tributary loading area for each column types using representative span. The field applicability of the developed column section tables were evaluated using two test-bed Hanoks. The column sections by three methods, that is, detailed structural check, section tables and field adopted section were compared. It turned out that the sections from the section tables are somewhat conservative and has its limit that it did not considered lateral loads, but showed appropriate field applicability in initial design stage of Hanok.