루비듐 증기와 반응한 제올라이트 4A 에 대한 결정학적 연구

송승환,김양,한영욱 ( Seong Hwan Song,Yang Kim,Young Wook Han ) 한국광물학회 1991 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.4 No.2

수용성 TMAH / IPA 용액의 실리콘 이방성 식각

박진성,송승환,정귀상 ( Chin Sung Park,Seong Hwan Song,Gwiy Sang Chung ) 한국전기전자재료학회 1996 한국전기전자재료학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.1996 No.0

$Ca^{2+}$ 이온으로 완전히 치환된 제올라이트 X, $Ca_{46}-X$와 $Ca^{2+}$ 이온과 $K^+$ 이온으로 치환된 제올라이트 X, $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X$를 완전히 진공 탈수한 결정구조

장세복,송승환,김양,Jang, Se Bok,Song, Seong Hwan,Kim, Yang Korean Chemical Society 1995 대한화학회지 Vol.39 No.1

The crystal sructures of $X(Ca_{46}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ and $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X(Ca_{32}K_{28}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ dehydrated at $360^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ Their structures were refined to the final error indices, R_1=0.096,\;and\;R_2=0.068$ with 166 reflections, and R_1=0.078\;and\;R_2=0.056$ with 130 reflections, respectively, for which I > $3\sigma(I).$ In dehydrated $Ca_{48}-X,\;Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at two different sites opf high occupancies. Sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site I, the centers of the double six rings $(Ca(1)-O(3)=2.51(2)\AA$ and thirty $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site II, the six-membered ring faces of sodalite units in the supercage. Latter $Ca^{2+}$ ions are recessed $0.44\AA$ into the supercage from the three O(2) oxygen plane (Ca(2)-O(2)= $2.24(2)\AA$ and $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(l)^{\circ}).$ In the structure of $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X$, all $Ca^{2+}$ ions and $K^+$ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites: 16 $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located in the centers of the double six rings, another sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions and sixteen $K^+$ ions are located at the site II in the supercage. These $Ca^{2+}$ ions adn $K^+$ ions are recessed $0.56\AA$ and $1.54\AA$, respectively, into the supercage from their three O(2) oxygen planes $(Ca(2)-O(2)=2.29(2)\AA$, $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(1)^{\circ}$, $K(1)-O(2)=2.59(2)\AA$, and $O(2)-K(1)-O(2)=99.2(8)^{\circ}).$ Twelve $K^+$ ions lie at the site III, twofold axis of edge of the four-membered ring ladders inside the supercage $(K(2)-O(4)=3.11(6)\AA$ and $O(1)-K(2)-O(1)=128(2)^{\circ}).$

칼슘 및 탈륨 이온으로 치환된 제올라이트 A, $Ca_xTl_{12-2x}-A$ (x = 1.4 및 5.6)를 탈수한 결정구조

김덕수,송승환,김양,Kim Duk Soo,Song Seong Hwan,Kim, Yang Korean Chemical Society 1993 대한화학회지 Vol.37 No.1

Two crystal structures of fully dehydrated Ca(II) and Tl(I) exchanged zeolite A, $Ca_{5.6}Tl_{0.8}-A (a = 12.242(2){\AA})\;and\;Ca_{1.4}Tl_{9.2}-A (a = 12.191(1){\AA})$, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$. All crystals were ion exchanged in flowing streams of mixed $Ca(NO_3)_2\;and\;TINO_3$ aqueous solution with total concentration of 0.05M. All crystals were dehydrated at 360$^{\circ}C$ under $2{\times}10^{-6}\;torr$ for two days. The structures of the dehydrated $Ca_{5.6}Tl_{0.8}-A$ and $Ca_{1.4}Tl_{9.2}-A$ were refined to the final error indicies, $R_1$ = 0.072 and $R_2$ = 0.076 with 179 reflections for I > 3$\sigma$(I), and $R_1$ = 0.048 and $R_2$ = 0.043 with 226 reflections for I > 3$\sigma$(I), respectively. In each structure, Ca(II) ions are located on threefold axes associated with three 6-ring oxygens. $Ca^{2+}$ ions prefer to 6-ring sites and $Tl^+$ ions prefer to 8-ring sites when total number of exchanged cations per unit cell is more than 8.

루비듐 증기와 반응한 Ag+ 이온과 Ca2+ 이온으로 치환된 제올라이트 A 의 결정학적 연구

한영욱,송승환,김양 ( Young Wook Han,Seong Hwan Song,Yang Kim ) 한국광물학회 1991 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.4 No.1

$Ag^+$ 이온과 $Rb^+$ 이온으로 치환된 제올라이트 A ($Ag^{12-x}Rb_{x}-A$, x = 2 및 3) 를 탈수한 결정구조

김양,송승환,김덕수,한영욱,박동규,Yang Kim,Seong Hwan Song,Duk Soo Kim,Young Wook Han,Dong Kyu Park Korean Chemical Society 1989 대한화학회지 Vol.33 No.1

X-선 단결정법으로 탈수한 $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ (a = 12.278(2)${\AA}$) 와 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ (a = 12.286(2)${\AA}$)의 구조를 입방공간군 Pm3m을 써서 해석하였다. $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$의 구조는 I >3${\sigma}$(I)인 회절반점 291개를 이용하여 $R_1$ = 0.064, $R_2$ = 0.060까지 정밀화 시켰으며 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$의 구조는 416개의 회절반점을 이용하여 $R_1$ = 0.063, $R_2$ = 0.080까지 정밀화 시켰다. 두 구조 모두 단위세포당 하나의 환원된 은 원자가 소다라이트 동공 내에 있으며 이 환원된 은 원자는 소다라이트 동공 1/6개 마다 $Ag_6$로 존재하든가 혹은 모든 소다라이트 동공마다 4mm 대칭성을 가지는 $(Ag_5)^{4+}$ 클러스터로 존재한다. 그 밖에 탈수한 $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$에서는 8개의 $Ag^+$이온은 6-링 중심 3회 회전축 상에 있으며 3개의 $Rb^+$이온은 8-링 중심 $D_{4h}$ 대칭성을 가지고서 위치하고 있다. 또 탈수한 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$구조에서는 2개의 다른 6-링 $Ag^+$ 이온 즉 7개의 $Ag^+$ 이온은 6-링 평면상에 위치하고 1개의 $Ag^+$이온은 소다라이트 동공 내에 위치한다. 두 개의 서로 다른 8-링 양이온이 있으며 두 개의 $Rb^+$이온은 8-링 중심에 위치하였고 1개의 $Ag^+$이온은 8-링에서 0.1$\AA$ 만큼 큰 동공 쪽으로 이동하여 위치한다. 두 구조에서 보면 $Ag^+$이온은 6-링 위치에 $Rb^+$ 이온은 8-링 위치에 우선적으로 위치한다. Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag^+$ and $Rb^+$ exchanged zeolite A, stoichiometries of $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ (a = 12.278(2)${\AA}$) and $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ (a = 12.286(2)${\AA}$) per unit cell, have been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. Their structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)$^{\circ}$C. The crystals of $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ and $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ were prepared by flow methods using exchanged solution in which mole ratios of AgNO$_3$ and RbNO$_3$ were 1:5 and 1:50, respectively, with the total concentration of 0.05 M. The structures of the dehydrated $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ and the $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ were refined to the final error indices, $R_1$ = 0.064 and $R_2$ = 0.060 with 291 reflections, and $R_1$ = 0.063 and $R_2$ = 0.080 with 416 reflections respectively, for which I >3${\sigma}$(I). In both structures, one reduced silver atom per unit cell was found inside the sodalite cavity. It may be present as a hexasilver cluster in 1/6 of the sodalite units or as an isolated Ag atom coordinated to 4 $Ag^+$ ions in each sodalite unit to give $(Ag_5)^{4+}$, symmetry 4 mm. In the structure of dehydrated $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$, 8 $Ag^+$ ions lie on the threefold axis and each is nearly at the center of the 8-rings at the sites of $D_{4h}$ symmetry. In the structure of dehydrated $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$, two crystallographically different eight 6-ring $Ag^+$ ions were found; $7Ag^+$ ions in the (111) planes of their O(3) framework oxygens and one $Ag^+$ ion inside of sodalite cavity. Two crystallographically different 8-ring cations were also found; two $Rb^+$ ions at the centers of the 8-oxygen rings and one $Ag^+$ ion into the large cavity. Both structures indicate that $Rb^+$ ions prefer to occupy the 8-ring sites, while $Ag^+$ ions prefer to occupy the 6-ring sites.

$Ag^+$ 이온으로 완전히 치환되고 탈수된 두개의 제올라이트 X의 결정구조

장세복,박상윤,송승환,정미숙,김양,Jang, Se Bok,Park, Sang Yun,Song, Seong Hwan,Jeong, Mi Suk,Kim, Yang 대한화학회 1996 대한화학회지 Vol.40 No.7

Two crystal structures of the vacuum dehydrated $Ag^+$-exchanged zeolite X have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$ (a=24.922(1)${\AA}$ and a=24.901(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Each crystal was ion exchanged in flowing streams of aqueous $AgNO_3$ for three days. The first crystal was dehydrated at 300$^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6$torr for two days. The second crystal was similarly dehydrated at 350$^{\circ}C$. Their structures were refined to the final error indices, $R_1=0.095\;and\;R_2=0.092$ with 227 reflections, and $R_1=0.096\;and\;R_2=0.087$ with 334 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${\sigma}$(I). In the first crystal, Ag species are found at five different crystallographic sites: sixteen $Ag^+$ ions fill the site I, the center of the double 6-ring, thirty-two Ag0 atoms fill the I' site in the sodalite cavities opposite double six-rings, seventeen $Ag^+$ ions lie at the 32-fold site II' inside the sodalite cavity at the single six-oxygen ring in the supercage, fifteen Ag+ ions lie at the 32-fold site II, in the supercage, and the remaining twelve $Ag^+$ ions lie at site III' in the supercage at a little off two-fold axes. In the second crystal, all Ag species are located similarly as crystal 1; 16 at site I, 28 at site I', 16 at site II, 16 at site II', 6 at site III and 6 at site III'. Total 88 silver species were found per unit cell. The remaining four Ag atoms were migrated out of the zeolite framework to form small silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal. In the first structure, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are approximately 32.0 and these may form tetrahedral $Ag_4$ clusters at the centers of the sodalite cavities. The probable four-atom cluster is stabilized by coordination to two $Ag^+$ ions. The Ag-Ag distance in the cluster, ca. 3.05 ${\AA}$, is a little longer than 2.89 ${\AA}$, Ag-Ag distance in silver metal. At least two six-ring $Ag^+$ ions on sodalite cavity (site II') must necessarily approach this cluster and this cluster may be viewed as a distorted octahedral silver cluster, (Ag6)2+.

안전 및 효율성 확보를 위한 방탄시험장 개선방안 연구

구승환(Seung Hwan Gu),조성환(Seong Hwan Cho),송승환(Seung Hwan Song) 한국산학기술학회 2023 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.24 No.7

국방기술품질원은 방탄시험분야 국제공인시험(KOLAS) 인정을 취득하여 시험을 운영 중에 있다. 본 연구는 현재 운영 중인 방탄시험장의 문제점을 식별하고 개선방안 및 타당성을 도출하였다. 식별된 문제점은 환경, 프로세스, 안전의 3가지 측면으로 구분되었으며, 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 2가지 개선안을 도출하였다. 도출된 개선알을 토대로 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 동선 변경으로 인한 시험시간 감소 효과가 나타났으며, 시험별로 각각 45%, 7.8%의 효율이 상승하였다. 다음으로 시험실의 증가로 시험 가능한 물량이 시험별로 각각 2.9배, 2.1배 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 시험장 개선의 타당성 검토를 위해 순현가법(NPV : Net Present Value), 비용/편익 분석, 내부수익률을 사용하여 경제성 분석을 수행하였다. 비용은 총사업비 추정 결과를 적용하였으며, 편익은 매출 증가, 해외시험비용 회피, 안전개선의 3가지를 설정하여 적용하였다. 경제성 분석결과, NPV는 18.98억원, 비용/편익은 1.12, 내부수익률은 10.14%로 도출되어 사업에 타당성이 확보된 것을 알 수 있었다. This study derived a plan to improve the bulletproof test laboratory operated by the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality. The identified problems were divided into environment, process, and safety. Two improvements were derived to solve the problem. The laboratory was designed by applying the derived improvement plan, and the simulation analysis results were as follows. First, the effect of reducing the test time due to a change in the movement line was shown. The efficiency increased by 45% and 7.8% for each test. The number of items that could be tested increased by 2.9 times and 2.1 times for each test due to the increase in the shooting room. Economic analysis was performed using NPV, B/C analysis, and IRR to review the feasibility of improving the test laboratory. As for the cost, the total project cost estimation result was used. The benefits were set as three things: benefits from increased sales, benefits of avoiding overseas tests, and benefits of safety improvement. Economic feasibility analysis revealed an NPV of 1.898 billion won. In addition, B/C analysis was 1.12, and IRR was 10.14%.

시험탄 제조사 및 탄착점 위치에 따른 방탄복 방탄 성능 차이 연구

구승환(Seung Hwan Gu),조성환(Seong Hwan Cho),이찬호(Chan Ho Lee),송승환(Seung Hwan Song) 한국산학기술학회 2023 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.24 No.10

본 연구는 방탄복 방탄시험에서 탄약 제조사 간 성능 차이와 탄착점 위치에 따른 방탄복의 방탄성능 차이 여부를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 탄약의 제조사 간 성능 차이 검증을 위해 저장 중인 육군 다목적 방탄복 Ⅰ형 4벌에 대해 P-BFS 시험을 실시하고 후면변형 결과를 t-검정으로 분석하였다. 또한 탄착점 위치에 따른 방탄성능 차이를 검증하기 위해 ○○년과 △△년 제조된 방탄복의 수락시험 결과 데이터를 사용하여 ANOVA 분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, .44 Magnum 탄의 제조사 간 성능 차이 비교를 위해 후면변형치에 대한 t-검정을 실시한 결과, 탄 제조사에 따른 방탄성능의 차이는 존재하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 다음으로 탄착점 위치에 따른 방탄성능 비교를 위해 ○○년도 방탄복과 △△년도 방탄복에 .44 Magnum 탄약과 .357 SIG 탄약을 사용하여 시험한 후면변형의 ANOVA 분석 결과, 2가지 탄종 모두에서 탄착점 별 후면변형의 차이는 발생하지 않았다. This study was conducted to confirm the difference in performance between ammunition manufacturers and the difference in the bulletproof performance of body armor according to the location of the impact point in the bulletproof test of body armor. The samples for verifying the difference in performance between ammunition manufacturers were four sets of army multi-purpose bulletproof vest typeⅠ in storage. After the bulletproof test, BFS was analyzed using a t-test. In addition, ANOVA analysis was performed to verify the difference in bulletproof performance according to the location of the impact point. The test data used the acceptance test results of body armor manufactured in ○○ and △△ years. The results of this study are as follows. First, a t-test was conducted for BFS to compare the performance differences between manufacturers of .44 Magnum ammunition. The bulletproof performance was the same regardless of the bullet manufacturers. Second, ANOVA analysis was performed to compare the bulletproof performance according to the location of the impact point. .44 Magnum and .357 SIG ammunition were fired at ○○ year body armor and △△ years body armor. The BFS per impact point was identical for both types of ammunition. This study verified the difference in bulletproof performance between the manufacturers of the test ammunition, which has been discussed in the bulletproof test, according to the location of the impact point of the bulletproof vest. Thus, it lays the foundation for soldiers to wear bulletproof vests safely.

10뉴턴급 추진력의 액체로켓 개발 및 발사시험

이정섭(Jungsub Lee),최원준(Won June Choi),김민기(Min Ki Kim),문기현(Ki Hyun Moon),송승환(Seong Hwan Song),권세진(Sejin Kwon) 한국추진공학회 2008 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.11

본 연구에서는 과산화수소 분해 반응을 이용하여 세계 최초로 10뉴턴 급의 추진력을 갖는 액체 추진 소형 모델 로켓을 제작하고 발사 시험을 하였다. 일련의 설계를 통해 인젝터에 지름 200㎛의 오리피스를 7개 만들었고, 목의 지름이 2.5mm 이고 면적비가 2.56인 노즐을 제작하였다. 촉매로 백금을 코팅한 아이솔라이트(Isolite)를 사용하였다. 90wt% 과산화수소를 질소 가스를 통해 20bar로 가압하여 촉매 베드의 길이와 베드에 올린 백금의 적재량을 변수로 하여 추력 실험을 행하였다. 그 결과, 5wt%의 백금을 4cm의 베드에 올렸을 때 가장 높은 c* 효율과 추력 안전성을 보여주었다. 경량화를 위해 로켓의 몸체는 알루미늄으로 만들었으며, 제작한 로켓에서는 솔레노이드 벨브를 통해 유량을 조절하였다. 발사 시험을 행한 결과 비교적 일정한 속도로 10m 가량을 올라갔다. In this paper, a 10N class liquid propellant rocket utilizing a dissolving reaction of hydrogen peroxide is constructed and tested. Through a series of designs, seven orifices with a diameter of 200㎛ and a nozzle with a neck of 2.5mm in diameter and area ratio of 2.56 were made. The platinum coated on Isolite was used for catalyst. 90wt% peroxide pressed at 20 bar by nitrogen gas was used for performance evaluation. The length of the catalyst bed and the load of platinum was taken as the parameters for this experiment. For the catalyst support length of 4cm loaded on 5wt% platinum, satisfactory c* efficiency and stable thrust was observed. The light weight body of the rocket was composed of aluminum. Rocket rose about 10m with relatively constant velocity in launching test.