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멀티코어 기반 차량용 임베디드 시스템의 타임-트리거드 아키텍처 설계와 구현
배재현,유민수 한국정보과학회 2022 정보과학회논문지 Vol.49 No.12
Recently, automotive electrical/electronic (E/E) architectures have considered the Multicore AUTOSAR platform for guaranteeing the safety and performance of automotive systems. However, inter-core communication response time delays due to spinning caused by spinlock deteriorate Multicore performance. This paper presents the design of a Time-Triggered Architecture (TTA) to optimize the Multicore system. In our approach, we present the TTA design methodology, including the task allocation algorithm using DQN reinforcement for inter-core load balancing, the Harmonic-Period setting algorithm, and the task Offset, Deadline setting algorithm. Then, we proposed a Timing Violation detection method using Data Version to apply it to the AUTOSAR platform. For verification, we applied the TTA algorithm to the Fuel Cell Controller (FCU) task model. Our simulations showed that the load balancing rate was improved by 94% compared to the existing controller, and its scalability covered at least 78% of the optimal value. It also showed that mutual exclusion was enforced and confirmed that each algorithm was well applied. 최근 차량용 임베디드 시스템은 안전성과 성능 향상을 위해 멀티코어를 사용한다. 하지만 코어 간 데이터 통신 시 발생하는 Spinning 시간은 태스크의 응답시간 지연을 초래한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 Time Triggered Architecture (TTA)를 이용하여 AUTOSAR 멀티코어 환경에서 스케줄링 최적화하는 방법을 제시한다. 각 태스크의 스케줄링 가능성을 확보하기 위해, DQN (Deep Q-Network) 강화학습을 이용한 태스크 할당 알고리즘을 제시하여 코어 간 부하 균등화를 최적화한다. 또한 태스크 Harmonic Period 설정하는 방법과 태스크 Offset, Deadline 설정 알고리즘을 설명한다. 이후 런타임에서 다른 코어의 타이밍 오류로 인한 문제 발생을 감지하는 방법에 대해 설명한다. 연료전지제어기 모델에 적용 결과, 부하 균등화 정도가 94% 개선되었으며 태스크의 실행구간이 상호 배제가 강제됨과 각 알고리즘이 잘 적용됨을 확인하였다. 또한 태스크 할당 알고리즘은 최적의 값 대비 약 78% 이상의 확장성을 보였다.
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배재현,안창호,양예슬,문준호,곽수헌,정혜승,박경수,조영민 대한당뇨병학회 2022 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.46 No.1
Background: To compare the efficacy and safety of two insulin self-titration algorithms, Implementing New Strategies with Insulin Glargine for Hyperglycemia Treatment (INSIGHT) and EDITION, for insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) in Korean individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: In a 12-week, randomized, open-label trial, individuals with uncontrolled T2DM requiring basal insulin were randomized to either the INSIGHT (adjusted by 1 unit/day) or EDITION (adjusted by 3 units/week) algorithm to achieve a fasting self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the range of 4.4 to 5.6 mmol/L. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals achieving a fasting SMBG ≤5.6 mmol/L without noct urnal hypoglycemia at week 12.Results: Of 129 individuals (age, 64.1±9.5 years; 66 [51.2%] women), 65 and 64 were randomized to the INSIGHT and EDITION algorithms, respectively. The primary outcome of achievement was comparable between the two groups (24.6% vs. 23.4%, P=0.876). Compared with the EDITION group, the INSIGHT group had a greater reduction in 7-point SMBG but a similar decrease in fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. The increment of total daily insulin dose was significantly higher in the INSIGHT group than in the EDITION group (between-group difference: 5.8±2.7 units/day, P=0.033). However, body weight was significantly increased only in the EDITION group (0.6±2.4 kg, P=0.038). There was no difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia between the two groups. Patient satisfaction was significantly increased in the INSIGHT group (P=0.014).Conclusion: The self-titration of Gla-300 using the INSIGHT algorithm was effective and safe compared with that using the EDITION algorithm in Korean individuals with uncontrolled T2DM (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03406663).
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배재현,박은지,김선희,김신곤,한서경,김남훈 대한내분비학회 2021 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.36 No.2
Background: To compare the renal effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibitors on individual outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception to June 2019 to identity eligible randomized controlled trials of DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors that reported at leastone kidney outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Outcomes of interest were microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, worseningnephropathy, and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). We performed an arm-based network meta-analysis using Bayesian methodsand calculated absolute risks and rank probabilities of each treatment for the outcomes. Results: Seventeen studies with 87,263 patients were included. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly lowered the risks of individual kidney outcomes, including microalbuminuria (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.41 to 0.93), macroalbuminuria(OR, 0.48; 95% CrI, 0.24 to 0.72), worsening nephropathy (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.44 to 0.91), and ESKD (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.46to 0.98) as compared with placebo. However, DPP-4 inhibitors did not lower the risks. SGLT2 inhibitors were considerably associated with higher absolute risk reductions in all kidney outcomes than DPP-4 inhibitors, although the benefits were statistically insignificant. The rank probabilities showed that SGLT2 inhibitors were better treatments for lowering the risk of albuminuria and ESKDthan placebo or DPP-4 inhibitors. Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibitors were superior to DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing the risk of albuminuria and ESKD in patients with type2 diabetes.
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배재현,김선희,박은지,김신곤,한서경,김남훈 대한내분비학회 2019 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.34 No.1
Background: To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors from inception to September 2017. We selected eligible RCTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitorswith placebo or other antidiabetic agents and reporting at least one renal outcome. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate standardized mean differences, weighted mean differences (WMDs), relative risks (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for eachrenal outcome. Results: We included 23 RCTs with 19 publications involving 41,359 patients. Overall changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratiowere comparable between DPP-4 inhibitors and controls (P=0.150). However, DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with significantlylower risk of incident microalbuminuria (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.98; P=0.022) and macroalbuminuria (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61to 0.97; P=0.027), as well as higher rates of regression of albuminuria (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.35; P<0.001) compared withcontrols. Although DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with small but significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (WMD,−1.11 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI, −1.78 to −0.44; P=0.001), there was no difference in the risk of end-stage renal disease betweentwo groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.14; P=0.475). Conclusion: DPP-4 inhibitors had beneficial renal effects mainly by reducing the risk of development or progression of albuminuriacompared with placebo or other antidiabetic agents.
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배재현,최형진,조광익,김이경,권준수,조영민 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.2
Background: To investigate the effects of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on functional brain activation in lean and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in response to visual food cues. Methods: In a randomized, single-blinded, crossover study, 15 lean and 14 obese individuals with T2DM were administered lixisenatide or normal saline subcutaneously with a 1-week washout period. We evaluated brain activation in response to pictures of high-calorie food, low-calorie food, and nonfood using functional magnetic resonance imaging and measured appetite and caloric intake in participants who were given access to an ad libitum buffet. Results: Obese individuals with T2DM showed significantly greater activation of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, parietal cortex (high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food, P<0.05), orbitofrontal cortex (high-calorie food vs. nonfood, P<0.05), and visual cortex (food vs. nonfood, P<0.05) than lean individuals with T2DM. Lixisenatide injection significantly reduced the functional activation of the fusiform gyrus and lateral ventricle in obese individuals with T2DM compared with that in lean individuals with T2DM (nonfood vs. high-calorie food, P<0.05). In addition, in individuals who decreased their caloric intake after lixisenatide injection, there were significant interaction effects between group and treatment in the posterior cingulate, medial frontal cortex (high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food, P<0.05), hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal lobe (food vs. nonfood, P<0.05). Conclusion: Brain responses to visual food cues were different in lean and obese individuals with T2DM. In addition, acute administration of lixisenatide differentially affected functional brain activation in these individuals, especially in those who decreased their caloric intake after lixisenatide injection.
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배재현,이민정,최은영,정창희,왕혜진,김명수,김유선,박중열,강은석 대한내분비학회 2016 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.31 No.1
Background: The use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors is increasing among renal transplant patients with diabetes. However, the glucose-lowering efficacies of various DPP-4 inhibitors and their effects on blood cyclosporine levels have not been fully investigated. We compared the glucose-lowering efficacies of DPP 4 inhibitors and evaluate their effects on the blood levels of cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients with diabetes. Methods: Sixty-five renal allograft recipients who received treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors (vildagliptin, sitagliptin, or lina gliptin) following kidney transplant were enrolled. The glucose-lowering efficacies of the DPP-4 inhibitors were compared ac cording to the changes in the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels after 3 months of treatment. Changes in the trough levels of the cy closporine were also assessed 2 months after treatment with each DPP-4 inhibitor. Results: HbA1c significantly decreased in the linagliptin group in comparison with other DPP-4 inhibitors (vildagliptin –0.38%± 1.03%, sitagliptin –0.53%± 0.95%, and linagliptin –1.40± 1.34; P= 0.016). Cyclosporine trough levels were signifi cantly increased in the sitagliptin group compared with vildagliptin group (30.62± 81.70 ng/mL vs. –24.22± 53.54 ng/mL, P= 0.036). Cyclosporine trough levels were minimally changed in patients with linagliptin. Conclusion: Linagliptin demonstrates superior glucose-lowering efficacy and minimal effect on cyclosporine trough levels in comparison with other DPP-4 inhibitors in kidney transplant patients with diabetes.
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배재현,양용수,김현영,황보규,이춘우,박수봉,이지훈 한국수산해양기술학회 2019 수산해양기술연구 Vol.55 No.1
The concern on the greenhouse gas emissions is increasing globally. Especially, the greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue from the Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. Furthermore, the Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries rarely carried out consistently. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is necessary as a first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from the major offshore fisheries such as offshore gillnet fishery, offshore longline fishery, offshore jigging fishery and anchovy drag net fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emissions from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the unit weight of fishes are calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas as well. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries The concern on the greenhouse gases emissions is increasing globally. Especially, the Greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue due to Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. Furthermore, the Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8 % compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not much carry out consistently. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is needed as a first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from the major offshore fisheries such as offshore gillnet fishery, offshore longline fishery, offshore jigging fishery and anchovy drag net fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emission from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the unit weight of fishes are calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas also. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.
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