동국대학교 사학과 창립 60주년 기념 학술대회 발표논문 : 취아 이용범의 만몽사 연구와 동북공정

임상선 동국사학회 2006 동국사학 Vol.42 No.-

발해의 東京에 대하여

임상선 고구려발해학회 2006 고구려발해연구 Vol.25 No.-

The region, ‘Dongkyungyongwonbu’ of Balhae Centering around Honchun was the area that was related with Bukokjo and Dongbuyo before. Since the early fourth century, this region was administered by Dongbuyo which was an independent country. According to the epitaph of Kwangkaetodaewang, king took personal command of his army and subjugated this region. Therefore this region was amalgamated into Koguryo. The situation was continued until the fall of the nation. The patrician was sent to Chaeksung that Koguryo directly governed and the precinct was assumed to be ruled by dispatched government officer. The castle and infrastructure was also supposed to be equipped to control various elements. Time when Balhae advanced into the region, ‘Dongkyung’ was the period of Muwang when Balhae was just founded. According as the power of Balhae influenced to the territory of the southeast coast during the period of Muwang, the envoy of Balhae who was dispatched to Japan in 727 is prospected to have started from the area, Yomju which is misruled to the Kraskino, the Maritime Province of Siberia of the current Russia. According to both excavation and the result of study so far, the castle of Kraskino is confirmed to be very similar to Koguryo in the aspects of the plane arrangement, building method and the unearthed article. The castle was arranged using natural topography and had the both wall and well made of stone. Especially making defense like Ongsung and Chi certainly shows that the castle was influenced by Koguryo.

항온 배양 논토양 조건에서 비산재 처리에 따른 CH₄와 CO₂ 방출 특성

임상선,최우정,김한용,정재운,윤광식,Lim, Sang-Sun,Choi, Woo-Jung,Kim, Han-Yong,Jung, Jae-Woon,Yoon, Kwang-Sik 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.5

비산재 혼합에 의한 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ 방출 저감 가능성을 조사하기 위해 질소 ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) 무처리구와 처리구를 두고 비산재를 0, 5, 10% 수준으로 혼합한 후 토양 수분 변동조건 (습윤기간, 전이기간, 건조기간)에서 60일간 실험실내 항온배양실험을 통해 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ flux를 분석하였다. 전체 항온배양기간 중 평균 $CH_4$ flux는 $0.59{\sim}1.68mg\;CH_4\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$의 범위였으며, 질소 무처리구에 비해 처리구에서 flux가 낮았는데, 이는 질소 처리시 함께 시용된 $SO_4^{2-}$의 전자수용체 기능에 의해 $CH_4$ 생성이 억제되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 질소 무처리구와 처리구에서 비산재 10% 처리에 의해 $CH_4$ flux가 각각 37.5%와 33.0% 감소하였는데, 이는 물리적인 측면에서 미립질 (실트 함량 75.4%)인 비산재 시용에 의해 통기성 대공극량이 감소되어 $CH_4$ 확산 속도가 저감되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 또한, 생화학적 측면에서는 비산재의 $CO_2$ 흡착능에 의해 $CH_4$ 생성의 주요 기작 중 하나인 이산화탄소 환원에 필요한 $CO_2$ 공급이 억제된 것도 원인 일 수 있다. 한편, 전체 항온 배양 기간의 평균 $CO_2$ flux ($0.64{\sim}0.90g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$) 역시 질소 무처리구가 질소 처리구보다 높았다. 이는 일반적으로 질소 시비에 의해 토양 호흡량이 증가한다는 기존의 연구결과와는 상이한데, 본 연구에서 질소 처리에 의해 활성화된 미생물에 의해 $CO_2$ flux 최초 측정 시점 (처리 후 2일째) 이전에 이미 상당한 양의 $CO_2$가 이미 방출되어 실측 flux에 반영되지 못했기 때문으로 설명이 가능했다. $CH_4$과 유사하게 $CO_2$ flux도 비산재무처리구에 비해 비산재 10% 처리구에서 약 20% 감소하였는데, 이는 비산재의 원소 구성 중 Ca과 Mg과 토양수내 탄산이온의 탄산염 ($CaCO_3$과 $MgCO_3$)화 반응에 의한 $CO_2$ 침전 때문이다. 이상과 같은 비산재 처리에 의한 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ flux 감소에 의해 지구온난화지수 역시 비산재 10% 처리구에서 약 20% 감소하였다. 따라서, 비산재는 논 토양에서 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ 방출 저감에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 실재 벼 재배 포장에서의 실험을 통한 추가적인 검증이 필요하다. To estimate potential use of fly ash in reducing $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from soil, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ fluxes from a paddy soil mixed with fly ash at different rate (w/w; 0, 5, and 10%) in the presence and absence of fertilizer N ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) addition were investigated in a laboratory incubation for 60 days under changing water regime from wetting to drying via transition. The mean $CH_4$ flux during the entire incubation period ranged from 0.59 to $1.68mg\;CH_4\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$ with a lower rate in the soil treated with N fertilizer due to suppression of $CH_4$ production by $SO_4^{2-}$ that acts as an electron acceptor, leading to decreases in electron availability for methanogen. Fly ash application reduced $CH_4$ flux by 37.5 and 33.0% in soils without and with N addition, respectively, probably due to retardation of $CH_4$ diffusion through soil pores by addition of fine-textured fly ash. In addition, as fly ash has a potential for $CO_2$ removal via carbonation (formation of carbonate precipitates) that decreases $CO_2$ availability that is a substrate for $CO_2$ reduction reaction (one of $CH_4$ generation pathways) is likely to be another mechanisms of $CH_4$ flux reduction by fly ash. Meanwhile, the mean $CO_2$ flux during the entire incubation period was between 0.64 and $0.90g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$, and that of N treated soil was lower than that without N addition. Because N addition is likely to increase soil respiration, it is not straightforward to explain the results. However, it may be possible that our experiment did not account for the substantial amount of $CO_2$ produced by heterotrophs that were activated by N addition in earlier period than the measurement was initiated. Fly ash application also lowered $CO_2$ flux by up to 20% in the soil mixed with fly ash at 10% through $CO_2$ removal by the carbonation. At the whole picture, fly ash application at 10% decreased global warming potential of emitted $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ by about 20%. Therefore, our results suggest that fly ash application can be a soil management practice to reduce green house gas emission from paddy soils. Further studies under field conditions with rice cultivation are necessary to verify our findings.

渤海의 交通路와 五京

林相先 국학연구소 1990 국학연구 Vol.3 No.-

Substrate Quality Effects on Decomposition of Three Livestock Manure Composts with Similar Stability Degree in an Acid Loamy Soil

임상선,정재운,최우정,노희명 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Decomposition of compost applied to soils is affected basically by its biological stability; but, many other chemical properties of the compost may also influence compost organic-C mineralization. This study was conducted to investigate the principal substrate quality factors of composts that determine C mineralization of compost with similar stability degree (SD). Three composts samples with similar SD but different chemical properties such as pH, C/N, K_2SO_4-extractable C, and molar ratio of NH_4^+ to NO_3^- were mixed with an acid loamy soil and CO_2 emission was monitored during the laboratory incubation for 100 days. Temporal pattern of cumulative compost organic-C mineralization expressed as % of total organic C (C%_TOC) followed double exponential first order kinetics model and the C%_TOC ranged from 4.8 to 11.8% at the end of incubation. The pattern of C%_TOC among the composts was not coincident with the SD pattern (40.1 to 58.6%) of the composts; e.g. compost with the lowest SD resulted in the least C%_TOC and vice versa. This result indicates that SD of compost can not serve as a concrete predictor of compost mineralization as SD is subject not only to maturity of compost but also to characteristics of co-composting materials such as rice hull (low SD) and sawdust (high SD). Meanwhile, such pattern of C%TOC collaborated with pH, C/N,K_2SO_4-extractable C, and molar ratio of NH_4^+ to NO_3- of the composts that are regarded as chemical indices of the progress of composting. Therefore, for better prediction of compost mineralization in soils, it is necessary to consider both SD and other chemical indices (pH, C/N, and molar ratio of NH_4^+ to NO_3^-).

渤海 멸망 후 건립된 東丹國의 外交 활동

임상선 역사와교육학회 2019 역사와 교육 Vol.29 No.-

본고에서는 동단국의 운영과 실체 파악을 위해, 동단국의 외교 활동에 대하여 검토해 보았다. 東丹國은 926년 설립으로부터 982년 폐지되기까지 거란내의 東京이면서 동시에 東丹國이라는 양면적 성격을 가지며 존속하였다. 동단국은 제도상으로나 외교상으로 거란과 별도의 활동을 하였다. 동단국은 926년 4월부터 954년까지 中元 지역으로 사신을 파견하였다. 이 사신들은 ‘발해’라는 국명을 사용하고 있어, 발해 옛 땅에 건국된 ‘後渤海’의 사신이라는 주장도 있다. 그러나 당시의 거란과 발해 옛 지역의 상황을 고려하면 후발해가 아니라 동단국의 사신이라고 하는 것이 합리적이다. 동단국의 외교 활동은 중원 지역만 아니라 바다 건너 일본과도 있었다. 동단국의 사신으로서 일본을 방문한 사람은 裵璆였다. 929년 배구 등의 동단국 사신이 일본을 방문하였는데, 이들은 거란왕이 아닌 동단국왕인 人皇王이 보낸 사신이었다. 거란왕은 발해인들에게 동단국 건국 과정에서 여러 우대 조치를 약속했으나, 취소하거나 약화시키는 행위를 함으로써 원망을 듣고 있었다. 동단국왕이 사신을 일본에 보낸 목적은 동단국의 건국을 알리고, 또한 발해 시기와 마찬가지로 交易을 계속하려는 데에 있었을 가능성이 높다. 동단국은 사실 중원 지역의 五代 왕조와도 교류 활동을 하였기 때문에 일본에 교역을 위해 사신단이 오는 것이 크게 어색하지 않다. 동단국이 옮겨간 지역과 그곳의 주민들의 다수가 발해 유민이고, 이들에 의해 발해 부흥운동이 일어난 점에서 동단국에 대한 연구는 중요한 의미가 있다. This paper reviewed diplomatic activities of the Dongdan Kingdom to identify the operation and substance of the Kingdom. From its establishment in 926 to its end in 982, the Dongdan Kingdom had existed with a double-edged nature as the eastern meridian of the Kitan and at the same time as the Dongdan Kingdom itself. The Dongdan Kingdom had institutional and diplomatic activities which were separate from those of the Kitan. The Dongdan Kingdom had dispatched an ambassador to a central area (reference: central area - China) from April 926 to 954. As the ambassador named its country as 'Balhae', some consider the ambassador coming from Later Balhae, which was founded on the old territory of Balhae. However, considering the geographical condition between the Kitan and Balhae at that time, it would be appropriate to consider the ambassador coming from the Dongdan Kingdom not from Later Balhae. The Dongdan Kingdom's diplomatic activities were not only limited to the central region but extended to Japan across the sea. It was Baegu who visited Japan as the ambassador of the Dongdan Kingdom. In 929, the ambassador of the Dongdan Kingdom including Baegu visited Japan and they were sent by King Inhwang, the King of the Dongdan Kingdom, not by the King of the Kitan. The King of the Kitan promised Balhae several preferential treatments during the founding of the Dongdan Kingdom, but he broke the promise and reduced benefits and became the object of resentment. It is highly likely that the King of the Dongdan Kingdom sent the ambassador to Japan to form a trading relationship as Balhae did with Japan. As the Dongdan Kingdom actively traded with five dynasties in the central area, it was not difficult for the Kingdom to dispatch the ambassador to Japan for trade. The study on the Dongdan Kingdom has a significance as majority of the inhabitant in the region which the Dongdan Kingdom moved to was from Balhae and they were responsible for the revival of Balhae.

渤海 有姓人의 品階와 社會的 位相

林相先 한국고대사학회 1998 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.13 No.-

Dry Matter Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Sorghum${\times}$Sudangrass Hybrid Grown with Different Rates of Livestock Manure Compost

임상선,이상모,이승헌,최우정,Lim, Sang-Sun,Lee, Sang-Mo,Lee, Seung-Heon,Choi, Woo-Jung Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.4

To investigate the growth and nutrient uptake response of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass ($S{\times}S$) hybrid to different rate of livestock manure compost, a field experiment was conducted in the experimental grassland of Chonnam National University. Six treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with triplicates; control (no input), synthetic fertilizer (20 g N $m^{-2}$ and 20 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$), compost 1 (3.4 g N $m^{-2}$ and 3.6 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$), compost 2 (6.8 g N $m^{-2}$ and 7.2 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$), compost 4 (13.4 g N $m^{-2}$ and 14.4 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$), and compost 6 (20.2 g N $m^{-2}$ and 21.6 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$). Ninety days after treatment, above-ground parts of the plants were harvested and measured for dry matter yield (DMY) and amounts of nutrients (N and P) uptake. Synthetic fertilizer application achieved the greatest DMY (2.4 kg $m^{-2}$) and nutrient uptake (38.3 g N $m^{-2}$ and 15.3 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$). Increasing compost application rate tended to enhance DMY accumulation and nutrient uptake (P<0.01), but DMYs of compost 4 (1.9 kg $m^{-2}$) and 6 (1.8 kg $m^{-2}$) treatments were not different. Therefore, it was suggested that application compost alone may not achieve DMY of $S{\times}S$ hybrid compatible to synthetic fertilizer application. As nutrient uptake efficiency data showed that availability of compost P could be better than SF, it might be a strategy to apply compost as P source with supplementary N application such as liquid manure, SF or green manure if necessary considering availability of N input and the yield goals. 가축분 퇴비 시용 수준에 따른 수수${\times}$수단그라스 ($S{\times}S$ hybrid)의 수량 및 양분 (N, P)흡수 변이를 조사하기 위해 전남대학교 부속 농장 초지에서 3반복 난괴법으로 실험을 실시하였다. 6개 처리 (무비구, 화학비료관행구, 퇴비 1, 2, 4, 6 수준)를 두었는데, 화학비료관행구의 비료 처리량은 질소 20 g N $m^{-2}$과 인산 20 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$이고, 가축분 퇴비는 6 수준을 기준시비량 (20.2 g N $m^{-2}$과 21.6 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$)으로 두고 퇴비 1, 2, 4 수준은 그 비율대로 감비하였다. 처리 90일 후 최종 지상부 건물중과 양분 (N, P) 흡수량을 조사하였다. 화학비료 처리구의 건물중 (2.4 kg $m^{-2}$)과 질소 (38.3 g N $m^{-2}$) 및 인산 (15.3 g $P_2O^5\;m^{-2}$) 흡수량이 가장 높았으며, 퇴비 시용량이 증가함에 따라 건물중과 양분 흡수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (P<0.01). 하지만, 퇴비 4와 6 수준의 건물중은 각각 1.9 kg $m^{-2}$과 1.8 kg $m^{-2}$으로 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 가축분 퇴비 단독 시비로는 화학비료와 대등한 건물 생산이 어려울 것으로 판단되었다. 양분흡수효율 분석 결과에 의하면 퇴비의 인산흡수 효율이 화학비료보다 높았기 때문에, 퇴비를 인산 급원으로 시용하고 부족한 질소는 농가의 비료자원 수급 가능성과 목표 수량을 고려하여 액비, 화학비료, 녹비 등으로 공급하는 것이 적절한 시비 전략으로 판단된다.

일본 중등학교 역사교과서의 발해 관련 내용 연구

임상선 한국사회과교육연구학회 2002 사회과교육 Vol.41 No.2

발해는 동아시아의 주요 구성 분자이며, 과거만이 아니라 현대의 동아시아를 바라 보는 창구와 같은 존재라고 할 수 있다. 일본의 중학교 역사 교과서에서는 발해사가 전후 맥락을 이해할 정도의 설명이 이루어지지 못하고 있으나, 고등학교 역사교과서는 분량상이나 내용면에서 자세하다. 중학교 역사교과서 중에는 발해가 고구려의 땅에서 고구려 후손을 중심으로 건국되었다는 것을 명사한 것도 있으나, 발해가 일본과의 교류나 영역 표시 등이 일본사를 설명하는 보조적인 위치에 머물러 있다. 반면에 고등학교 역사교과서는 발해가 당과 신라의 군사적 위협으로부터 일본의 지원, 그리고 경제적 이득 때문에 일본의 조공국 혹은 속국 대우를 감수하였다며, 발해를 일종의 열등한 나라로 서술하는 등 지나치게 자국사 입장이어서 시정이 필요하다. Balhae is main component of east Asia and can be an existence like a window to get a view of east Asia not only of the present but also of the past. In the textbook of history of Japanese middle school, more explanation is needed about Balhae to understand its context. But in the textbook of history of Japanese high school, fuller explanation is given than that in quantity and in quality. In the textbook of history of middle school, though it's described Balhae is almost founded by descendants of Koguryo, interchange or indication of territory between Balhae and Japan is limited to assistant position to explain Japanese history. In the textbook of history of high school, it's described Balhae is resigned to Japanese treatment as a tributary or a country to pay taxes because Balhae can make a profit on economy and support of Japan from military threatening of Tang and Shila. Thus Balhae is described as a kind of backward country. It's partial to domestic angle too much, so correct errors is needed.

포스터발표 : 고들빼기의 급여가 고지혈증 흰쥐의 지질대사에 미치는 영향

임상선,정해옥,정복미 한국영양학회 1997 춘계학술대회초록 Vol.- No.-