http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
특별기고 : 보조분징(普照體澄)과 명주(明州) 대매법상(大梅法常)의 법사(法嗣) 가지(迦智)
조영록 ( Yeong Rok Jo ) 동국사학회 2014 동국사학 Vol.57 No.-
신라 道義禪師가 唐 西堂智藏으로부터 처음으로 南宗禪法을 얻어 왔으나 남방의 불교계에서는 이를 마설이라 하여 배척하였다. 이에 북방 설악산으로 옮겨 廉居에게 法을 傳하고, 염거는 다시 體澄에게 전하여 그를 宗祖로 하는 迦智山門이 비로소 열리게 된 것이다. 體澄은 도의의 心要를 얻은 뒤 다시 入唐하여 여러 지역으로 求法行脚을 펼친 뒤 귀국 후 迦智山門을 개창하였다.「迦智山寶林寺普照禪師碑文」에 의하면, 체징의 속성은 金氏이며, 804년 熊津 출생으로 어려서 불경을 읽었으며, 827년에 具足戒를 받은 후 설악산 億聖寺에서 道義의 제자 廉居에게 그 法을 傳受하였다. 837년에는 同學 眞育 虛會와 함께 入唐하여 여러 지역으로 巡歷하며 많은 善知識을 배알하였으나 “우리 祖師(道義)의 가르침에 더 보탤 것이 없으니 수고롭게 더 돌아다닐 필요가 없다” 하고 840년에 귀국하였다. 체징의 입당구법은 그의 나이 연부역강한 중반이었다. 당시 동아시아의 불교교류는 張保皐船團의 해양활동이 왕성할 때 그에 힘입어 활발하게 진행되었다. 掘山祖師 梵日은 그 1년 전(836)에 입당하여 6년 동안 鹽官 齊安의 문하로 들어가 수행 중이었으며, 慧目山 玄昱은 같은 해 그리고 桐裏山 慧撤은 2년 뒤에 구법을 마치고 귀국하였다. 그 무렵 일본 天臺宗僧 圓仁이나 普陀山 開山에 공이 있는 慧惡 등이 역시 登州나 揚州 혹은 明州港을 드나들며 구법행각에 분주하였다. 체징의 비문을 비롯한 여러 문헌에는 그의 在唐求法과 관계하여 어떠한 구체적 언급도 찾아볼 수 없다. 그런데 『전등록』 10, ‘明州 大梅山 法常禪師 法嗣, 新邏國 迦(伽)智禪師傳’의 제목 아래 간략한 두어 마디의 문답이 있지만 여기서도 그를 체징과 관계 지어 볼만한 내용은 없다. 혹시 저들 兩師가 동일인일 가능성은 없을까? 만일 동일인으로 본다면 그에 합당한 몇 가지 조건을 따져보아야 한다. 첫째로 체징의 구법과 大梅法常의 傳法이 동일한 시기에 이루어지고 있었는가? 둘째 대매 법상선사와 가지산 선문의 법맥이 일치하는가? 셋째 명주 大梅山이 해외 구법승들이 접근하기 용이한 지역이었는가? 하는 문제 등이다. 첫째 시기상의 문제다.『송고승전』 권11, 「明州大梅法常傳」에 따르면, 법상이 796년 天臺山에서 明州 大梅山으로 옮겨 隱居修行하다가 836년, 그의 나이 85세에 비로소 禪院을 세우고 본격적 傳法活動에 임하여 6, 7백 명의 僧徒들로 성황이었으나 839년에 향년 88세로 示寂하였다. 법상의 傳法 3년 사이에 體澄이 입당하였으므로 그 문하로 들어갈 수 있는 기간에 해당된다. 둘째 법계상의 문제다. 『전등록』 권7, 「대매산법상선사전」에 따르면, 법상은 “大寂(馬祖) 의 ‘마음이 부처’라는 한마디에 大悟하였다”고 한다. 체징이 본국에서 염거를 통하여 배운 道義祖師의 가르침 역시 馬祖-西堂으로 전한 馬祖의 嫡統이다. 兩浙地方에서 각각 이름을 얻은 大梅法常과 鹽官齊安이 모두 마조의 直傳弟子였으니 같은 법통이다. 셋째 구법 지역상의 문제다. 明州는 중국 동남의 대표적인 항구도시로 외국인들이 쉽게 드나들었다. 특히 한국과 일본의 승려와 상인들이 드나들기 용이한 海港으로서 중국에서 가장 오랜 동안 양국의 구법승들의 출입이 가장 잦았던 곳이다. 이상의 사실들을 종합해보면 체징은 入唐하자 중국 江南의 여러 叢林을 巡歷하기에 앞서 아마도 明州 大梅山 법상의 문하를 찾았을 개연성이 충분하다. 그의 입당 바로 1년 전에 法常老丈이 선원을 세워 그 명성이 인근에 자자하였으므로 이 소식을 듣고 법상 문하에 들었을 가능성이 높다. 그러나 그 법이 道義의 가르침에 다르지 않다는 사실을 확인하였으며, 법상선사의 입멸 5개월 후 더 이상의 巡行을 접고 조기 귀국한 것이다. 그는 귀국 후 고향에서 전법하다가 왕이 迦智山寺로 이거하기를 청하므로 860년 봄에 옮겨 法主가 되었다. 禪宇를 확충하고 法燈을 높이 달아 수많은 제자를 배출하다가 880년 입멸에 드니, 왕은 시호를 普照, 塔號는 彰聖이라 내리고, 사액은 寶林寺라 하였다. 이같이 그가 迦智山門을 개창하여 도의의 홍주종법을 크게 선양하니, 후일 이 소식이 중국 불교계에 전하여 ‘法常의 法嗣 가지선사’로 기록되었을 것으로 보아 무리가 없을 것 같다. A Silia monk, Do``ui 道義, went to Tang China and attained Southern Chan teaching in the first time in history of Korea from Xitang Zhizang 西堂智藏. But the Southern Chan teaching was considered to be the devil’s, and excluded from the Buddhist society at the time. Because of this refusal, Do``ui languished the northern mountains. From there, he had conveyed the Southern teaching to Yeomgeo 廉居, and then Yeomge conveyed it to Chejing 體澄. After Chejing had studied in Shilla, he entered Tang again, traveled various regions preaching the Buddhism, then he returned Silla and opened new Chan[Seon] school, Gajisanmun 迦智山門. According to his stele, he was born in the Kim family, at 804, in Ungjin 熊津. When he was young, he read the buddhist books. At 827, he had become the proper monk. After then, he was taught by Yeomgeo in the northern mountains. In the year of 837, he entered Tang with his fellows. He traveled various regions and met a lot of Chan masters to study the teaching. But he thought that there is nothing to add to what he had learned in Silla, he came back to Silla in 840. The literatures including Chejing``s stele, there is no specific descriptions of his “trying to have a Buddhism’s law” while he was traveling around the regions of Tang. But there are some mentions about someone named Silla Master Gaji as a disciple of Damei Fachang 大梅法常, who might be Chejing in the volume 10 of Zhandenglu 傳燈錄. Isn’t there that the possibility of the two Chan masters are same person? If one wants to accept the possibility, one should consider the conditions which the possibility makes happen. First, it should be the time of the searching of the law of Chejing and the time of his Chinese teacher, Damei Fachang, are in same position of timeline. Second, are the thought of Fachang and that of Gajisanmun identical? Third, was it easy to access to Damei mountain 大梅山 in the Mingzhou 明州 for the foreign Monks? The answers of the problems mentioned above bring the subsequent questions. First subsequent question is the timeline. According to the biography of Damei Fachang in the Sung gaosengchan 宋高僧傳, Fachang was moving to Damei mountain in 796, where he was hiding from the world and studied. In 836, when he was the age of 85, Fachang was finally able to built his own temple and teach monks, but he passed away just three years after shortly. In this short three years, Chejing entered Tang and could be studied under the presence of Fachang. Second subsequent question is the problem of Chan lineage. According to Zhandenglu 傳燈錄, Fachang succeeded the teaching of Mazu Daoyi 馬祖道一. The teaching of Do``ui, which Chejinf learned was also the same line of Mazu Daoyi. The Third subsequent question is the problem of regions of “searching the law”. Mingzhou 明州, whicih was main port city of east-southern china, was the port which could be easy access for foreigners, especially to the monks and traders of Korea and Japan. All the answers combined and considered, the possibility of Chejing could be a student of Fachang is probable. The year before the arrival of Chejing, Fachang built his own temple and have the fame around the areas. It could be possible that Chejing heard the fame and then became a student of Fachang. After the return from Tang, he gave the teachings in his homeland. Then the king asked him to move to a temple in Gajisan, in the spring of 860, to be the abbot of it. And he was given the title of Bojo Chan Master after his death by the Government. As the time passed, the news of his achievement spread to the Chinese Buddhism, it could be possible to say that he was recorded as ‘Silla master Gaji as a disciple of Damei Fachang’.
Jo, Yong Gu,Shin, Eun Joo,Lee, Young Jae,Yoon, Won Sik,Han, Sung Soo,Lee, Yang Hun,Lee, Yong Rok,Noh, Seok Kyun,Gal, Yeong Soon,Lyoo, Won Seok Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Journal of applied polymer science Vol.113 No.3
<P>To enhance the thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber, the fiber was prepared from the gel spinning of high molecular weight (HMW) PVA by using dimethyl sulfoxide/water (8/2, v/v) as a solvent, accompanied with the cross-link by boric acid (B-PVA). In addition, the structure and properties of the B-PVA fiber were compared with those of the HMW PVA fiber obtained by using the same spinning system without cross-linking (NB-PVA). Through a series of experiments, it turned out that cross-linking actualized by an optimum amount of boric acid (0.3 wt % based on PVA) and zone drawing caused significant changes in the properties of HMW PVA gel fiber. That is, cross-linking increased thermal degradation temperatures at each degradation step and amounts of final residues, resulting in improving thermal properties of the PVA fiber. On the contrary, it was found that in the case of the B-PVA fiber, some broadening of the original PVA unit cell occurred, which was identified by the peak shift to lower angle in X-ray diffractogram. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of B-PVA fiber with draw ratio of 15 are 23.1 and 308.3 g/d, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009</P>
Hee-Woong Kang,Yeong-Rok Jo,강덕영,Gyeong-Suk Jeong,조현수 한국발생생물학회 2013 발생과 생식 Vol.17 No.3
The gonadsomatic index (GSI) of mottled skate was the highest in April, GSI and HSI showed a reverse phase for its reproductive cycle. The fish had one pair of egg capsules, having 1 to 7 fertilized eggs, and spawned all the year round. When surveying the reproductive characteristics of females over 63 ㎝ in disc width, we found the spawning peak was between April to June, and the appearance ratio of egg capsules was the highest in May (32.1%). The eggs were hatched at 8℃, 13℃, 18℃, water temperature (12.8 to 24.2℃), and the best hatching temperature was 18℃. The number of fish hatched was 4 to 5 fish/egg capsules, and the hatching rate was 100%. The sex ratios of hatching larvae were 45.5% female and 54.5% male. Therefore this study will provide fundamental data and information for artificial reproduction of the mottled skate.
Kang, Hee-Woong,Jo, Yeong-Rok,Kang, Duk-Yong,Jeong, Gyeong-Suk,Jo, Hyun-Su The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2013 발생과 생식 Vol.17 No.3
The gonadsomatic index (GSI) of mottled skate was the highest in April, GSI and HSI showed a reverse phase for its reproductive cycle. The fish had one pair of egg capsules, having 1 to 7 fertilized eggs, and spawned all the year round. When surveying the reproductive characteristics of females over 63 cm in disc width, we found the spawning peak was between April to June, and the appearance ratio of egg capsules was the highest in May (32.1%). The eggs were hatched at $8^{\circ}C$, $13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, water temperature (12.8 to $24.2^{\circ}C$), and the best hatching temperature was $18^{\circ}C$. The number of fish hatched was 4 to 5 fish/egg capsules, and the hatching rate was 100%. The sex ratios of hatching larvae were 45.5% female and 54.5% male. Therefore this study will provide fundamental data and information for artificial reproduction of the mottled skate.