http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
장정원 대한의사협회 2013 대한의사협회지 Vol.56 No.11
Globally, viral hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major cause of advanced liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic inflammation resulting from persistent viral hepatitis is also associated with an increased risk of HCC recurrence. Replication of HBV and/or HCV can reactivate during anti-cancer treatments of HCC and lead to hepatic dysfunction, adversely affecting patient outcomes. The most effective way to prevent chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, or HCC would be the implementation of a vaccine. Unfortunately, a vaccine for HCV is currently not available. For chronically infected patients, antiviral therapy may be the only option that can prevent or retard disease progression. Emerging evidence continues to support direct or indirect benefits from antiviral therapy for preventing liver disease progression to cirrhosis, HCC development,and recurrence after curative treatments in patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection. This paper reviews the literature on the management of viral hepatitis in patients with HCC,focusing on primary and tertiary prevention of HCC.
張政遠 한국한자한문교육학회 2011 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.26 No.-
Undeniably, Han characters have had a far-reaching impact on the Japanese language and culture. Chinese characters, brought to Japan via the Korean Peninsula, were known as ‘mana’ (‘real name’). Their shape, tone and meaning have the same basic roots as ancient Chinese ideographs. The so-called ‘kana’, which borrow from the shape and tone of Han characters, became the phonetic script. Two well known ‘kana’ are ‘Hiragana’ and ‘Katakana’, both of which are simplified versions of Chinese characters. More than simply characters or symbols, Chinese characters are carriers of thoughts and messages. In traditional Japanese, imported poetry, songs and classics reflect Han characters, while in modern Japan Han characters are used to translate ideas and theories from Western Europe. For example, the word ‘philosophy’, translated by the Japanese scholar Nishi Amane (1829-1897), spread to China and Korea and has become the generally accepted translation in East Asia. Today, the Japanese Ministry of Education has developed a database of commonly used Chinese characters which helps define the written form and pronunciation of Chinese characters. Schools in Japan have developed Japanese curricula based on this database, the aim being to help students grasp over 2000 basic Chinese characters. However, learning a language is not simply a matter of following prescribed rules and one might ask; “Given that the database was established in 1923, how did the Japanese learn Han characters before that time?” This paper presents the learning experiences of the novelist, Natsume Sōseki(1867-1916) and a philosopher, Nishida Kitarō (1870-1945), and offers preliminary reflections on the current teaching and learning of Chinese characters. 無可否認,漢字對日文及日本文化有著極其深遠的影響。經朝鮮半島傳入日本的漢字又稱真名(mana),其形、音、義基本上與古代中國的表意文字(ideogram)一脈相承;而所謂假名(kana),則借漢字的形與音作為標音文字(phonetic script)。較為人熟悉的假名有平假名(hiragana)與片假名(katakana),它們以不同的方式把漢字的筆劃簡化,以便標音。有必要指出,漢字本來就不僅是一種文字或符號,而且是思考的載體。傳統日本透過漢字引入了詩詞歌賦與百家經典,而現代日本則以漢字翻譯西歐思想。以「哲學」為例,這個由日本學者西周(1829-1897)所作的譯語,結果回傳至中韓等地,成為了東亞的標準用語。今天,日本政府的文部科學省制定了常用漢字表,規定漢字的寫法與讀音。日本學校的日文課程基本上是根據常用漢字表,讓學生們把握這二千多個常用漢字。然而,學習語言並不等於依循法令。常用漢字在1923年之後才出現,在此以前日本人如何學習漢字?本文將介紹文學家夏目漱石(1867-1916)與哲學家西田幾多郎(1870-1945)的漢字學習經歷,並對現今的漢字教與學作一些初步的反思。
STEAM(융합인재)교육을 기반으로 한 유아미술교육이 유아의 미적반응과 창의적 문제해결력에 미치는 영향
장정원,이순복 한국열린유아교육학회 2019 한국열린유아교육학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.11
본 연구는 유아미술활동중심 융합인재교육이 미적반응과 창의적 문제해결력에 영향을 미치는지에 대해 살펴보는 목적을 가졌다. 연구 대상은 만 5세 실험집단, 통제집단, 각 20명으로 구성하였다. 연구도구는 임수진과 이정욱(1999)이 재구성한 미적반응 검사도구와 Treffinger(1989)가 제시한 창의적 문제해결력 3가지 활동요소를 바탕으로 하여 재구성한 이순복(2008)의 연구에서 적용된 만 5세 유아들의 창의적 문제해결력 검사 도구를 사용하였다. 연구 결과는 첫째 융합인재교육을 기반으로 한 유아미술교육이 만 5세 유아의 미적반응 중 시각적 정보에 기초한 반응에는 영향을 미쳤고, 가정적 반응에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 둘째 융합인재교육을 기반으로 한 유아미술교육이 만 5세 유아의 창의적 문제해결력에 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.