주자(朱子)의 복서역학(卜筮易學)에 대한 연구(硏究)

송인창 ( In Chang Song ),조기원 ( Gi Won Jo ) 한국동서철학회 2011 동서철학연구 Vol.62 No.-

『주역』을 연구하려면 가장 먼저 복서卜筮와 점占에 대한 탐색을 피할 수 없다. 복서에 기반한 『주역』은 동양철학의 원천이기 때문이다. 복서의 뿌리와 원형을 제대로 연구하지 않고는 『주역』의 본질에 접근할 수 없다. 복서는 넓은 의미에서 보면 동양인의 정신세계를 포괄하는 사유의 모델인 동시에 행위의 규범이었다. 주역사에서 주자朱子(1130-1200)는 최정상의 학자로 손꼽히는 인물이다. 그는 다양한 학문의 집대성자답게 역학사상 역시 상수역象數易과 의리역義理易과 복서역卜筮易이라는 세 갈래의 관점을 하나로 통합하였다. 그렇다고 복서역만이 주자 역학의 전모는 아니다. 그의 역학은 다양한 스펙트럼으로 조명되어야 마땅하기 때문이다. 이 논문은 주자의 역학사상 가운데 복서관을 중심으로 어떻게 상수론과 의리론을 통합하고 있는가의 문제를 살피는 것을 목적으로 한다. 하지만 대부분의 학자들은 주자의 역학을 성리학性理學의 입장에서 의리역학 혹은 상수역학의 관점에서만 다루어왔다. 주자가 『주역』의 출발과 본질이 복서라고 강조했음에도 불구하고 복서역 자체에 대해서는 아직까지 체계적인 연구는 이루어지지 않았다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 비록 주자가 복서와 상수를 강조했더라도 도덕이 배제된 『주역』은 한갓 술수론에 지나지 않는다는 것을 의식하고 『주역』의 윤리설을 도입한다. 의리역은 하늘과 인간이 하나됨을 겨냥한다. 의리가 빠진 복서는 점치는 용도에 불과하고, 의리가 배제된 상수 역시 공허한 관념론에 불과하기 때문에 복서에서 의리로, 또는 상수에서 의리로의 지향은 필연의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 주자는 복서의 논리를 중심으로 상수의 수학적 엄밀성을 도입하여 합리성을 보강했으며, 또한 이를 바탕으로 도덕의 세계로 나아가는 디딤돌을 마련하였다. 더 나아가 주자는 복서를 넘어 윤리의 세계를 지향하여 주역관을 근거로 성리학을 정립하였던 것이다. The Book of Changes is the most valuable classic that contains Confucian view of the world and life including metaphysics, epistemology, and the theory of value. Zhu Xi(1130-1200), considered to be the best scholar throughout the history of the Book of Changes, complied various teachings and synthesized three standpoints of the thoughts in the Book of Changes-the XiangshuYi(象數易), the YiliYi(義理易), and the BushiYi(卜筮易)-into one integrated point of view. The purpose of this dissertation is to study how Zhu Xi has synthesized the image and number theory with the morality and rationality theory based upon the divination theory. Although greatly emphasized the importance of the Bushi(卜筮) with the image and number, Zhu Xi realized that the Book of Changes lacking the value of morality would be nothing but a petty artifice. Therefore, he adopted ethics. The ultimate purpose of the moral and rational principle is to bring the oneness of heaven and humanity. Since the divination without morality and rationality would be just a means of fortunetelling and the image and number principle without morality and rationality would be also a vacant idealism, it would be inevitable for both BushiYi and XiangshuYi to pursue the moral and rational principle. For that reason, Zhu Xi tried to strengthen rationality of the Book of Changes in accordance with the logic of the Bushi by adopting mathematical precision, and it successfully served as a stepping stone for the world full of morality. Furthermore, this let Zhu Xi aim the world of m(orality beyond the understanding the divination and enabled him to establish Neo-Confucianism from his standpoint of the Book of Changes. Finally, the key to approach the true quality of Zhu Xi`s the Book of the Changes would be to figure out the core part of his study which is to combine the morality and rationality with the image and number based upon the BushiYixue(卜筮易學).

Brain SPECT 영상의 Attenuation Correction 방법들에 대한 비교

조진우,김창호,나수경,이귀원,Jo, Jin U,Kim, Chang Ho,Na, Soo Kyung,Lee, Gui Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2012 핵의학 기술 Vol.16 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)의 Non-attenuation correction (AC-non) 영상에 대한 attenuation correction(AC) 방법 중 Chang's method와 CT based attenuation correction(AC-CT) 사이의 count를 비교하기 위함이다. phantom study는 증류수로 채워진 hoffman 3D phantom에 $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq을 투여하였고, patient study는 normal volunteer에 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 750Mbq를 정맥주입하고 Siemens사의 Symbia T6로 Brain SPECT 영상을 획득하였고 뇌 정량 분석을 하였다. 각각의 방법들을 적용한 transverse image는 같은 위치에서 재구성 되었으며 각각 10, 20, 30번째 slice에서 6개의 region of interest(ROI)를 그려 AC-non 과 AC-CT 그리고 Chang's method의 count를 비교하였다. phantom study에서 AC-non, AC-CT, Chang's method의 각각 평균 count는 $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, $8752.6{\pm}896.5$이었으며 patient study에서 $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$, $12795{\pm}1422.1$이었다. phantom study에서 AC-CT와 AC-non 사이의 비는 3.70이고 Chang's method와 AC-non 사이의 비는 1.92였으며 patient study에서는 각각 2.85, 2.38이었다. 우리는 이 연구를 통하여 AC-CT가 Chang's method보다 더 높은 AC을 해준다는 걸 알 수 있었다. 그리고 Chang's method는 patient study에서의 AC 값이 phantom study에서의 AC값보다 더 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. brain SPECT/CT를 시행하는 경우 scatter correction을 같이 시행하고 bone에 의한 감쇠 정보를 반영할 수 있는 AC-CT가 chang's method보다 정확하다 할 수 있겠다. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare count between Chang's method and CT-based attenuation correction (AC-CT) among the attenuation correction (AC) methods for non-attenuation correction (AC-non) images of Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Materials and Methods : We injected $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq in a Hoffman 3D phantom filled with distilled water in the phantom study, and injected intravenously $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 740Mbq in a normal volunteer in the patient study, and then obtained Brain SPECT images with Symbia T6 of Siemens and conducted quantitative brain analysis. Transverse images to which each method was applied were rebuilt at the same position, and 6 regions of interest (ROI) were drawn on each of Slice No. 10, 20 and 30 and then the counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were compared. Results : The mean counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, and $8752.6{\pm}896.5$, respectively, in the phantom study and $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$ and $12795{\pm}1422.1$, respectively, in the patient study. In the phantom study, the ratio of AC-CT to AC-non was 3.70 and the ratio of Chang's method to AC-non was 1.92, and in the patient study, they were 2.85 and 2.38, respectively. Conclusion : From this study, we found that AC-CT makes higher AC than Chang's method. In addition, when Chang's method was used, AC in the patient study was higher than that in the phantom study. These results need to be considered also in other examinations.

Causes and Predictive Factors Associated with "Diagnosis Changed" Outcomes in Patients Notified as Tuberculosis Cases in a Private Tertiary Hospital

Kang, Byung Ju,Jo, Kyung-Wook,Park, Tai Sun,Yoo, Jung-Wan,Lee, Sei Won,Choi, Chang-Min,Oh, Yeon-Mok,Lee, Sang-Do,Kim, Woo Sung,Kim, Dong Soon,Shim, Tae Sun The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2013 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.75 No.6

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the "diagnosis changed" rate in patients notified as tuberculosis (TB) on the Korean TB surveillance system (KTBS). Methods: A total of 1,273 patients notified as TB cases on the KTBS in one private tertiary hospital in 2011 were enrolled in the present study. Patients were classified into three groups: "diagnosis maintained", "diagnosis changed" (initially notified as TB, but ultimately diagnosed as non-TB), and "administrative error" (notified as TB due to administrative errors). Results: Excluding 17 patients in the "administrative error" group, the "diagnosis maintained" and "diagnosis changed" groups included 1,097 (87.3%) and 159 patients (12.7%), respectively. Common causes of "diagnosis changed" were nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease (51.7%, 61/118), and pneumonia (17.8%) in cases notified as pulmonary TB, and meningitis (19.5%, 8/41) and Crohn's disease (12.2%) in cases notified as extrapulmonary TB. Being older than 35 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 2.18) and a positive acid-fast bacilli stain (OR, 1.58) were positive predictors and a TB-related radiological finding (OR, 0.42) was a negative predictor for a "diagnosis changed" result via multivariate logistic regression analysis in pulmonary TB cases. Conclusion: Because of a high "diagnosis changed" rate in TB notifications to the KTBS, the TB incidence rate measured by the KTBS may be overestimated. Considering the worldwide trend toward increased NTM disease, the "diagnosis changed" rate may increase over time. Thus, when reporting the annual TB notification rate in Korea, the exclusion of "diagnosis changed" cases is desirable.

Causes and Predictive Factors Associated with “Diagnosis Changed” Outcomes in Patients Notified as Tuberculosis Cases in a Private Tertiary Hospital

( Byung Ju Kang ),( Kyung Wook Jo ),( Tai Sun Park ),( Jung Wan Yoo ),( Sei Won Lee ),( Chang Min Choi ),( Yeon Mok Oh ),( Sang Do Lee ),( Woo Sung Kim ),( Dong Soon Kim ),( Tae Sun Shim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.75 No.6

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the “diagnosis changed” rate in patients notified as tuberculosis (TB) on the Korean TB surveillance system (KTBS). Methods: A total of 1,273 patients notified as TB cases on the KTBS in one private tertiary hospital in 2011 were enrolled in the present study. Patients were classified into three groups: “diagnosis maintained”, “diagnosis changed” (initially notified as TB, but ultimately diagnosed as non-TB), and “administrative error” (notified as TB due to administrative errors). Results: Excluding 17 patients in the “administrative error” group, the “diagnosis maintained” and “diagnosis changed” groups included 1,097 (87.3%) and 159 patients (12.7%), respectively. Common causes of “diagnosis changed” were nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease (51.7%, 61/118), and pneumonia (17.8%) in cases notified as pulmonary TB, and meningitis (19.5%, 8/41) and Crohn`s disease (12.2%) in cases notified as extrapulmonary TB. Being older than 35 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 2.18) and a positive acid-fast bacilli stain (OR, 1.58) were positive predictors and a TB-related radiological finding (OR, 0.42) was a negative predictor for a “diagnosis changed” result via multivariate logistic regression analysis in pulmonary TB cases. Conclusion: Because of a high “diagnosis changed” rate in TB notifications to the KTBS, the TB incidence rate measured by the KTBS may be overestimated. Considering the worldwide trend toward increased NTM disease, the “diagnosis changed” rate may increase over time. Thus, when reporting the annual TB notification rate in Korea, the exclusion of “diagnosis changed” cases is desirable.

펠던크라이스 기법, 탄성밴드 운동 및 복합운동 적용이 현대무용전공자의 체간근력에 미치는 영향

김채수(Kim Chae-Soo),권혜영(Kwon Hye-Young),이원재(Lee Won-Jae),조창모(Jo Chang-Mo),김진환(Kim Jin-Hwan),주성범(Ju Sung-Bum),이미경(Lee Mi-Kyoung) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This study is carried out to examine the effect of applying Feldenkrais method, elastic band training and combined training on trunk muscle. The subjects of this study were 32 modern dance majors and they were divided into four groups which consists of 8 peoples each, Feldenkrais method group(modern dance + Feldenkrais method), elastic band training group(modern dance + elastic band training), combined training group(modern dance + Feldenkrais method + elastic band training), and control group(modern dance). Measurement variables which are trunk muscle were measured before training, and after 4 and 8 weeks training and the results are as follow: In the left muscle strength change at Centaur 0°, Feldenkrais method group, elastic band training group and combined training group showed significant increase after 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the right muscle strength change, Feldenkrais method group and combined training group had significant increase after 8 weeks training. In the left muscle strength change at Centaur 45°, Feldenkrais method group and combined training group showed significant increase after 8 weeks training compared to before training and after 4 weeks training. Also elastic band training group showed significant increase after 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the right muscle strength change, Feldenkrais method group and elastic band training group significantly increased after 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the left muscle strength change at Centaur 90°, Feldenkrais method group and combined training group showed significant increase after 4 and 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the right muscle strength change, Feldenkrais method group showed significant increase after 4 and 8 weeks training compared to before training, and elastic band training group significantly increased after 8weeks training compared to before training. In the left muscle strength change at Centaur 135°, there was no significant changes. In the right muscle strength change, elastic band training group and combined training group showed significant increase after 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the left muscle strength change at Centaur 180°, combined training group showed significant increase after 4 and 8 weeks training compared to before training. In the right muscle strength change, combined training group showed significant increase after 4 and 8 weeks training compared to before training. From above results, applying 8 weeks regular program of Feldenkrais method, elastic band training and combined training to modern dance majors showed positive changes on improvement of trunk muscle strength and physical strength. Also this study implemented to verify the effects of trunk muscle strength and body balance through supplementary training program, and showed the effects in the training group and control group after 8 weeks trunk muscle strengthening program. Feldenkrais method, elastic band training and combined training are very effective to improve trunk muscle strength of modern dance majors so that continuous implementation and application of these effective training program shall be provided for strengthening trunk muscle.

The clinical manifestations of stasis dermatitis and analysis of association with other vascular diseases

( Jeong Won Jo ),( Chang Il Kwon ),( Young Bin Shin ),( Yun Sun Moon ),( Eui Chang Jung ),( Chi Yeon Kim ),( Tae Jin Yoon ) 대한피부과학회 2019 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.71 No.2

Background: Stasis dermatitis is a common dermatologic disorder. It is caused by venous hypertension results from venous backward flow. However, research on the association with specific vascular disease is insufficient. Objectives: This study was intended to investigate in clinical manifestations of stasis dermatitis and analysis of association with other vascular diseases in our hospital outpatients. Methods: In this study, we investigated 37 patients with a diagnosis of stasis dermatitis in our hospital from 2014 to 2019. We reviewed clinical manifestations and relation with other vascular disease. Results: In total 37 cases, 20 (54.1%) patients were female and 17 (45.9%) patients were male. Twelve two (59.5%) patients were presented as erythema, followed by 14 (37.8%) as purpuric lesions and 11 (29.7%) as brownish changes. There were 4 (10.8%) patients showed crust, 3 (8.1%) as edema, 2 (5.4%) as scale, 2 (5.4%) as ulcer. For symptoms, 15 (40.5%) patients complained itching, 4 (10.8%) as tenderness, 3 (8.1%) as pain, 1 (2.7%). In relation with other vascular disease, 16 (43.2%) patients represented with vein related disease such as deep vein thrombosis, varicose vein and thrombophlebitis. However, there was no arterial disease such as arteriosclerosis obliterans. Conclusion: The result shows clinical manifestations of stasis dermatitis and association with other specific vascular diseases. By understanding these findings, it is expected that better treatment outcome will be obtained.

Radotinib-induced lentiginosis: a report of an adverse cutaneous reaction associated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor

( Kwanghee Won ),( Suyeon Jo ),( Yejin Lee ),( Sungeun Chang ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.1

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with various adverse cutaneous reactions including pigmentary change. Radotinib is a novel and selective BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has shown activity and safety in the treatment of imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia. A 69-year-old Korean man presented with lentiginosis after taking radotinib for 6 months. On histopathologic examination, the numbers of melanocytes and melanin pigment were increased due to c-KIT activation, consequently up-regulating MITF. It is discordant with mechanisms of previously reported tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibiting c-KIT.

계획 신도시 물 사용량 및 이용 패턴 추정

송창근 ( Chang Geun Song ),조형근 ( Hyoung Geun Jo ),최진탁 ( Jin Tak Choi ),김주원 ( Joo Won Kim ) 한국수처리학회 2015 한국수처리학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Recently, due to the water shortage by urbanization, industrialization, and climate change, the importance of efficient water resources management is increasing. In particular, when it comes to a planned new town whose development is in progress, the researches on the estimation of the water demand and the water usage patterns are essential for the risk assessment of regional water shortage. In this study, targeting an Youngjong Island, which is in lack of internal water resource owing to the high reliance on external water supply through subbed pipeline and the island characteristics, the amount of water consumption and the water usage pattern in every five years from 2015 to 2030 were estimated in terms of seasonal and hourly basis. At the final objective year 2030, the daily maximum demand of water for living was about 57,000 m3/day, which was approximately 7.4 times higher than that of 2015. Despite of the decrease of the estimated water demand in lpcd (liter per capita day) in 2030, the population increases corresponding to 7.7 times compared with 2015 mainly influenced the increment. The analysis by time-series data at Incheon Airport Region revealed that the water consumption in summer was highest while that of spring was lowest. This was closely related with variation of the number of visitor according to the season change. In addition, the estimation of the water usage pattern in Haneul City, in which most of the population in Youngjong Island is expected to reside, showed that the seasonal water consumption ranked in order of summer, spring, fall, and winter. Further studies are planned to provide the facility invest model that can ensure sustainable and economic water supply under higher water consumption demand.

A survey of counseling and behavior regarding skin cancer

( Young Bin Shin ),( Chang Il Kwon ),( Jeong Won Jo ),( Yun Sun Moon ),( Eui Chang Jung ),( Chi Yeon Kim ),( Tae Jin Yoon ) 대한피부과학회 2019 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.71 No.2

Background: As the incidence of skin cancer increases, more information and education on skin cancer are needed. Although skin cancer is not rare, most patients are little known about general awareness of skin cancer. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the post-education effects on skin cancer in our hospital outpaitents and carers. Methods: We reviewed a written questionnaire and patients’ self-checked records including patients’ basic medical information and knowledge of skin cancer protective modalities. Results: In total 340 cases, 215 (63.2%) patients were female and 125 (36.8%) patients were male. 6 people in their teens, 56 people in their 20s and 30s, 156 people in their 40s and 50s, 122 people in their 60s or older. Before education, 142 people said sunlight can cause a skin cancer and 178 did not. After education, 246 people said Yes and 94 people did not. When asked how you wanted to get more information on skin cancer, 104 (30.6%) people said that they were printed handout, 142 (41.8%) were visit to dermatologists, 52 (15.3%) were photos of skin symptoms, and 42 (12.3%) were phone calls. Conclusion: This result showed that people are little known about risk factor of skin cancer such as sunlight and artificial tanning. However, we found that through education, people's perceptions could change. The education on behavior for skin cancer prevention should be continued so that the awareness of the risk of skin cancer can be changed.

LY6D is crucial for lipid accumulation and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Lee Jibeom,Kim Hyeonhui,Kang Yun-Won,Kim Yumin,Park Moon-young,Song Ji-Hong,Jo Yunju,Dao Tam,Ryu Dongryeol,Lee Junguee,Oh Chang-Myung,Park Sangkyu 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic disorder characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver. Over the past decade, NAFLD prevalence and incidence have risen globally. There are currently no effective licensed drugs for its treatment. Thus, further study is required to identify new targets for NAFLD prevention and treatment. In this study, we fed C57BL6/J mice one of three diets, a standard chow diet, high-sucrose diet, or high-fat diet, and then characterized them. The mice fed a high-sucrose diet had more severely compacted macrovesicular and microvesicular lipid droplets than those in the other groups. Mouse liver transcriptome analysis identified lymphocyte antigen 6 family member D (Ly6d) as a key regulator of hepatic steatosis and the inflammatory response. Data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project database showed that individuals with high liver Ly6d expression had more severe NAFLD histology than those with low liver Ly6d expression. In AML12 mouse hepatocytes, Ly6d overexpression increased lipid accumulation, while Ly6d knockdown decreased lipid accumulation. Inhibition of Ly6d ameliorated hepatic steatosis in a diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Western blot analysis showed that Ly6d phosphorylated and activated ATP citrate lyase, which is a key enzyme in de novo lipogenesis. In addition, RNA- and ATAC-sequencing analyses revealed that Ly6d drives NAFLD progression by causing genetic and epigenetic changes. In conclusion, Ly6d is responsible for the regulation of lipid metabolism, and inhibiting Ly6d can prevent diet-induced steatosis in the liver. These findings highlight Ly6d as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD.