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진윤영,박흥수 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2019 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.84
A similar affix refers to affixes in which linguistic constituents similar to affixes are combined with roots to play important roles in producing numerous derivative terms. Similar affixes can appear through grammaticalization. This study investigates the characteristics of similar affixes through the mechanism of grammaticalization. The contents of this study are as follows. First, this similar affix has various features such as the voiding of meanings, fixability of positions, strong word-formation ability, and the ability to be combined with a clause or phrase, in contrast to traditional affixes. Second, the production and characteristics of similar affixes will be discussed through the mechanisms of grammaticalization, including metaphor, metonymy, analogy, and the categorization of meanings. Third, the production of a similar affix through the mechanism of grammaticalization will be discussed. However, since some similar affixes have structural formulas that differ form the basic derivative structural formulas of Chinese word-formation, it is proposed that this can likely be explained by grammaticalization at the lexical level.
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진윤영,朴興洙 한국중어중문학회 2024 中語中文學 Vol.0 No.95
In modern Chinese, quasi-affixes primarily combine with NPs as in ‘汉语热(Chinese language fever)’ or with VPs as in ‘学汉语热 (the fever of learning Chinese)’. Although both ‘汉语热’ and ‘学汉语热’ refer to the event of learning Chinese, they convey different meanings. The quasi-suffix ‘-热’ is meant to indicate a kind of fervor formed when added to nouns, verbs, or phrases, as its dictionary definition suggests. This combination with a VP is necessary to clearly refer to a specific event, as in ‘学汉语热 (the fever of learning Chinese)’. However, when combining with an NP entity like ‘学汉语热’, the quasi-suffix ‘-热’ does not meet its requirement for an event. Instead, it activates the attribute [+learn] related to the state within ‘汉语 (Chinese)’, making ‘汉语’ represent the event of learning Chinese. This means that the "NP+quasi-affix" structure undergoes type coercion, where it implicitly contains a predicate. The reason type coercion occurs in the modern Chinese "NP+quasi-affix" structure is because the quasi-affix, unlike a true affix, still carries lexical meaning and serves as a form of "semantic abbreviation," conveying even the detailed characteristics of the implied event. Additionally, since it combines as a postposed element rather than a preposed one, showing a dependency relation with the NP, type coercion can occur. When type coercion happens in an ‘NP+quasi-affix’ structure, it conveys event meaning, forms a basic-level category, and classifies everything as a ‘artifacture type’ noun. This is because the people or things referred to by the lexicon in the ‘NP+quasi-affix’ structure are all created for a specific purpose and thus inherently possess a functional role.
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진윤영 ( Jin¸ Youn Young ),박흥수 ( Park¸ Heung Soo ) 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.108
生成词库理论的核心思想是, 通过丰富词项的词语表征和语义生成机制来解释词在上下文中的意义调整。基于生成词库理论和轻动词假设, 本文对‘动宾结构’、‘主谓结构’、‘时间名词+方位词’结构以及‘名词谓语结构’进行了全面地考察, 发现这些结构当中存在事件强迫现象。类型强迫本质上是一种释义机制, 生成一个词项在具体上下文中的意思。事件强迫形式本质上是语义压缩结构, 事件强迫形式的理解或释义的过程是解压缩的过程。 事件强迫形式可以从形式和语义两个方面来判定:形式上, 表现为某个位置既可以出现名词性成分, 也可以出现动词性成分;语义上, 表现为释义时可以添加一个谓词。事件强迫与轻动词相关, 语义模式中的谓词其实是一个意义比较虚的轻动词, 这个轻动词就是隐含谓词的公共语义因子。不同的轻动词对应不同类型的动词:可控事件和不可控事件。 强迫是一种普遍的语言学机制, 在汉语和英语中都有广泛的应用。相比之下, 宾语强迫现象在汉语中相对较少, 汉语谓词更倾向于出现在句子层面。汉语是一种动词型语言而英语是一种名词型语言。也体现了两种语言在分析度上的差异:汉语是一种高分析性的语言, 倾向于每一个语义单位都以独立的词性来表达, 较少采用压缩形式;相形之下, 英语的综合性比较强, 倾向于采用压缩形式。因此严格来说, 汉语缺乏典型的事件强迫。 The core idea of Generative Lexicon theory is to represent vocabulary with rich semantic entries and to interpret the adjustment of word meanings in context through a semantic generator. In accordance with Generative Lexicon theory and the Verb-Argument Structure Hypothesis, this paper thoroughly examines predicate-argument structures, event structures, time noun + prepositional phrase structures, and noun predicate structures. As a result, it discovers the presence of type coercion phenomena within these structures. Type coercion is fundamentally a mechanism for generating word meanings in specific top-down contexts. The format of type coercion can be evaluated from both formal and semantic perspectives. Formally, it refers to the possibility of having either nominal elements or verbal elements in certain positions, while semantically, it involves the addition of a predicate during the process of semantic interpretation. Type coercion is related to light verbs, where in the semantic model, the predicate is essentially a relatively underspecified light verb that serves as an argument for the embedded predicate. Different light verbs match different types of verbs, corresponding to controllable and uncontrollable events. Type coercion is a common linguistic phenomenon used in both Chinese and English. However, when compared, the phenomenon of object type coercion is relatively rare in Chinese. Chinese predicates tend to appear at the syntactic level, while English is predominantly a nominal language. Moreover, these two languages also differ in terms of their analytical complexity. Chinese is a highly analytical language where individual semantic units are expressed as independent parts of speech, which results in fewer instances of type coercion. In contrast, English is a more synthetic language with a strong nominal nature, making type coercion more common. Therefore, it can be said that Chinese exhibits fewer typical instances of type coercion when strictly compared to English.
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박흥수,진윤영 한국중국학회 2015 중국학보 Vol.73 No.-
所有語言系統都隨著社會發展和變化以及人們的思想變化而變化。與其他語言相比,漢語是屬於句法形式的變化極少的孤立語,但漢語的詞匯系統正在發生不斷的變化,而此變化使句法形式也發生變化。特別是改革開放以後,隨著經濟的迅速發展,各國的貿易往來逐漸增多,頻繁的貿易往來導致語言的頻繁接觸,語言接觸和漢語自身特點的融合使漢語産生了大量的類詞綴。類詞綴是壹種介於詞根和典型的詞綴之間的壹類構詞能力흔强的半實半虛性成分。類詞綴的提出,反映了現代漢語詞綴與詞根之間的界限흔難確定這壹事實,是衆多硏究者不斷深入探討漢語詞綴系統的復雜性,병不懈發掘漢語自身特點的結果。在這些類詞綴當中,受印歐語影響,在對譯英語的過程中,其意義及構詞位置都受到了直接影響,병與所對譯的英語原形有著大體對應的關系,因此産生大量的新詞語的類詞綴,我們把타叫做“新興類詞綴”。對於“新興類詞綴”,由於語義虛化的理解具有흔强的主觀性,因此各家觀點各有不同。但“新興類詞綴”突破了漢語的雙音節的束縛,具有更强的結合能力,從而形成某壹組詞性類化的詞群,結果使漢語造詞方式更加豊富。因此本稿認爲“新興類詞綴”具有探討的價値,從語法化機制的角度分析了타的産生及發展的原因,병對其發展趨勢作出了科學預測,考察新興類詞綴對漢語詞匯系統的影響。
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박흥수,진윤영 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2015 中國硏究 Vol.63 No.-
Idioms have been widely used in daily life for a long time. The main form of idioms is four-character, and they contain specific meanings composing various fixed forms. They are served as words in a sentence, and are used as fixed-format. Furthermore, idioms are microcosm of history allusions, reflecting wisdoms of ancient ancestors in terms of using languages and characters. They also contain numerous cultural meanings. In simple terms, numerical idioms are idioms which contain numbers. Of many structures of idioms, numerical idioms are special types and they are one of the most-used types of idioms. Originally, numbers have been mainly used for counting since Hunting Times. But ever since Chinese people have worshiped language as fetish, naturally, they have started to worship numbers as well. So numbers not only indicate amount, but also have strong feature of superstition, influencing people’s lives and thoughts. We can see that birth and roles of numbers is very important indicator in development of human culture. Among them, ‘one’is the least integer, and is symbol of origins of everything in the world. That is why there are various types of mixed usages of ‘one’. In idioms, ‘one’ is used with ‘half’, ‘one’ ,‘two’, ‘three’, ‘nine’, ‘ten’, ‘hundred’, ‘thousand’ and ‘ten thousand’ composing fixed forms. Once these numbers are used in fixed forms, original meanings of those numbers are not very obvious, rather show more specific meanings. These specific meanings include various types, which we think it is worth noticing. In this article, we are going to mainly study on ‘one’-headed idioms, and its internal structure. Main contents of each part of this article are as follows. In ‘Modern Dictionary’, there are up to 700 of ‘one’-headed idioms (in this article, mainly study on four-character idioms). We did research on the structure of these idioms and found out that parallel structure appears the most in the dictionary, and there are also subject-predicate structure, predicate-complement structure, modifying structure, contracted structure, verb-object structure. This means that when ‘one’ is used in idioms, it does not just mean original meaning of numbers, but means many delexical meanings. Understanding the features and sources of mixed usages of number ‘one’ is helpful for studying various meanings and interpretations which idioms contain. 성어는 일찍부터 인류의 생활 속에서 광범위하게 사용되어 왔으며, 四字를 주요 형식으로 특정한 의미를 내포한, 고정 격식을 갖추고 문장에서 단어의 역할로 사용되는 특징을 가지고 있다. 그 중 숫자 성어는 간단히 말해 숫자를 포함하고 있는 성어를 말한다. 성어 구조 중에서도 특수한 유형이며 수량역시 매우 많다. 원래 숫자는 수렵시대부터 주요 적으로 계산을 하는 것에 사용되어 사물의 수량을 나타내었다. 그러나 중국인들이 언어를 하나의 靈物로 여겨 숭배를 하기 시작한 후부터, 숫자에 대해서도 맹목적으로 숭배하기 시작하였다. 그리하여 숫자는 단순히 수량을 표시하는 것에서 벗어나 농후한 미신색채를 띄면서 인류의 생활에 영향을 주기 시작했다. 이러한 미신색채, 즉 의미의 모호함과 추상성은 숫자 성어에도 그대로 반영되어 글자 자체만으로 그것의 의미를 파악하기 힘들며, 종종 숫자가 허화(虚化)되어 부사 혹은 접속사처럼 어법기능을 하기도 한다. 그 중 숫자 “一”은 중국인들에게 있어서 만물 형성의 기원이며, 통일을 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 작은 것부터 전체를 아우르는 숫자이다. 실제로 숫자 “一”로 시작하는 성어는 다른 숫자 성어에 비해 많은데 이것은 숫자 “一”이 나타내는 의미가 구체적인 것뿐만 아니라 추상적이기도 하기 때문이다. 사전에서도 숫자 “一”은 그 의미가 10가지가 넘는 만큼 연구할 가치는 충분히 있다고 생각한다. 따라서 본고는 《汉语成语大词典》에 수록된 “一”로 시작하는 성어 중, 四字형태의 성어만을 추려서 숫자 “一”이 과연 사자성어 속에서 구체적, 추상적으로 어떻게 해석이 되는지, 심오하면서도 추상적인 의미를 내포한 “一”이 어떠한 의미와 어법 기능을 가지고 사자성어의 전체의미 전달에 어떤 역할을 하는지, 동일한 어법구조 안에 각기 다른 형식을 가지고 있는 사자성어들이 나타내고자 하는 의미는 무엇인가, 더불어 대표적인 통사구조의 특징은 무엇인가를 밝히고자 한다. 이 고찰은 글자 자체만으로 의미 해석이 불가능한 한자의 내포된 의미를 밝혀주고, 숫자 “一”의 기능이 단순한 “數”를 나타나는데 그치지 않고, 더 나아가 중국인들의 사유와 심리를 반영한 문화적 산물이라는 것을 증명하는데도 분명 도움이 될 것이다.
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