A fresh look at contemporary perspectives on urban housing affordability

Marietta E. A. Haffner,Kath Hulse 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2021 도시과학국제저널 Vol.25 No.1

The literature on housing affordability has grown rapidly since Hulchanski [1995, p. 489. The concept of housing affordability: six contemporary uses of the housing expenditure-to-income ratio. Housing Studies, 10(4), 471–491] declared that housing researchers should avoid using the term since it is not a robust concept and measurement often lacks validity. In the ensuing 24 years, however, scholars have continued to debate the definition and measurement of housing affordability as well as the prevalence and type of ‘housing affordability problems’ in various countries. This paper is a think piece which takes a fresh look at housing affordability as a concept which has persisted despite considerable contestation and scepticism about its use. It provides a critical and multi-disciplinary assessment of housing affordability starting with early conceptualization of the nexus between economic principles and social norms about housing and living standards to a reworking of housing affordability in the twenty-first century as an urban issue affecting lower and middle-income households in cities, as a consequence of the financialization of housing and urban restructuring. It argues that the housing affordability concept has been repurposed such that the focus is less on understanding housing expenditures in contributing to poverty and disadvantage within the domain of social policy and more on the urban policy challenges of growing inequities in access to urban resources. The paper highlights the challenges for urban policy in adopting and adapting rather than rejecting a multi-dimensional concept of housing affordability and consequently the importance of new ways of measuring urban housing affordability.

THE FORMULATION OF LOYALTY THROUGH BRANDING IN THE ACCOMMODATION ESTABLISHMENTS

Marietta Fragkogianni 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction Marketing research frequently highlights the role of branding in customer’s decision making in a variety of sectors (Khan et al., 2015). Especially in cases where brands are related to the provision of services, creating competitive experiences seems to be an aspect of paramount importance for marketers (Hartman, et al., 2009). For this reason branding could be regarded as a means to improve a business’s performance (Hsu et al., 2011). Gilmore and Pine (2002) confirm the necessity for a brand to be associated with competitive characteristics, since it is widely acceptable that just selling a product is not enough, thus, the customer should go through a memorable experience in order to support, and, even more, to stay loyal to a brand. According to Liu et al. (2017) in the hotel industry visitors’ brand attitude and brand performance could mediate or moderate loyalty. Although the tourism and hospitality industry heavily relates on experience (Yuan & Wu, 2008), literature does not adequately examine the respective field (Ritchie & Hudson, 2009). This drawback combined with the new tendencies generated by the globalisation (Khan et al., 2015) lead to the need of further research which this study contributes to. The study focuses on hotel branding and existing literature in order to examine the way that brand influences tourists’ purchasing intentions and loyalty. In order to achieve this aim, the role of income and age on brand identification, the study examines the impact of brand identification, image and awareness in visitor satisfaction and price and quality issues, resulting to the formulation of loyalty. The theoretical contribution of the study concerns the examination of the influence of branding on visitors’ loyalty in accommodation establishments, something that is under-researched from previous studies, especially when dealing with destinations heavily affected by an economic crisis. Proposed Model The proposed model is based on the combination of two theories, which are the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Following Ajzen (1991) TPB focuses on three determinants of the human behaviour: (i) reactions towards a basic behaviour (ii) attitude towards others’ approval or disapproval of a behaviour, and (iii) perceptions of the degree of difficulty in performing a behaviour. Furthermore, TRA is used in order to predict an individual’s behaviour based on their existing attitudes and intentions, defined by the expectations of the individual in terms of its attitudinal outcomes (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Untaru et al., 2016). Based on TPB and TRA, the study structures a linear model, formulating its constructs with the use of previous studies of Davvetas and Diamantopoulos (2017), Escalas and Bettman (2003; 2005), Kim and Kim (2005), Liu et al. (2017), Nam et al. (2011), Popp and Woratschek (2017), Sanchez et.al. (2006), Sincovics et al. (2010), Tarnanidis et al. (2015), Tsiros and Mittal (2000), and Yoo, et al. (2000). The model suggests that loyalty is influenced by visitor satisfaction and price quality issues, whilst the latter two constructs are impacted by brand aspects (identification; name; awareness). The following hypotheses were formulated: H1. Brand identification has a direct positive influence on satisfaction. H2. Brand identification has a direct positive influence on price and quality. H3. Satisfaction is positively affected by brand image. H4. Price-quality nexus is positively affected by brand image. H5. Brand awareness positively influences satisfaction. H6. Brand awareness has a direct impact on price-quality nexus. H7. Loyalty is positively affected by satisfaction. H8. Price-quality nexus exert direct influence on loyalty. Methodology The research was held at the Athens International Airport “Eleftherios Venizelos” from June till August 2017. The respondents were adult tourists visiting Athens for holidays. The study was based on structured questionnaires, which are deemed suitable in cases when quantitative data are required, especially in public spaces and wherever the sample is self-selecting (e.g. tourist destinations, airports etc.) (Brotherton, 2015). Following Akis et al. (1996), for the study 95% minimum level of confidence, and 5% statistical error was selected. While the analogy 50/50 between positive and negative views applies, with N>20 and cumulative probability (Z) is 1.96 the sample size is calculated as follows: Out of 400 respondents 328 completed their questionnaires successfully. The response rate was 82 per cent. The questionnaire is based on previous research and consists of 57 Likert scale statements (1 strongly disagree; 5 strongly agree), also examining the socio-demographics of age and income. Results Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed for the analysis of linear relations. Figure 1 illustrates the generated standardised coefficients of the model. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied for testing the compatibility of the data with the proposed model that was generated from respective previous research. Following Kline’s (2010) selection of indices’ importance, the study has generated the following indices: χ2=327.206, df=172, χ2/df=1.902 [acceptable value: 0≤χ2/df≤2; Schermelleh-Engel, Moosbrugger & M?ller (2003)], CFI=.907, [acceptable value is when CFI is close to 1.0; Weston & Gore (2006)], SRMR=.769 [acceptable value is when SRMR<.8; Hu & Bentler (1999)], and RMSEA=.487 [acceptable value is when RMSEA<.5; Browne & Cudeck (1993)]. In factor analysis (Table 1) all values less than .4 were suppressed in an effort to evaluate higher coefficients (Norman & Streiner, 2008). The overall Cronbach A was .904, whilst in all constructs it has exceeded the minimum limit of .7. In addition, the Average Variance Explained (AVE) was higher than .5 [minimum acceptable .5; Kim (2014)]. Managerial Implications Several managerial implications could be generated from this study. First, the research can provide useful guidance to tourism and hospitality stakeholders, on reforming brand strategies accordingly in terms of achieving higher customer satisfaction and optimal outputs from price-quality nexus. Through these aspects the accommodation establishments and destinations can become more competitive and competent to pull prospective visitors. The study also constitutes a useful guide for market segmentation in terms of the influence of income and age in brand aspects. As the results indicate, the substantial influence of socio-demographics on the formulation of brand aspects can significantly influence targeted marketing and promotional activities for both, hotels and destinations. Limitations Despite the research’s theoretical contribution, several limitations need to be highlighted. Since the survey was conducted in a destination heavily affected by the current economic crisis (Athens) the influence of brand and loyalty aspects may differ in other metropolitan destinations having other characteristics. Therefore, any generalization should be made with caution. Moreover, the examination of different groups (i.e.: accommodation managers/owners; destination authorities) may generate different outcomes in terms of branding focus and loyalty formulation. Thus, the evaluation of perspectives of tourism and hospitality stakeholders is essential for the holistic approach of these matters. Finally, since perceptions may change over time, the repetition of this research may contribute to the understanding of the evolution of perspectives and their extent of alteration.

Abundance of Root Seedling Michoryza Infection in Tragulasi Coastal Forest Vegetation Area Alas Purwo National Park Banyuwangi

Marietta Zahra 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Covariance patterns between ramus morphology and the rest of the face: A geometric morphometric study

Marietta Krüsi,Demetrios J. Halazonetis,Theodore Eliades,Vasiliki Koretsi 대한치과교정학회 2023 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.53 No.3

Objective: The growth and development of the mandible strongly depend on modeling changes occurring at its ramus. Here, we investigated covariance patterns between the morphology of the ramus and the rest of the face. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 159 adults (55 males and 104 females) with no history of orthodontic treatment were collected. Geometric morphometrics with sliding semi-landmarks was used. The covariance between the ramus and face was investigated using a two-block partial least squares analysis (PLS). Sexual dimorphism and allometry were also assessed. Results: Differences in the divergence of the face and anteroposterior relationship of the jaws accounted for 24.1% and 21.6% of shape variation in the sample, respectively. Shape variation was greater in the sagittal plane for males than for females (30.7% vs. 17.4%), whereas variation in the vertical plane was similar for both sexes (23.7% for males and 25.4% for females). Size-related allometric differences between the sexes accounted for the shape variation to a maximum of 6% regarding the face. Regarding the covariation between the shapes of the ramus and the rest of the face, wider and shorter rami were associated with a decreased lower anterior facial height as well as a prognathic mandible and maxilla (PLS 1, 45.5% of the covariance). Additionally, a more posteriorly inclined ramus in the lower region was correlated with a Class II pattern and flat mandibular plane. Conclusions: The width, height, and inclination of the ramus were correlated with facial shape changes in the vertical and sagittal planes.

A Fresh Start for Restitution in Three-Party Situations under German Law

( Marietta Auer ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2017 Journal of Korean Law Vol.16 No.2

With its ruling from June 6, 2015, the 11^th Senate of the German Federal High Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof, BGH) has overturned its principles on restitution of unjust enrichment in cases of revoked payment orders in payment services law. The article argues that this significant departure from previous case law opens the door for a general revision and redesign of the German law of restitution in three-party situations. The article proceeds from an explanation of the classic “instruction model” (Anweisungsmodell) as the general German model of restitution in three-party situations. By means of the instruction (Anweisung), the debtor/instructor links two relationships, i.e. the cover relationship (Deckungsverhaltnis) between the debtor/instructor and the instructee/payer with the underlying debt relationship (Valutaverhaltnis) between the debtor/instructor and the recipient/payee. As a consequence, both relationships are simultaneously performed by a single transfer of benefit between instructee and recipient. In such three-party instruction situations, restitution of unjust enrichment is generally carried out “around the corner” (“ubers Eck”) under German Law if the instruction is valid. An exception of direct restitution between instructee and recipient only applies if the instruction is lacking and principles of estoppel do not apply in favor of the recipient. This rule has, however, been seriously challenged by the Federal High Court of Justice`s ruling from June 6, 2015. Contrary to the current practice to apply the principles of estoppel to revoked payment orders, the instructed bank from now on cannot demand restitution from the instructing payer even if the payee is in good faith. The payee is, in other words, no longer shielded from a direct restitution claim of the bank even if his good faith merits protection. Rather, in all cases of unauthorized payment, restitution now is carried out exclusively between the bank and the payee by way of a direct claim of non-performance restitution. The article evaluates the consequences of this novel ruling against the background of recent academic critique. It argues that the Court has hit the right spot by reversing the established relationship between the rule of restitution “around the corner” and the exception of direct restitution for unauthorized payment orders. However, there remains something unsatisfactory and preliminary in the Court`s reasoning which points to deeper problems within the general system of three-party restitution under German law. This is also reflected in the academic comments to the ruling. Their criticism is not so much directed at the outcome of direct restitution against the payee, but rather at the Court`s lacking willingness to coherently integrate this outcome into the traditional principles on restitution in three-party situations. In fact, this lack of willingness is so striking that it seems likely that the Court`s decision will provoke a general revision of the traditional principles on restitution in future. At a closer look, it is indeed impossible to reconcile the Court`s ruling with the traditional system of restitution. After all, the pivot of the instruction model is to give priority to restitution “around the corner,” i.e. to restitution involving the instructor and excluding direct recovery. Yet this very certainty is called into question by the recent decision. Indeed, the underlying constellation of a revoked payment order illustrates that excluding direct restitution does not distribute litigation and defense risks more equitably than by allowing direct restitution. On the one hand, the bank will mostly end up making a direct claim against the payee anyway. On the other hand, the questionable abstract protection of the bona fide payee via restitution “around the corner” comes at the cost of a considerable, unjustifiable gap in the protection of the supposed payer. If, on the other hand, there is direct restitution between the bank and the payee from the outset, the revoking payer is not affected by the restitution, but can always and with legal certainty make a claim against the bank to have the mistaken booking cancelled. There should be no doubt as to which of the two solutions can claim the charm of simplicity and legal clarity. The recent decision, therefore, gives reason to put to the test the entire regime of restitution in three-party situations - a regime that has hit a dead end of doctrinal construction that does not further but rather veil the adequacy of the underlying restitution mechanisms. Starting point of a new conception of third-party restitution under German law is a return to the general provisions on performance (Erfullung) in the law of obligations. In the case of third-party involvement, BGB §§ 267, 362 para 2 offer clear rules as to who is the performing party and who the recipient: In both cases, it is not the contractual partner, but rather the third party. An unbiased look at the BGB, therefore, yields an understanding of the concept of performance and of the distribution of the performance relationships between the parties that considerably departs from the prevailing view on restitution in three-party situations. Contrary to the doctrine of restitution “around the corner,” the central performance relationship, which also gives rise to the primary claim of restitution, should hence be situated in the third party relationship between the instructee and the recipient. Assuming that the function of the concept of performance is to identify both the object of performance and the parties of the restitution claim, it seems fundamentally wrong to separate the performance relationships in three-party situations from the actual object of performance by attributing performance “around the corner” on normative grounds. From a point of view of legal clarity and efficiency in adjudication, it would make much more sense to start litigation of restitution where the lost object actually ended up: That is - obviously - with the recipient. On this basis, the present a rticle concludes that the time is ripe for a fundamental rethinking of three-party situations in German restitution law. In particular, courts and scholars should consider to drop the doctrine of restitution “around the corner” modeled on the instruction situation and to reverse rule and exception between restitution “around the corner” and direct restitution in favor of the latter.

The marginalized in Austin Clarke’s The Polished Hoe

Marietta Kosma 새한영어영문학회 2021 새한영어영문학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.5

Estimating the 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Its Economic Consequences, by the Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: The ATTICA Study

Demosthenes Panagiotakos,Marietta Sitara,Christos Pitsavos,Christodoulos Stefanadis 한국식품영양과학회 2007 Journal of medicinal food Vol.10 No.2

In this study this traditional diet was assessed in relation to coronary heart disease risk and its economic con-sequences, in a cross-sectional study with economic analysis. From May 2001 to December 2002 we randomly enrolled 1,514adult men and 1,528 women, without any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietwas ascertained through a food-frequency questionnaire and a special diet score that incorporated the inherent characteristicsof this dietary pattern. The 10-year absolute risk for coronary heart disease was derived from the Framingham equations. Per-sons with a 10-year risk greater than 10% were considered as potential hospitalized patients. The health care cost of hospi-talization due to an event was estimated in 690A??per patient. Of the participants who were “closer” to the Mediterranean diet(i.e., above the median diet score) and of those “away” from this dietary pattern, 4.2% and 39.8%, respectively, had a 10-yearcoronary risk greater than 10% (P. .001). Moreover, participants “closer” to the Mediterranean diet had a 43% (odds ra-tio. 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.86) lower likelihood of having a 10-year coronary risk greater than 10%, afteradjusting for potential confounders. Total health care cost was estimated to be 336.720A??in those who were “away” and 35.880A??in those who were closer to this diet pattern. Life-years lost due to disability was 6.8 in those who were “away” and0.9 in those “close” to this pattern. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 50.989A??(i.e., the additive health care costdue to an unhealthy diet for each year lost). The implementation of the Mediterranean dietary pattern may lead to an im-provement in life expectancy, a net gain to health, and a reduction in total lifetime costs.

Organoids in image-based phenotypic chemical screens

Lukonin Ilya,Zinner Marietta,Liberali Prisca 생화학분자생물학회 2021 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.53 No.-

Image-based phenotypic screening relies on the extraction of multivariate information from cells cultured under a large variety of conditions. Technical advances in high-throughput microscopy enable screening in increasingly complex and biologically relevant model systems. To this end, organoids hold great potential for high-content screening because they recapitulate many aspects of parent tissues and can be derived from patient material. However, screening is substantially more difficult in organoids than in classical cell lines from both technical and analytical standpoints. In this review, we present an overview of studies employing organoids for screening applications. We discuss the promises and challenges of small-molecule treatments in organoids and give practical advice on designing, running, and analyzing high-content organoid-based phenotypic screens.

Antidiabetic activity of Argyreia speciosa (sweet) (Burm.f.)Boj. in normogl- ycemic and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

PV Habbu,KM Mahadevan,VH Kulkarni,Marietta P,Pratap V,BS Thippeswamy,VP Veerapur 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2010 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.10 No.2

Effect of ethanol (ASE) and water (ASW) extracts of Argyreia speciosa on blood glucose and lipid profile was investigated in normoglycemic and Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. In oral glucose and sucrose tolerance test, treatment with ASE and ASW (100 and 200 mg/kg) and Glidenclamide (10 mg/kg) significantly improved the glucose and sucrose tolerance in normal animals. In addition, respective treatment for fifteen-day resulted in significant percentage reduction in serum glucose (SG) ie., 30.39% (lower dose of ASE) and 33.21% (higher dose of ASW). In standardized STZ (50 mg/kg, iv)-induced diabetic rats, a single dose of ASE and ASW treatment exhibited reduction in SG levels at different time intervals compared to basal levels. Administration of both the doses of ASE and ASW for fifteen-day days exhibited greater percentage reduction in glycemia (24.6%, 24.7%, 23.9% and 21.9% respectively) and also ameliorated restored to near normal value of all tested lipid parameters. Further, treatment also exhibited significantly improved glucose tolerance over the period of 120 min compared to diabetic control group. Eventhough treatment failed to increase serum insulin levels significantly but peripheral utilization of insulin was increased as evident by insulin tolerance test. Taken together, present study supports the traditional usage of title plant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

탄산나트륨 첨착섬유활성탄을 이용한 황화수소의 제거

정헌석(Hun-Suck Jung),원용선(Yong Sun Won),Devi Marietta Siregar,Sophie Kavugho Mission,임준혁(Jun-Heok Lim) 한국청정기술학회 2017 청정기술 Vol.23 No.1