어린이의 사시교정술시 인공호흡수와 심박수와의 상관관계

강종만,김종성,김희수,염명걸 대한마취과학회 2001 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.41 No.4

Correlation between Respiratory Rates and the Degree of Bradycardia in Strabismus Surgery in Children Jong-Man Kang, M.D., Hee-Soo Kim, M.D., Chong0Sung Kim, M.D. and Myung-Kul Yum, M.D.^* Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, and ^*Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Background: Strabismus surgery is frequent in pediatric ophthalmic surgery. Traction on the extra-ocular muscles can trigger an oculocardiac rdflex. We investigated the correlation between respiratoy rates and the degree of bradycardia to find another management for preventing oculocardiac reflex. Methods: NO premedications were administered. They were induced with thiopental and vecuronium and maintained with O_@-enflurane-N_2O. The tidal volume was 10 ml/kg. Respiratory rate of group 1 (n = 18) was fixed at 24 bpm, group 2 (n = 18) at 20 bpm, and group 3 (n = 19) at 16 bpm. We measured the mean heart rate from intubation to the beginning of surgery and defined this as the basal heart rate. We defined the lowest heart rate after traction of the extraocular muscles as the minimal heart rate. We calculated the correlation coefficient between the respiratory rate and basal heart rate, minimal heart rate, the change of heart rates and E_tCO_2. Results: There was a positive correlation between the respiratory rate and the basal heart rate, and minimal heart rate. There was no correlation between the respiratory rate and the change of heart rate. There was no difference in E_tCo_2 among the 3 groups. Conclusions: Can be increased both basal heart rate in anesthetized patients and minimal heart rate induced by oculocardiac reflex by making the respiratory rate more rapid if there is no significant difference of E_tCO_2. The oculocardiac reflex may be reduced by making respiratory rate more rapid if there is no significant influence on minute ventilation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 41: 450~454)

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

졸-겔법에 의한 Au 미립자 분산 TiO₂ 박막의 제조

강봉상,이경석,문종수 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2003 신소재연구 Vol.15 No.2

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)를 함유시킨 Ti(OC-(3)H^(i)_(7))_(4) 용액을 출발물질로 가수분해하여 딥-코팅용 용액을 제조하고, Au 공급원으로 HA_(u)Cl_(4)를 첨가하여 1회의 코팅으로 균열 없이 두꺼운 Au 미립자 분석 TiO_(2) 박막을 제조했다. 금 미립자를 분산시키 TiO_(2) 박막은 비선형광학재료, 선택흡수막 및 투과막 등 새로운 기능성 재료로 활용된다. PVP를 함유한 용액에 실리카 유리기관을 침적시킨 후, 3㎝/min의 속도로 인상시켜 코팅을 행한 후 건조하고, 700℃에서 10분간 열처리하여 박막을 제조하였다. 제조된 박막은 두께가 약 0.1~1um의 투명한 박막으로, PVP를 함유하지 않은 박막보다 약 2-8배정도 두꺼웠으며, 박막 속에 분산된 Au 입자의 크기는 약 10 nm이다. Homogeneous thick Au doped TiO₂ films could be prepared with dispersing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in Ti(OC₃H_(7)^(i))₄ solutions and Au in the starting solution. Nanocomposite of Au-doped TiO2 films could be used as non-linear optic materials, selective absorption and transmission films. Films were deposited on SiO2 glass substrate by dip coating method at withdrawal rate of 3 cdmin, and they were heat-treated at 700℃ for 10 minutes. Thickness of transparent TiO₂ thin films were 0.1-1㎛ and which made from PVP containing solutions, was about 2-8 times thicker than that of without PVP.

반복 제약 책략에 대하여

姜淸一 단국대학교 영어영문학회 1988 Athenaeum Vol.- No.4

본 논문에서 제시한 반복제약 규칙과 이를 바탕으로한 문장 산출시에 작용하게 되는 반복제약 책략의 설정은 종래의 영어교육에서 통사규칙, 음운규칙, 의미규칙, 담화규칙 등으로 별개의 범주에서 다루어져 왔던 현상들을 간단 명료한 하나의 책략체계로 조직화하고 통합하는 방법을 예시해 주고 있다고 생각할 수 있다. 이러한 유형의 책략체계의 발견과 설정은 해당 외국어 교육의 효과를 증진하는데 기여할 수 있음은 물론이다. 각 층위의 문법규칙을 근거로한 이러한 책략 체계의 발견 작업이 광범위하게 이루어져 교육 문법의 내실화를 이룩하기를 기대하며 본 고를 맺는다.

이대생의 체력 및 건강도에 관한 조사 연구

강지용,김종선,윤남식,이희순,한성일 梨花女子大學校 韓國生活科學硏究院 1975 韓國生活科學硏究院 論叢 Vol.15 No.-

The following results were obtained from the survey of health status and the measurements of physical fitness of 914 students of Ewha Womans University by means of CMI, which were conducted from October 7 to October 27 for three weeks. The purpose of the research mainly consists in the improvement of university health adiministration and of physical education. A. Survey of Health Status 1. The average Number of Complaints are 26.8 for items A-L, 15.3 for items M-R, and 42.1 for items A-R. In terms of classes, the Numbers of Complaints are revealed on a decreasing scale as follows: sophomores, 44.0, the highest; seniors, 42.6; freshmen, 42.1; and juniors, 40.5. 2. Among all the items, the following figures of average Numbers of complaints per person are conspicuous: the seniors have shown 5.3 for item D, which is the highest; and the sophomores, 0,7, which is the lowest. Among the physiological item, D, which corresponds to the ailments of digestion system, shows the highest rate; and among the items for mental diseases, item M, which corresponds to non­adjustment, is 5.2, the highest. 3. The percentiles on the lower echelons of the Number of Complaints are the following: 26.1% for freshmen is the highest; 22.2% for sophomores, the lowest. The sophomores have shown 27.1%, the highest figure, of students who have Number of Complaints of four or above. 4. The percentile figures of 10 or above of Number of Complaints are displayed by seniors with 2.4% and by sophomores with 1.5%. On the other hand, the percentile figures of 80 or above are revealed by seniors with 5.4% and by sophomores with 5.3%. B. Physical Fitness Measurements The figures for the physical fitness measurements are found as given below: 1. Pull­up Freshmen 18.4 seconds Juniors 9.3 seconds Sophomores 7.5 seconds Seniors 7.0 seconds 2. 100 Meters Dash An approximation of 19 seconds is recorded by freshmen, and the tendency is to be slower as the years go up. 3. Sit­ups The freshmen recorded 13 sit­ups, and the tendency is to be fewer as the years go up. 4. Throwing An approximation of 19 meters is marked by freshmen, and the tendency is to be shorter as the years go up. 5. Long Jump The freshmen marked 249.5 centimeters, and the tendency decreases as the years go up. 6. 800 Meters Run 4'1"8"'(4 minutes 1 seconds 8 points) is obtained for freshmen, and the tendency is to be slower as the years go up. 7. Shuttle Run 12.5 seconds is recorded for freshmen, and the tendency is to be slower as the years go up. 8. Trunk Flexion 18 centimeters is marked by freshmen, and the tendency is to be decreasing as the years go up.

폐슬러지 실리콘을 이용한 질화규소의 제조 및 특성

강종봉,문종수,이수영 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1998 硏究論文集 Vol.15 No.3

Si 슬러지를 사용하여 반응결합 Si₃N₄성형체를 제조한 후 특성을 분석하였다. Si 슬러시에는 순수한 Si괴와 유기물이 포함되어 있으며 정제한 Si분말은 8∼10wt%의 산소를 함량하고 있어 질화를 방해하는 주원인이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 재소결 공정인 가스압 소결을 통하여 반응 소결한 Si₃N₄시편을 치밀화 시킬 수 있었으며 본 실험에서 제조한 SRBSN의 강도와 파괴인성 값은 각각 504MPa와 6.1MPa·m½이었다. Si₃N₄ were prepared by the reaction bonding process with Si sludge as a starting materials and the results shows as follows: Si powder contained 8∼10wt% of oxygen which prevented the nitridation of the Si. GPS process after nitridation promoted the densification of the RBSN to the 97% of theoretical density. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the SRBSN samples were 500MPa and 6MPa·m½. respectively.

근원세포 분화조절 유전자의 클로닝

강성구,이채관,김상해,김정락 인제대학교 1992 仁濟論叢 Vol.8 No.2

배아의 근원세포는 분화가 진행 됨에 따라 성체의 골격근 세포로 된다. 이러한 분화단계에는 특정 유전자가 관여할 것으로 추정되며 이전 실험에서 0.8Kb의 cDNA를 확인하였다 (Kang et al., 1992). 이러한 특이 유전자는 계배 부화 9일째부터 발현이 되었으며 성체에서는 발현이 되지 않았다. 특히 12일과 14일 계배의 뇌,간,신장조직에서는 유전자 발현이 되지 알았으며 단지 가슴근육조직에서만 유전자 발현이 되었다. 이 유전자는 계배 골격근 세포의 분화에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 추정된다. Embryonic myoblasts become determined to differentiate into distinctive types of muscle cells. Skeletal muscle cell is one of them. We studied the expression of muscle specific 0.8Kb cDNA related to the differentiation of chick embryonic myoblast in various stage of development and in organs. The gene was expressed from 9 day old chick embryo stage, but was not expressed at adult breast muscle. Also the gene was not expressed in brain, liber, kidney but expressed in 12 and 14 day old chick embryonic breast muscle. Therefore, this muscle specific gene(0.8Kb) may have an important role in regulating the diffrentiation of chick embryonic myoblast.

방사선치료 후 영구치 치배 발육장애 증례보고 : REPORT OF CASE

강명봉,김영재,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,한세현,김종철 大韓小兒齒科學會 2005 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.32 No.2

두경부 악성 종양에 대한 방사선치료는 유용한 방법이다. 하지만 방사선치료의 부작용으로 다양한 구강내 합병증을 동반한다. 이 글에서 치열 발육 단계에 방사선치료를 받은 두 증례를 보고하는 바이다. 첫 번째 증례는 생후 19개월에 급성 골수성 백혈병으로 진단 받아 방사선치료를 받은 7세 여자 환아로 영구치 치배의 선천적 결손과 왜소치 소견을 보였다. 두 번째 증례에서는 생후 13개월에 양측성 망막아세포종으로 진단 받아 방사선치료를 받았고 영구치 치배의 선천적 결손, 왜소치, 치근의 저형성 그리고 법랑질 저형성증 소견을 보였다. Radiotherapy for head and neck tumors is a viable treatment modality. However, a wide range of potentially debilitating dental complications may be accompanied by this treatment. We report two cases of developmental disturbance of permanent tooth germs after radiotherapy. The one was that of a seven-year-old girl, who had congenitally missing teeth, and microdontia of permanent tooth germs. she had received radiotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia at the age of 19 months. The other was that of a nine-year-old boy, in which congenitally missing teeth, microdontia, root hypoplasia, and enamel hypoplasia of permanent teeth were observed. He had undergone a course of radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma at the age of 13 months.

생활체육 참가가 중년여성의 자각적 스트레스에 미치는 영향

강종구,김민희 全北大學校 敎育大學院 1997 敎育論叢 Vol.17 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in sport for all on middle-aged women were selected or subjects from Chonju, Kunsan and Iksan cities of chonbuk province, the psychological well-being index was used to investigate the stress level of the subjects. The contents of questionnaire were social performance and self-confidence, depression, sleeping disturbance and anxiety and general well-being and vitality. The subjects were divided into four groups. Group A was 44 women who had membership in sports club and participated 6 months periodically. Group B was 30 women who had did not have membership in sports club and had participated daily. Group C was 54 women who had never participated daily. Group D was 33 women who had participated one and two times a week. The results of the study were as follows. First, Group A was lower than Group C and D in stress factors of social performance and self-confidence, depression and sleeping disturbance and anxiety. Second, there was no difference in gener well-being and vitality in four groups. Third, Group A and B were lower than Group C and D in stress level. The conclusion four the above results is as follows : The women who participate in sports for all are lower than those who do not, in stress factor and stress level.

들깨 종자 코팅의 폴리머 및 고형물질이 발아력에 미치는 영향

강점순,손병구,최영환,안종길 밀양대학교 농업기술개발연구소 2000 農業技術開發硏究所報 Vol.4 No.1

The purpose of seed coating is to make seedling mechanization possible by enlarging the seed size. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum of polymer and particulate matters for seed coating in perilla. There were significant differences of percent germination and germination speed in accordance with the coating polymer and the concentration. Among the coating polymer, germination of seeds using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was generally smooth, and followed by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and methyl cellulose (MC). The germination rate was also different according to the coating particulate matters. Generally, percentage germination and germination speed of seeds using the mixture of diatomaceous earth, talc and bentonite were higher and faster than using other coating materials, respectively. However, percentage germination using limestone was low, and percent germination of coated seeds with coating material showed the tendency of decreasing more than that of the seeds just added with coating particulate matters.