대구의 초기 수채화단 성립과 1930년 향토회 발족배경

이중희(Lee, Jung-hee) 한국근현대미술사학회 2012 한국근현대미술사학 Vol.23 No.-

Art activities in Daegu began to keep pace with those in Seoul circa 1922, the year in which the Joseon Art Exhibition was organized. The formation of a western painting circle in Daegu was not solely a regional cultural phenomenon, but one that was directly connected to the dynamics that lay at the heart of the formation of western painting circles at the national level. More to the point, Daegu played an important role in the formation of the dynamics that led to the emergence of western painting circles at the national level. This study seeks to identifythe reasons why the Daegu western painting circle was characterized by watercolor paintings, and to shed light on the actual reasons for the establishment of the Hyangtohoe in 1930. The core figures during the early stages of the modern period in which paintings exhibited the regional characteristics of the locale known as Daegu were: Seo Byeong-o (1862-1936), Lee Sang-jeong (1897-1947), Lee Yeo-seong (1901-?) and Seo Dong-jin (1900-1970). These individuals were the intellectuals, pioneers, and nationalists who best represented the Daegu area at the time. At a time of crisis in which national sovereignty had been usurped, these leaders initiated independence movements and did their utmost to protect Korea’s history and traditional culture. They exhibited a cultural orientation under which poetry, calligraphic writing, and painting were integrated into what effectively became an extensionof the sadaebu culture that had prevailed during the Joseon dynasty. The features of Western painting gradually became part of this cultural orientation. For these individuals, Western painting was the beacon of a new era and a symbol of the new age that was afoot. The works of Lee Sang-jeong and Lee Yeo-seong, both of whom were interested in new art forms, are characterized by watercolor paintings that shared many similarities with traditional sumukhwa (水墨畵, inkpainting). The watercolor paintings created by Lee Sang-jeong and Lee Yeo-seong were similar in style to the works produced bySeo Dong-jin, Park Myeong-jo and Choe Hwa-su. In this regard, Daegu came to be regarded as the center of watercolor paintings. While these pioneers’ painting style shared many similarities with traditional painting, they nevertheless exhibited elements of the Western painting style. To this end, their paintings were referred to as examples of western painting (seoyanghwa). What were the intentions behind the establishment of the Hyangtohoe in 1930? Individuals such as Seo Dong-jin, Kim Yong-jun, Choe Hwa-su, and Park Myeong-jo who were the main actors behind the Hyangtohoe saw the latter as a means to actualize the Korean identity based on the promotion of a nationalistic love for the motherland (local area). Their attempts to embody the hyangtosaek were rooted in their love for the rivers and mountains of Korea. In this regard, the term ‘hyangtosaek (indigenous colors)’ came to refer to more than indigenous colors rather, it took on the meaning of an ‘expression of the true Joseon.’ This wasclosely connected to the movements led by enlightened Koreans who since the late 1920s had sought to define and promote the Korean identity. The members of this organization focused on the production of works which depicted new architecturalbuildings such as the Gyesan Cathedral, ditches, and alleys in urban areas. In fact, one would be hard-pressed to find any pastoral agricultural landscapes. Nevertheless, the expression hyangtosaek had been regarded by some scholars to have been in keeping with the intentions of the members of thereview committee of the Joseon Art Exhibition, who asserted that, from the standpoint of the colonizer Japan, the depressed atmosphere found in agricultural paintings constituted the main theme and image of the controlled country known as Joseon.

중국 도시주민의 문화소비에 대한 소비행위 변화 : 베이징시 주민 대상 심층면담을 중심으로

이중희 ( Lee Jung-hee ),김성자 ( Kim Sung-ja ) 조선대학교 동북아연구소 2016 동북아연구 Vol.31 No.2

In the research, I surveyed the residents of Beijing in depth so that I can find out the status of Chinese` Cultural consumption and what features it has because it is not so simple to figure it out with the usual statistical data. The findings are as follows. First of all, the system of spending has changed. As of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the structure has started changing. Especially, the higher their income level is, the higher the expenditure of Cultural and Recreational Articles is. Secondly, the consumption of travels has dramatically grown. It is not limited to domestic trips. In recent years, their spending on overseas trips has rapidly increased. It seems that the Chinese considered the consumption of the travels necessary. Thirdly, there is a big gap between the groups who spend on education. They are classified into such two groups as the first group who has children who study in school and the second group whose children have finished their study, who does not have a child, or who is single. In the former, the members of the group spend their income on educating their children, which is, especially, private education. In the latter, they expended their income on self-improvement, which is ranging from 0 percent to 50 percent in their consumption. Finally, Chinese` needs to spend on culture has been increasing. In particular, they showed their appetites for spending on trips. Most of them said they would expend their earnings on travels if they made bigger money later, which means they have strong needs for expending on trips.

중국 부호계층의 성장과 국가 권력에의 접근력

이중희(Jung Hee Lee) 한국아시아학회 2007 아시아연구 Vol.10 No.1

중국의 산자이 열풍과 지적재산권문제: 국가와 이해당사자

이중희(Jung Hee Lee) 한국아시아학회 2011 아시아연구 Vol.14 No.2

중국의 지적재산권 관련 법제도의 보호수준은 집행수준에 비해서 높은 편이다. 영미권의 주류 시각은 중국에서 지적재산권 관련 법제도의 집행정도가 낮은 이유를 유교적 가치에 두고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 주류시각을 유교적 결정론으로 보고 다른 시각을 제시한다. 이 논문에서는 중국에서 지적재산권 관련 법 제도가 잘 집행되지 않는지 국가이론에 입각해서 설명할 것이다. 산자이에 대한 분석을 하기 전에 산자이에 대한 정의가 필요한데 본 연구에서 산자이는 단순 모방, 짝퉁, 해적판, 불법복제, 표절처럼 명백히 지적재산권을 침해하는 경우와 창조적 모방을 뜻하는 긍정적 의미를 가지는 경우를 모두 포괄하는 것으로 정 의한다. 산자이에 대한 이해당사자로는 산자이 제조기업, 정품제조업체, 소비자, 지식 인, 네티즌, 피해국가 등이 있다. 지적재산권 침해에 대해서 한편으로 정품제조 업체와 피해 국가는 지속적으로 중국에 압력을 가해왔다. 다른 한편, 산자이 제 품소비자, 일부 지식인 및 다수의 네티즌은 산자이로부터 이익(gain)을 얻거나 이를 옹호하여왔다. 산자이 기업은 말할 것도 없이 산자이에 대한 규정에 대해 서 가장 반발하는 이해당사자이다. 뿐만 아니라 산자이 제품 소비자도 산자이에 대해서 옹호적 태도를 갖고 있다. 이들은 저가의 산자이 제품을 구매할 수밖에 없는 중저소득층이다. 물론 정품으로 오인하고 산자이를 구입함으로써 피해를 입는 소비자들의 불만도 있을 수 있지만 "산자이" 임을 인식하고 구입한 소비자 들이 있는 한 산자이 제품과 산자이 기업은 존재할 것이다. 소비자입장에서 중국의 체면문화도 산자이 제품에 대해 옹호적 태도를 갖게 한다. 민족주의적 정서를 가진 네티즌과 일부 지식층도 산자이 제품을 옹호하고 있다. 중앙국가(central state)는 다른 나라 못지 않은 엄격한 수준의 지적재산권 관 련 법규를 마련했다는 점에서 피해국가, 정품제조업체의 입장을 어느 정도 고려하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 장기적으로 기술혁신의 필요성도 인지하고 있다. 하지만 중앙 국가는 산자이 기업, 산자이 제품소비자, 일부 지식인, 네티즌의 이익과 이들의 이익을 보다 우선시하는 지방 국가의 이익을 고려해야할 뿐만 아니라 이들에 대한 영합하는 중국 국가 내 엘리트의 주장도 고려함에 따라 지적재산권에 대한 규제를 완화하는 경향이 있다. 지방 국가는 보다 더 지방경제를 위해서 산자이를 옹호할 뿐만 아니라 산자이 관련 기업들과 유착하기 조차 했다. Since 2008, the strong wind of shanzhai has begun in China. The examples of shanzhai are "shanzhai cellular phones", "shanzhai notebook" and "shanzhai PC". The strong wind of shanzhai may have negative influence on the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). While China has established a full institution of IPR legislation, its enforcement procedures are comparatively fragile. This article criticizes a mainstream perspective that Confucian values provide a negative influence on their commitment to intellectual property law. In place of Confucian determinism, the article explains China`s enforcement problem of intellectual property law in view of a state theory. The central state of China initiated a full institution of IPR legislation, facing pressures of foreign countries and internal enterprises, and developing technological innovation. However, shanzhai enterprises and consumers buying shanzhai products, obtaining gains from shanzhai products, defend shanzhai products and resist intellectual property protection. And nationalism-oriented netizen and intellectuals defend shanzhai products. The local states tend to consider local and partial interests in comparison with the central state. Therefore, the local state, considering economy and employments in local area, defend shanzhai enterprises and products and adhere to shanzhai enterprises. Even though, it faces the resistance of foreign countries and enterprises, the central state, considering those whodefend shanzhai, tend to lessen the intellectual property protection.

중국의 인터넷서비스와 모바일혁명(2011-2018년)

이중희(Lee, Jung Hee),김경환(Kim, Kyunghwan) 한국아시아학회 2019 아시아연구 Vol.22 No.1

중국의 인터넷은 지난 십 수 년 간 급속하게 성장하였다. 특히 2010년대에 접어들어 모바일 인터넷의 보급은 두드러진다. 가히 모바일혁명이라 할 만하다. 본 연구는 2010년대 이후를 3기(2011-2015)와 4기(2016-2018년6월)로 나누어 인터넷서비스 사용추세가 어떻게 변천해왔는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 특히 모바일혁명에 초점을 맞추었다. 3기에는 금융 분야인 결제서비스의 사용이 두드러진다. 다음으로 쇼핑, 음식주문, 여행예약 등의 사용이 급증하였다. 기초응용서비스에서는 검색엔진이나 뉴스보다 소통영역의 성장률이 높다. 소통영역 가운데 웨이보와 즉시통신의 성장이 높다. 거의 모든 네티즌이 모바일인터넷을 사용하는 4기에는 모바일혁명이 명실상부 완성되었다고 할 수 있다. 4기에는 공공서비스, 특히 공유경제와 지도검색의 증가가 가장 두드러진다. 상거래 가운데 두드러지는 서비스는 음식주문과 여행예약이다. 이 시기에 오락서비스 가운데는 생중계와 짧은 동영상의 발전이 급속하였다. 전반적으로 3-4기, 특히 4기에 발전하였던 인터넷서비스는 모바일인터넷과 모바일의 보급을 기초로 한 것이 때문이다. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the trends of internet services in China. The paper focuses on the trends of internet services in the two periods. The one is from 2011 to 2015. The other is from 2016 to 2018. The statistical data are the Statistical Report about China Internet published by China Internet Network Information Center. The findings are as follows. Since 2011, the number of mobile internet users has fast increased. In 2018, the proportion of mobile internet users to all netizen is 98.3%. Since 2011, the fast development of the mobile internet has been regarded as the mobile revolution. Since 2011, various mobile internet services have appeared, increased, and enlarged to all aspects. First, in the period, the sharing economy services have radically developed. The sharing economy services include car sharing and bike sharing. In the field of e-commerce, the food order services and the travel reservation services have radically increased. In the field of entertainment, live broadcast and short video have radically increased. In the field of finance, payments have radically increased. In the field of communication and SNS, weibo, instant messenger, and Wechats Friends Area have increased.

중국의 코로나19가 애플리케이션 사용추세에 미치는 영향 연구

이중희(Lee, Jung Hee) 한국아시아학회 2020 아시아연구 Vol.23 No.3

중국의 코로나19가 애플리케이션(앱)의 사용추세에 미치는 영향을 보기 위해서 다음과 같은 방법을 취했다. 첫째, <중국인터넷망정보센터>가 연 2회 발간하는 보고서의 통계치를 비교하는 방법이다. 보통 6개월 단위로 발간한다. 하지만 2020년에는 코로나19로 인해 발간이 3개월 늦어져 4월에 발간된 보고서는 3월까지의 통계치를 알 수 있다. 따라서 2018년 12월에서 2019년 6월을 1기로 하고 2019년 6월에서 2020년 3월을 2기로 하여 각종 수치의 변화를 분석하였다. 둘째, 각종 문헌을 통해서 코로라19 이후 애플리케이션의 사용 추세를 파악하였다. 셋째, 빅 데이터 분석 프로그램의 하나인 바이두지수를 활용했다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 코로나19의 영향을 받는 2기가 1기보다 3개월만큼 길기는 하지만 2기가 1기보다 음식배달, 여행예약, 음악, 문학과 재테크를 제외하고는 모두 증가율이 훨씬 높다. 코로나19가 인터넷의 사용빈도를 증가시킨다는 점을 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 2기에 사용 비율의 순위를 보면 1위는 교육(81.9%)이다. 직접 표에는 없지만 2위는 정무서비스이다. 2위(정무를 포함하면 3위)는 생방송(29.2%)이다. 3위는 결제(21.3%), 4위는 짧은 동영상(19.4%), 5위는 동영상(12.1%), 6위는 쇼핑(11.2%), 7위는 인스턴트메신저(8.7%), 8위는 검색엔진(8.0%), 9위는 게임(7.8%), 10위는 뉴스(6.5%), 11위는 음악(4.5%), 그리고 12위는 문학(0.2%)이다. 반대로 감소율이 높은 애플리케이션 가운데 1위는 여행예약(-10.8%), 2위는 음식배달(-5.6%), 그리고 3위는 재테크(-3.6%)이다. 셋째, 증감요인을 보면 교육의 경우 학교의 오프라인 수업이 온라인 수업으로 전환되면서 교육 애플리케이션의 사용이 급증했다. 정무서비스의 사용 급증은 국가가 방역을 위해서 기존의 정부 플랫폼을 대폭 활용하였기 때문이다. 넷째, 코로나19 이후 디지털 혁명의 가속화는 분야별로 편차가 존재한다는 결론을 내릴 수 있다. China"s Covid-19 has taken the following steps to see the trend of use of applications. First, it is a method of comparing statistics of a report published twice a year by the CNNIC(China Network Internet Information Center). Usually published on a six-month basis, but in 2020, the report, which was published three months late due to the Covid-19, shows statistics for March. Therefore, various changes in figures were analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019 and from June 2019 to March 2020. Second, various documents have identified trends in the use of applications since Covid-19. Third, we used Baidu Index, one of the big data analysis programs. The findings are as follows. First, although the second period (from June 2019 to March 2020), affected by the Covid-19, is three months longer than the first(from December 2018 to June 2019), the growth rate of the second is all much higher than the first period, except for food delivery, travel reservations, music, literature and investment techniques. It can be seen that the Covid-19 increases the use of the Internet. Second, in terms of the ranking of usage rates in the second period, education (81.9%) was ranked first. Though not directly on the table, the runner-up is the political affairs service. The second place (including political affairs, third place) is live (29.2%). The rates of other applications are payment (21.3%), short video (19.4%), video (12.1%), shopping (11.2%), instant messenger (8.7%), search engine (8.0%), game (7.8%), news (6.5%), and music (4.5%). On the contrary, the applications with the highest rate of decrease are travel reservations (-10.8%), food delivery (-5.6%), and investment techniques (-3.6%). Third, in the case of education, the use of educational applications surged as offline classes at schools were converted into online classes. The surge in the use of political affairs services is due to the state"s drastic use of existing government platforms for quarantine. Fourth, it can be concluded that the deviations of acceleration of the digital revolution after Covid-19 exists in different fields.

중국의 개미족에 대한 계층적 분석

이중희(Lee Jung-Hee) 동북아시아문화학회 2011 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.26

The purpose of this paper is to find the situation of balinghou (1980s), to find factors the formation of yizu (ant tribe), and to suggest the class analysis on yizu, The findings are as follows. First, yizu is groups who reside in big cities, and were graduated from undergraduate schools or graduate schools. Second, factors causing the formation of yizu are as follows. The first important factor is that the number limit of university has rapidly increased since 1990’s. The second important factor is that the prices of housing have rapidly increased since 1990’s. The third factor is the attraction of big cities in view of the young generation. Third, ninety three percents of yizu were 1980s in the survey of 2009. Most of yizu are from rural area or small cities. Eighty one percents of yizu have full-time or part-time jobs in the survey of 2009. The monthly income of yizu is 1,956 yuan in the survey of 2008. That of yizu is a very low level of income in comparison with other groups. Fourth, in the survey of 2010, eighty percents of yizu are from the poor parents. The rapid increase of the number limit of university does not cause the rising trend of graduates in view of social mobility. Fifth, since 2005, the beginning year of yizu, the number of yizu has rapidly increased. In 2011, the number of yizu is estimated to come up to several million. Sixth, entry barriers of balinghou to middle class are difficulties of getting employment and rapid increase of housing prices.

중국의 스모그에 대한 사회학적 분석

이중희(Lee, Jung-Hee) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.41

Ulrich Beck argues that the industrial society was transferred to the risk society. The principle of the industrial society is the distribution of wealth while that of the risk society is the distribution of risks. And the technological and economic developments create new risks. The risk society theory of Ulrich Beck has been developed in Western societies and can be applied to Western societies. The development of Korea are different from that of Western Countries. The Korean development is the characteristics of the rush to modernization or the compressed modernization. The compressed modernization deepens and enlarges risks. Chang, Kyung-Sup regards Korean society as complex risk society including risks of developed societies, of developing societies, and of Korean specialties. First, in developed societies, serious risks can be caused by gas, nuclear energy power, etc. And the means of transportation and a large size of architectures can cause serious accidents. Second, in developing societies, people easily experience risks caused by transportation, energy, production and environment. Third, in societies of compressed modernization, there are various risks caused by the development of fast speed. In China, there are many papers which focus on Chinese society in terms of risk society. However, few papers focus on the Chinese specialties of risk society. Few papers analyze the Chinese risk society based on the Chinese specialties of development. The Chinese development has both compressed modernization and system conversion. The Chinese system has changed from the socialist planned economy system to the socialist market economy system. The Chinese society does not only have the risks of compressed modernity existed in korea, but also has risks of system conversion. The Chinese society is more complex risk society than the Korean Society. In China, the risks of system conversion include risks caused by the existing socialist system, the introduction of market economy, and the combination of the existing socialist system and the newly introduced market economy. In China, both the Wenzhou High-Speed Train accident and the Smog problems are problems which do not include only the risks of developing societies and compressed modernization, but also the risks of system conversion.

중국 노동자계급의 구성 및 상태의 변화

이중희(Jung Hee Lee) 한국아시아학회 2006 아시아연구 Vol.9 No.1

Proxy Mobile IPv6 환경에서 Fuzzy Logic을 이용한 Local Mobility Anchor 선택 기법 연구

이중희 ( Joong-hee Lee ),최진영 ( Jin-young Choi ),임헌정 ( Hun-jung Lim ),이종혁 ( Jong-hyouk Lee ),정태명 ( Tai-myoung Chung ) 한국정보처리학회 2007 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.14 No.2

이동 서비스를 지원하기 위한 프로토콜 중 현재 가장 주목 받고 있는 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)에서 Mobile Node (MN)는 Local Mobility Anchor (LMA)와 Mobile Access Gateway (MAG)의 지원으로 무선 접속을 위한 기능 이외의 추가적인 동작 과정 없이 이동성을 가질 수 있다. PMIPv6 에서의 LMA 는 MN 에게 이동 서비스를 지원함에 있어서 가장 중추적인 역할을 하기 때문에 어떤 LMA 가 MN 에게 서비스를 지원하느냐에 따라 이동 서비스의 질은 직접적인 영향을 받는다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이동 서비스에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소인 LMA 와 MAG 사이의 통신 비용과 LMA가 이동 서비스를 제공하고 있는 MN 의 수를 고려하여 Fuzzy Logic 을 이용한 LMA 선택 기법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법은 다수의 LMA 를 제공하는 사업자에게 있어서 적당한 LMA 를 선택하여 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 함으로써 MN 에게 항상 양질의 이동 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 한다.