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최해춘,정무남 한국국제농업개발학회 2000 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.12 No.2
韓國 벼 育種의 目標는 省力 低費用 安全生産에 알맞는 高品質 多收性 品種 開發이다. 1960년대 말까지 벼 育種硏究는 주로 자포니카 품종의 多收性과 耐倒伏性 및 耐稻熱病에 그 目標를 두었지만 '60년대에는 12品種만 開發 普及하였을 뿐 그리 활발하지 못했다. '60년대 말부터 국제미작연구소 (IRRI)와 자포니카 품종과 인디카 semidwarf 품종간 원연교잡 육종에 대한 협력연구가 활발히 추진되기 시작하여 '71년에 최초로 '통일' 품종이 개발 보급되고 이어서 이의 단점이 개선된 다수성 통일형 품종들이 1970∼'80년대에 40여 품종이 개발 보급됨으로써 '70년대 중반부터 쌀 자급 생산이 이루어졌고 세계 최고 다수확 국가로써 녹색혁명을 성취하게 되었다. 1980년 심한 냉해를 받게 되고 또한 양질미에 대한 소비자의 선호성이 증대됨에 따라 '80년대에는 통일형 품종의 재배면적이 급격히 감소되었으며, 이에 대비한 자포니카 semidwarf 다수성 품종의 개발 보급으로 지난 20여년간 지속적으로 안정된 쌀 자급생산이 이루어져 왔다. 또한 육종체계 및 선발기술면에도 지난 30년간 세대촉진 재배를 동반한 관행육종체계, 효율적 내병충성 및 내재해성 검정기술의 확립, 미질 평가 기술의 개선, 약배양 육종 기술의 실용적 정착, 세포질 유전자적 응성불임성(CGMS)을 이용한 통일형 일대잡종 품종개발, 배배양에 의한 종간잡종 이용 기술 개발, 생물공학 기술의 실용화 연구 및 직파재배 적응성 품종 개발 체계 확립 등 많은 발전을 거듭하여 왔다. 이러한 육종적 노력의 결과로 벼 품종의 수량성은 자포니카 양질미 품종과 통일형 다수성 품종 모두 지난 '60년대 및 '70년대 초에 비해 무려 41∼43%의 증수를 가져왔고 재배 안전성도 크게 강화되었으며, 품종의 숙기와 재배 생태적응성이 크게 다양화 되었고 쌀품위 및 식미가 많이 개선되었다. 앞으로 우리의 벼 육종은 수량 능력을 지속적으로 증대시키는 동시에 주요 병해충과 환경재해에 대한 저항성을 강화시키며 쌀의 고품질화 및 용도 다양화 육종을 계속 추진할 것이다. 또한 미래 지구환경의 변화에 대용하여 야생벼를 비롯한 광범위한 벼 유전자원을 탐색 활용할 것이며 생물공학적 기술의 실용화를 통하여 유용형질의 유전적 변이를 크게 확대시켜 나갈 것이다. The target of rice breeding in Korea is to develop high-quality and high-yielding cultivars suitable for labor-saving, low-cost and safe grain production. Initially, rice breeding program was mainly focused on development of high yield potential and tolerance to lodging and blast disease in japonica rice combinations until the late 1960s, but it was not so activated so only twelve new japonica rice cultivars were developed in 1960s. However, the breeding project on remote cross between japonica and semidwarf indica rices was actively developed from the late 1960s as an initial cooperative research with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Since the first development of a semidwarf indica/japonica rice 'Tongil' from a three-way cross among two indica and one japonica varieties, forty high-yielding Togil-type rice cultivars were bred in 1970s∼1980s that resulted to self-sufficient rice production and highest grain yield per acreage during the 2nd half of 1970s. As the cultivated area of Tongil-type rice rapidly decreased after the occurrence of severe cold damage in 1980, the high-quality and high-yielding semidwarf japonica rices were actively developed in 1980s∼1990s which opened the era of stable rice production and self-sufficiency during the last two decades. Advances in breeding system and selection technologies during the last three decades include : the modified conventional breeding system with rapid generation advancement, establishment of the simplified and efficient testing system for resistance to major disease and insect pests and evaluation of grain quality in 1970s, practical utilization of anther culture technique in rice breeding and development of high-yielding Tongil-type hybrid rice cultivars using cytoplasmic genic male sterility (CGMS) in 1980s, and interspecific hybridization breeding system using embryo rescue technique and varietal improvement technologies for molecular breeding and adaptability to direct seeding in 1990s. The yield potential of the lates t rice cultivars increased to about 41∼43% in both japonica and Tongil-type rices as compared with that of japonica varieties in early 1960s and Tongil-type rices in early 1970s, respectively. The resistance to disease and insect pests and environmental stresses was also largely strengthened in both japonica and Tongil-type rices. Specifically, the japonica rice cultivars developed in 1980s were largely improved in canopy architecture, lodging tolerance, resistance to major pests and environmental stresses, and adaptability of short-term cultivars to late planting after cash crops culture. There was a large technical progress in varietal improvement for adaptability to direct seeding and biotechnological breeding approaches in 1990s. The improvement of grain quality had rapidly progressed in Tongiltype cultivars mainly during 1970s∼1980s and in japonica cultivars during 1980s∼1990s. In the future, the rice varietal improvement will be continuously developed in grain productivity. multi-resistance to major pests and environmental stresses, grain quality and diversification, and the practical utilization of molecular breeding will expand more on varietal differences in yield potential, environmental adaptability and food-processing utility.
한원식,신재훈,정무남 한국작물학회 1998 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.1998 No.-
Information Technology(IT) in agriculture will contribute to the agricultural productivities and cultures in farm areas. On the basis of the information and knowledge infra structure, If projects and applications in agriculture have grown up rapidly in past few years, but still being requested more endeavors for each sections of agriculture. Specially, Internet and Information Super High-way Network Techniques will brings many changes in the area of agricultural research and dissemination. In this paper, the current status and future prospects of If in the agriculture field was referred to briefly.