An Unforseen Mission : Matteo Ricci and Korea

Kevin Cawley 순천대학교 남도문화연구소 2014 南道文化硏究 Vol.0 No.27

Matteo Ricci (1552∼1610), an Italian Jesuit missionary from Macerata, has for several centuries received a great deal of attention in East Asia, despite remaining generally unknown in Europe. In addition, Ricci’s Chŏnju sirŭi (天主實義) [The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven], despite being famous in China and Korea, is generally unknown to Westerners, with the exception of a select number of researchers and academics. Chŏnju sirŭi (天主實義), which was brought from Beijing by Korean envoys, after being initially criticised, eventually stimulated a group of Koreans to convert to this foreign ‘Western Learning’ (西學), as it was known towards the end of the eighteenth century. This paper has three objectives: firstly, to examine Matteo Ricci’s private letters and journal (written in Italian) for information on Korea, which is extremely important from a historiographical point of view, and which has been generally overlooked or ignored completely. Secondly, it examines Ricci’s accommodation to Confucian ways, culminating in Chŏnju sirŭi (天主實義), usually referred to by Ricci in his own writings as a “catechism”. It highlights Ricci’s rejection of the Neo-Confucian ideas of Zhu Xi (朱熹; 1130∼1200), and his proposal to return to “original” Confucianism, at a time when Neo-Confucianism had firmly taken root in Korea, producing great scholars such as Yi Hwang (李滉; 1501∼1570) and Yi I (李珥; 1536∼1584). Thirdly, I will outline the complicated reception of Ricci’s Catholic ideas in Korea, from their initial rejection, to their acceptance by a group of Korean Confucian scholar’s, where they would revolutionize Korea’s religious and intellectual landscape, leading many women to get involved with a “dangerous” doctrine which taught them about equality.

DECONSTRUCTING HEGEMONY: CATHOLIC TEXTS IN CHOSŎN'S NEO-CONFUCIAN CONTEXT

KEVIN N. CAWLEY 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2012 Acta Koreana Vol.15 No.1

“Traces of the Same within the Other” : Uncovering Tasan’s Christo-Confucianology

KEVIN N. CAWLEY 재단법인다산학술문화재단 2014 다산학 Vol.- No.24

Tasan 茶山, Chŏng Yagyong 丁若鏞 (1762-1836), lived during a periodof great religious change, controversy, and as a result, persecution. This paper investigates how Catholic ideas and Confucian ideas shapedTasan’s writings in a very complicated, and often dangerous, socio-politicalcontext. This context produced a unique Wirkungsgeschichte (historyof effects) that transformed Tasan’s intellectual horizon and contributed tohis problematic engagement with Christian ideas that stem from MatteoRicci’s Ch’ŏnju sirŭi 天主實義 (The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven).23)I deconstruct Tasan’s writings, uncovering a heterogeneous textuality,where Christian and Confucian concepts converge, shaping each other. Tasan’s return to the “origin” of the Confucian tradition, leads him todislodge the ideas of Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200) by revealing their “impure”origins – infl uenced by Buddhism and Daoism. He re-orientates his writ-ings along a trajectory that allows for the “survival” of Christian ideaswithin his re-conceptualized Christo-Confucianology, which exposesphantom ideals, inherited and fi xed by tradition. However, this transculturaldialogue enables him to envisage Sangje (上帝) [the Lord on High]as a God who defers to other names, beyond Confucianism. Hence, Iengage with Tasan, not as a “Korean” thinker, which would limit the implicationsof his thought, but as a transcultural philosopher whose Confucianand Christian ideas interpenetrate each other.

Social Darwinism and Nationalism in Korea: the Beginnings (1880s- 1910s). “Survival” as an Ideology of Korean Modernity, by Vladimir Tikhonov. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2010. 255pp.

( Kevin N. Cawley ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2011 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.24 No.1

Toegye 退溪 and The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning: A Humanistic Guide to the Kingly Way

KEVIN N,CAWLEY 영남퇴계학연구원 2018 The Journal of Toegye Studies Vol.1 No.1

This paper examines one of the most important works in Korea’s intellectual history, by one of its most respected scholars. Toegye 退溪 Yi Hwang 李滉 (1501-1570), synthesised the Song dynasty 宋朝 metaphysics of Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200) in his magnum opus, Seonghak sipdo 聖學十圖 (The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning). This work reflects the maturity of Korea’s Neo-Confucian tradition, shaping its future trajectory on the Korean peninsula, while also influencing the development of Neo-Confucian thought in Japan. I will delineate the scope of The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning, while assessing Toegye’s ‘Humanistic’ guiding discourse, which attempts to develop one’s sense of Humanity (仁, K. in), in the Confucian sense, through a rigorous process of self-cultivation, one of the salient features of East Asian thought. Toegye elucidates our place in the ‘moral’ universe, where (wo)mankind is expected to act responsibly towards other members of the family and the larger society, interconnected through a series of relationships, emphasised in his diagrams on learning, which also calls on us to put that learning into actual practice in our daily lives. The text highlights the special role of the king who is expected to be a moral exemplar to his people, representing the essence of ‘sagehood’. The text also facilitates Toegye’s sophisticated meta-psychological analysis of the Heart-and-Mind (心, K. sim) in diagrammatic form, making it more accessible, while also being visually impactful. It was ultimately aimed at developing the psychological character of a ‘sage king’, leading him to cultivate an impartial mind and attitude - reflecting the completion of a man of the Confucian Way - epitomising Humanity for his people.

Surgical Management of Intracranial Aneurysms in the Endovascular Era : Review Article

Mason, Alexander M.,Cawley, C. Michael III,Barrow, Daniel L. The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2009 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.45 No.3

The advent of endovascular therapy for intracranial aneurysms and the rapid advances in that field have supplanted microsurgical treatment for many intracranial aneurysms. Applying current outcome data and other parameters, nuances of selecting the modality of treatment for intracranial aneurysms are reviewed. Patient factors, such a age, co-morbidities, vasospasm and other medical conditions, are addressed. A custom-tailored multimodality treatment paradigm for the management of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms will maximize the favorable results seen in this difficult patient population.

Indocyanine Green Videoangiography for Confirmation of Bypass Graft Patency

Schuette, Albert J.,Dannenbaum, Mark J.,Cawley, Charles M.,Barrow, Daniel L. The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2011 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.50 No.1

Objective : The aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography for confirmation of vascular anastomosis patency in both extracranial-intracranial and intracranial-intracranial bypasses. Methods : Intraoperative ICG videoangiography was used as a surgical adjunct for 56 bypasses in 47 patients to assay the patency of intracranial vascular anastomosis. These patients underwent a bypass for cerebral ischemia in 31 instances and as an adjunct to intracranial aneurysm surgery in 25. After completion of the bypass, ICG was administered to assess the patency of the graft. The findings on ICG videoangiography were then compared to intraoperative and/or postoperative imaging. Results : ICG provided an excellent visualization of all cerebral arteries and grafts at the time of surgery. Four grafts were determined to be suboptimal and were revised at the time of surgery. Findings on ICG videoangiography correlated with intraoperative and/or postoperative imaging. Conclusion : ICG videoangiography is rapid, effective, and reliable in determining the intraoperative patency of bypass grafts. It provides intraoperative information allowing revision to reduce the incidence of technical errors that may lead to early graft thrombosis.

적외선 열화상법을 이용한 터빈블레이드 결함 검출

강부병(Kang B-B),Marco Morbidini,Peter Cawley 한국철도학회 2009 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

Studies about Thermosonics are conducted with an acoustic horn with high power capability to investigate the characteristics of the vibration produced in turbine blades with complex geometry and to develop a excitation method for achieving reliable excitation in the non-linear vibration range for thermosonic testing. The influence of the clamping method and the excitation signal that is input to the horn on the vibration characteristics generated in the testpiece is presented. As a result, a fast narrow band sweep test with a general purpose amplifier and stud coupling is proposed as an excitation method for thermosonic testing. This method can be applied to different types of turbine blades and also to other components. One typical characteristic of a thermosonic test using non-linear vibration is the lack of repeatability in the amplitude and the frequency characteristic of the vibration. Therefore, vibration monitoring is necessary for reliable thermosonic testing and a Heating Index(HI) has been proposed as a criterion indicating whether sufficient vibration is achieved in a tested structure or not.

Anterior Bone Loss in Cervical Disc Arthroplasty

David Christopher Kieser,Derek Thomas Cawley,Takashi Fujishiro,Celeste Tavolaro,Simon Mazas,Louis Boissiere,Ibrahim Obeid,Vincent Pointillart,Jean Marc Vital,Olivier Gille 대한척추외과학회 2019 Asian Spine Journal Vol.13 No.1

Study Design: Retrospective, longitudinal observational study. Purpose: To describe the natural history of anterior bone loss (ABL) in cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) and introduce a classification system for its assessment. Overview of Literature: ABL has recently been recognized as a complication of CDA, but its cause and clinical effects remain unknown. Methods: Patients with non-keeled CDA (146) were retrospectively reviewed. X-rays were examined at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months, and annually thereafter for a minimum of 5 years. These were compared with the initial postoperative X-rays to determine the ABL. Visual Analog Scale pain scores were recorded at 3 months and 5 years. Neck Disability Index was recorded at postoperative 5 years. The natural history was determined and a classification system was introduced. Results: Complete radiological assessment was available for 114 patients with 156 cervical disc replacements (CDRs) and 309 endplates (average age, 45.3 years; minimum, 28 years; maximum, 65 years; 57% females). ABL occurred in 57.1% of CDRs (45.5% mild, 8.3% moderate, and 3.2% severe) and commenced within 3 months of the operation and followed a benign course, with improvement in the bone stock after initial bone resorption. There was no relationship between ABL degree and pain or functional outcome, and no implants were revised. Conclusions: ABL is common (57.1%). It occurs at an early stage (within 3 months) and typically follows a non-progressive natural history with stable radiographic features after the first year. Most ABL cases are mild, but severe ABL occurs in approximately 3% of CDAs. ABL does not affect the patients’ clinical outcome or the requirement for revision surgery. Surgeons should thus treat patients undergoing CDA considering ABL.

Obeid-Coronal Malalignment Classification Is Age Related and Independently Associated to Personal Reported Outcome Measurement Scores in the Nonfused Spine

David Christopher Kieser,Louis Boissiere,Anouar Bourghli,Kazunori Hayashi,Derek Cawley,Caglar Yilgor,Ahmet Alanay,Emre Acaroglu,Frank Kleinstueck,Javier Pizones,Ferran Pellise,Francisco Javier Sanchez 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.3

Objective: To evaluate Obeid-coronal malalignment (O-CM) modifiers according to age, sagittal alignment, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), in the mobile spine. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospective multicenter adult spinal deformity (ASD) database with 1,243 (402 nonoperative, 841 operative) patients with no prior fusion surgery. Patients were included if they were aged over 18 years and were affected by spinal deformity defined by one of: Cobb angle ≥20°, pelvic tilt ≥25°, sagittal vertical axis ≥5 cm, thoracic kyphosis ≥60°. Patients were classified according to the O-CM classification and compared to coronally aligned patients. Multivariate analysis was performed on the relationship between PROMs and age, global tilt (GT) and coronal malalignment (CM). Results: Four hundred forty-three patients had CM of more than 2 cm compared to 800 who did not. The distribution of these modifiers was correlated to age. After multivariate analysis, using age and GT as confounding factors, we found that before the age of 50 years, 2A1 patients had worse sex life and greater satisfaction than patients without CM. After 50 years of age, patients with CM (1A1, 1A2) had worse self-image and those with 2A2, 2B had worse self-image, satisfaction, and 36-item Short Form Health Survey physical function. Self-image was the consistent determinant of patients opting for surgery for all ages. Conclusion: CM distribution according to O-CM modifiers is age dependent. A clear correlation between the coronal malalignment and PROMs exists when using the O-CM classification and in the mobile spine, this typically affects self-image and satisfaction. Thus, CM classified according to O-CM modifiers is correlated to PROMs and should be considered in ASD.