신라하대 농민항쟁의 특징

이정신(Jeong-shin Lee) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2000 International Journal of Korean History Vol.1 No.-

The first record in Korea's history of peasant resistance where the peasants themselves were agents of social change occurred during the later Silla period and has been carefully examined in its links to social change in Tang China, role of powerful local lineages, movements of non-elite classes and the historical position of the peasant. The first significant large-scale uprising in which the peasants were involved was the Kim H?n-ch'an uprising in 815. Although this commoner uprising, bearing the characteristics of a coup d'etat, had spread to the provinces because of the antagonisms and conflicts amongst the central true bone aristorcracy, it was not a genuine peasant resistance based upon peasant power. Despite the participation of roving 'brigands' (toj?k) and 'grass brigands' (ch'oj?k), they were not centralized forces thus making this resistance nothing more than a peasant power struggle against the central aristocracy using military force. A significant change occurred in the nature of the peasant armies after the Kim P?m-mun uprising in 825. The leader of the peasant army, Susin, a bandit from Kodarsan, consolidated forces with Kim P?m-mun and attempted to establish a new state capital. This was not simply an attempt by Susin to stop exploitation by regional officials and local landlords but rather an attempt to establish a new state. Thus it displayed characteristics distinct from the small-scale uprisings that occurred in reaction to exploitative taxation. Although the peasant armies had indeed allied themselves with the ruling strata to start the uprising, by the beginning of the 9th century, the uprising had already grown out of incipient forms and possessed the foundations of a statewide peasant resistance movement against the Silla state. During King Chins?ng's reign (r. 887-896), the erupting peasant revolt swelled to a size that enabled the first step to be taken in the downfall of the Silla kingdom. The direct cause of this revolt was excessive taxation. Growing opposition against the state's taxation changed into a peasant uprising. Peasant uprisings in later Silla generally had occurred in Sangju, Chukchu, and W?nju, central transportation hubs, and erupted in each of these central regions. In addition to these areas, the peasant army appeared frequently in every comer of the country in Kangn?ng, Namhae, Kogs?ng, and Mungy?ng, and were called a variety of names such as Ch'oj?k (grass brigands), Nokrim (green forest), Ch?kio (band of thieves), Sanj?k (mountain brigands). Some peasant armies were even known as the 'Red Trousered Banditti' (ch?kko ch?k). However, they were essentially interested only in pillaging, making it unlikely that any social contradictions could be resolved through their development and as a group necessary for basic production, their uprising would undoubtedly be shortlived. Rampant banditry was an unstabilizing force not only to the state but also to the lives of the people. These conditions were mainly caused by the failure of the Silla state to enact any government policies on behalf of the people. In the end, the peasants who had lost faith in the state developed forces to protect themselves, and this appears to be the most important factor in the gradual legitimization and dominance of powerful local lineages. Peasant revolts were not only the result of hostility towards irrational taxation, but also large-scale movements against the government that went beyond mere opposition to overtaxation by wealthy local families. Leading figures of the peasant army such as W?njong, Aeno, Kihw?n, and Yanggil, attracted peasants and developed their respective forces, ultimately causing Silla to crumble into a weakened state. Later Kogury? and Later Paekche were then founded by Kungye and Ky?nhwon who had championed equality and redistribution of land that peasants so greatly desired. Intensified mass exploitation in later Silla had increasingly fettered and interr

일개 대학병원 신경외과중환자실에서 Clostridium difficile 관련 설사 감소를 위한 CQI활동

박은숙,장경희,윤영옥,이정신,김태곤,여한승,김선호,신정원,이경원,김준명,Park, Eun Suk,Chang, Kyung Hee,Youn, Young Ok,Lee, Jung Sin,Kim, Tae Gon,Yea, Han Seung,Kim, Sun Ho,Shin, Jeong Won,Lee, Kyungwon,Kim, June Myung 한국의료질향상학회 2001 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.8 No.2

Background : The Clostridium difficile is the most important identifiable cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and colitis, which lengthens hospital stay. Recently incidence of C. difficile has been increasing in an university hospital, and an intervention for prevention and control of C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) was in prompt need. Methods : Subjects were the patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit(NCU) where C. difficile was most frequently isolated. To increase participation of various departments, we used the CQI method, because management of CDAD requires a wholistic approach including control of antibiotics, barrier precaution and environmental cleaning and disinfection. Duration of the CQI activities was 9 months from April to December 1999. Results : The identified problems were misuse and overuse of antibiotics, lack of consciousness of medical personnels and the possibility of transmission from the contaminated environment and tube feeding. Education for proper use of antibiotics and management of C. difficile infection, use of precaution stickers, supplement of handwashing equipments, emphasis on environmental disinfection, and the change of the process of tube feeding were done. The CDAD rate in NCU was significantly decreased after the CQI program (8.6 case per 1,000 patient days from January to April 1999 vs 4.8 from May to December 1999). The distribution of neurosurgical wards including NCU among the total number of isolated C. difficile from the clinical specimens dropped from 49.4% in January to April to 33,7% in May to December. The average hospital stay of the neurosurgical department changed from 19.6 days to 15.2 days. Also, the effect of the CQI activities for C. difficile may have affected the incidence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). Duration and dosage of certain antibiotics used in the NS department were decreased. The distribution of neurosurgical department in the number of VRE isolated patients declined from 18.4% to 11.1%. Conclusion : Infection control of resistant organisms such as C. difficile is likely to be successful when management of environmental contamination an collaborative efforts of decreasing the patients' risk factors such as antibiotics management and decreasing the length of hospital stay come simultaneously. For this work, related departments need to actively participate in the entire process under a common target through discussions for identifying problems and bringing up solutions. In this respect, making use of a CQI team is an efficient method of infection control for gathering participation and cooperation of related departments.

한국인 다발성골수종 환자에서 치료에 대한 반응 및 생존기간에 영향을 미치는 예후인자 분석

송헌호(Hun Ho Song),이제환(Je Hwan Lee),박종범(Jong Beom Park),최성준(Seong Jun Choi),김정균(Jeong Kyoon Kim),김성배(Sung Bae Kim),김상위(Sang We Kim),서철원(Cheol Won Suh),이규형(Kyoo Hyung Lee),이정신(Jung Shin Lee),김우건(Woo Kun 대한내과학회 2000 대한내과학회지 Vol.58 No.1

N/A Background : New therapeutic modalities such as high dose chemotherapy and stem cell support have been tried to prolong the survival period of the patients with multiple myeloma. However, little is known about the criteria for the application of those new therapies. There are only a few reports for the prognostic factors of multiple myeloma in Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prognostic factors affecting chemotherapy response and survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Methods : We retrospectively analysed the clinical records of 122 patients who were newly diagnosed as multiple myeloma by SWOG criteria, between November, 1989 and April, 1997 at Asan Medical Center. Results : 1) The peak incidence was the 7th decade and male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The most common presenting symptom at first diagnosis was bone pain. 2) Initial clinical stage was as followed: stage I in 17.2% , stage II in 16.4% and 66.4% in III. The immunoglobulin classes were IgG in 51.6%, light chain only in 25.4%, IgA in 16.4%, IgD in 4.1%, and non-secretory type in 2.5%. Plasma cell types in bone marrow were classified as plasmablastic type in 45.9%, plasmacytic type in 54.1%. 3) Eighty two patients who recieved chemotherapy more than 3 cycles were evaluable for chemotherapy response. Overall response rate was 69.5%. Factors affecting response to chemotherapy were serum creatinine level, plasma cell type, total plasma cell percentage and plasmablast percentasge of total nucleated cells in bone marrow. 4) For total 122 patients, overall median survival period was 21 months, and estimated 5 year survival rate was 23.5%. Factors affecting survival were serum creatinine, corrected calcium, albumin, β2-microglobulin level, response to chemotherapy, total plasma cell percentage and plasmablast percentage in bone marrow. Conclusion : Bone marrow findings at initial diagnosis are significantly associated with response to chemotherapy and survival duration.(Korean J Med 58:83-90, 2000)

PF 기반 지형 대조항법의 유효성 판단기법에 대한 연구

김천중(Cheon Joong Kim),오주현(Ju Hyun Oh),이정신(Jeong Shin Lee),남성호(Seong Ho Nam),한경준(Kyung Joon Han) 한국항공우주학회 2016 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.11

비트맵 방식의 소프트웨어에 의한 체크무늬 디자인 방법

이정신,이정화 부천대학 1997 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

In this paper, we examine a wide variety of conventional check patterns, and divide them into three basic categories: i.e., the plain-weaved check, the twill-weaved check and the applied check. We then propose efficient check pattern design techniques by making use of the commercially available bitmap-type software. It is demonstrated that we are able to produce high-quality check patterns without using the high-priced special purpose systems or softwares.

면역글로불린에 포함된 항-D 항체로 인해 교차시험에서 부적합을 보였던 2례

송재우,이정신,신정원,김현옥 大韓輸血學會 1999 大韓輸血學會誌 Vol.10 No.2

레트로바이러스벡터를 이용한 제대혈 세포에 유전자이입시 염화칼슘 농도와 싸이토카인의 효과

김성배,김상희,이정신,최성준,김정균,이제환,김상위,서철원,이규형,김우건 대한조혈모세포이식학회 1998 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.3 No.1

연구배경 : 혈액 세포에 레트로 바이러스를 이용한 유전자 이입시 이입 효율성이 낮은 것이 중요한 장애 요인이 된다. 이를 극복하기 polycation을 첨가해 왔다. 제대혈 단핵세포가 유전자 이입 표적세포로써 적절한지를 알아보고, polycation 첨가방법과 비교하여 유전자 이입시 레트로 바이러스 상층액에 싸이토카인과 염화 칼슘 농도가 유전자 이입에 미치는 영향을 살펴 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 레트로 바이러스 상층액에 일정량의 3가지 싸이토카인(IL-3, IL-6,SCF)과 4가지 종류의 염화 칼슘 농도를 달리하여 첨가한 후 제대혈 단핵세포에 유전자 이입을 하였다. 유전자 이입시킨 제대혈 단핵세포(2×106)를 4개씩 plating 한 후 이중 2개의 well에는 G418(1.0㎎/ml)를 첨가하여 G418 처리한 배지에서 형성된 집락수를 세었다. 동일한 실험을 3회 반복하였다. 결과 : 1) 싸이토카인을 사용하였을때 , IL-3 단독 사용시 보다는 IL-3, IL-6, SCF 혼합 사용시 유전자 이입 효율성이 4.1 배 6.8배 각각 증가되었다. 2) 간질 세포 존재 유무는 유전자 이입 효율성에 직접적인 영향을 주지는 않았다. 3)싸이토카인 첨가유무, 간질세포 조건에 상관없이 염화 칼슘 농도가 증가함에 따라 유전자 주입률이 3.6배 향상되었다. 4) 기존의 polybrene만 처리하였을때 보다 염화칼슘 농도를 올림으로써 유전자 이입에 사용되지 않고 버리는 레트로바이러스가 74%에서 29%로 감소 하였다. 5) 염화칼슘농도가 5mM 초과시에는 methylcellulose 배지에서 colony 수가 감소되었다. 6) G418 처리후 살아남은 colony는 PCR을 통해 Neo® 이 이입되었기 때문임을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론 : 싸이토카인 및 염화칼슘을 처리하여 유전자 이입 효율을 향상시킬수 있었고 생체 외에서 이러한 염화칼슘 침전법을 이용한 유전자 이입은 바닥에 붙어 자라는 세포(anchorage-dependent cell)를 대상으로 할때 더욱 효과적일 것으로 생각하며, 성공적인 유전자 치료에 필수적인 유전자 이입 효율성을 향상시키기 위해 더 많은 연구가 뒷받침 되어야 겠다. Background : Low transduction efficiency has the main obstacle for retroviral mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic cells even with the addition of polycations to enhace transduction. We investigested the feasibility of mononuclear of CaCl₂ added to retroviral supernatant compared to the standard polybrene-enhanced transfection. Methods : Cell free Neo^(R) retroviral supernatant containing 3 cytokines (Ⅱ-3, IL-6, SCF) with 4 different concentrations of CaCl₂ was added to target cells. After gene transfer, the cells(2×10^(6)/ml) were plated in qudriplicate, G418 was added to 2 wells of each set at 1.0 ㎎/ml, measured the percentage of G418 resistant progenitor derived colonies. Results : 1) Use of cytokines or especially combined use of 3 cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, SCF) together increased gene transfer efficiency to 6.8 times as compared to transductions in basal medium. 2) The presence of stromal supports during the transduction of the umbilical cord mononuclear cells did not increase gene transfection efficiency. 3) Transfection efficiency of CBMNCs (cord blood mononuclear cells) could be enhanced to 3.5 times by increment of CaCl₂. 4) Discarded retrovirus with standard polybrene-enhanced method could be reduced from 74% to 29% as the increase of CaCl₂ of the retroviral supernatant. 5) The number of colonies in methycellulose culture constantly reduced above 5mM CaCl₂. 6) Neo^(R) gene transfection in selected colony with G418 was confirmed by DNA-PCR. Conclusion: We conclude that tranduction to umbilical cord blood progenitor cells could be enhanced to 6.8 or 3.6 times with the use of recombinant human growth factors(IL-3, IL-6, SCF) and the increment of CaCl₂ concentration added to retroviral supernatant, but it might be ctyotoxic above 5 mM. Where the use of the calcium coprecipitation method is contemplated in ex vivo gene therapy, anchorage-dependent target cells are more desirable.

일개 대학병원 신경외과중환자실에서 Clostridium difficile 관련 설사 감소를 위한 CQI활동

박은숙,장경희,윤영옥,이정신,김태곤,여한승,김선호,신정원,이경원,김준명 한국의료QA학회 2001 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.8 No.1

Background : The Clostridium difficile is the most important identifiable cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and colitis, which lengthens hospital stay. Recently incidence of C. difficile has been increasing in an university hospital, and an intervention for prevention and control of C. difficile associated diarrhea(CDAD) was in prompt need. Methods : Subjects were the patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit(NCU) where C.difficile was most frequently isolated. To increase participation of various departments, we used the CQI method, because management of CDAD requires a wholistic approach including control of antibiotics, barrier precaution and environmental cleaning and disinfection. Duration of the CQI activities was 9 months from April to December 1999. Results : The identified problems were misuse and overuse of antibiotics, lack of consciousness of medical personnels and the possibility of transmission from the contaminated environment and tube feeding. Education for proper use of antibiotics and management of C.difficile infection, use of precaution stickers, supplement of handwashing equipments, emphasis on environmental disinfection, and the change of the process of tube feeding were done. The CDAD rate in NCU was significantly decreased after the CQI program(8.6 case per 1,000 patient days from January to April 1999 vs 4.8 from May to December 1999). The distribution of neurosurgical wards including NCU among the total number of isolated C.difficlie from the clinical specimens dropped from 49.4% in January to April to 33,7% in May to December. The average hospital stay of the neurosurgical department changed from 19.6 days to 15.2 days. Also, the effect of the CQI activities for C.difficile may have affected the incidence of vancomycin resistant enterococci(VRE). Duration and dosage of certain antibiotics used in the NS department were decreased. The distribution of neurosurgical department in the number of VRE isolated patients declined from 18.4% to 11.1%. Conclusion : Infection control of resistant organisms such as C.difficile is likely to be successful when management of environmental contamination an collaborative efforts of decreasing the patients’ risk factors such as antibiotics management and decreasing the length of hospital stay come simultaneously. For this work, related departments need to actively participate in the entire process under a common target through discussions for identifying problems and bringing up solutions. In this respect, making use of a CQI team is an efficient method of infection control for gathering participation and cooperation of related departments.

폐쇄성 황달을 동반한 십이지장의 원발성 임파종 1예

김명환,이성구,서철원,이선영,민영일,이정신,공경엽 대한소화기학회 1992 대한소화기학회지 Vol.24 No.5

Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma is an unusual disease accounting for approximately 1∼4 percent of all gastrointestinal malignant disease; in the small bowel, primary lymphoma was about 3 percent of all gastrointestinal malignancies; about 5 percent are located in the duodenum. Primary lymphoma of duodenum with infiltration into the papilla of Vater causing obstructive jaundice is extremely rare. We had experienced a 65 year old man with primary duodenal lymphoma with obstructive jaundice and metastasis to right testis, and he was treated by chemotherapy (Pro MACE-Cyta BOM) with the aid of nasobiliary drainage. After the treatment was done, the infiltrating mass of papilla of Vater nearly resolved and dramatically relieved obstructive jaundice. So the case history was presented and reviewed.

신 이식 후 발생한 점막연관 림프조직형 림프종 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma) 1례

강혜진,류민희,허주령,손희정,박사라,장흥문,김태원,한덕종,이정신,박찬정,강윤구 大韓血液學會 2002 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.37 No.3