중국인 학습자의 경음화 습득 양상 연구

배영환 중앙어문학회 2017 語文論集 Vol.72 No.-

This study analyzed glottalization among beginner, intermediate, and advanced Chinese learners of Korean language based on the classification of glottalization into morpheme boundaries and inside morphemes. It was found that among Chinese learners of Korean language, glottalization of Korean is acquired in the following order: after plosive sound > after stem-final consonant cluster > after nasal of predicate > after adnominal clause endings > sound of Sino-Korean-l > Saisiot. Nevertheless, several interesting facts were also observed. First, even with the advancement of the learners’ proficiency levels, i.e., from beginner to intermediate to advanced, the glottalization rate did not increase proportionally. This suggests that it is difficult even for advanced learners to completely acquire glottalization. Moreover, even among beginners, glottalization after plosive sound, consonant cluster, and nasal was relatively common. Similarly, among advanced learners, glottalization after sound of Sino-Korean-l and due to Saisiot was rarely observed. These findings suggest that Chinese learners of Korean language first learn glottalization within the context of morpheme boundaries and then expand it to words within morphemes. Considering that words within morphemes vary in realization rate according to individual words and learners, separate education must be provided for this specific subject. 이 연구는 한국어의 경음화 현상을 형태소 경계와 내부로 나누어 보고, 이 를 바탕으로 중국인 학습자를 대상으로 초급 학습자와 중급 학습자, 고급 학습 자의 경음화 실현 양상을 분석해 본 것이다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻 을 수 있었다. 중국인 학습자를 통해 볼 때 한국어의 경음화 현상은 ‘평파열음 뒤(용언>체언) > 어간말 자음군 뒤 > 용언의 비음 뒤 > 관형형 어미 뒤 > 한자 음 ㄹ 뒤 > 사이시옷’ 순서로 경음화를 습득해 가는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 그럼 에도 불구하고 몇 가지 흥미로운 사실도 확인되었다. 먼저, 초급 학습자와 중급 학습자, 고급 학습자와 같이 학습자의 단계가 높아진다고 하더라도 경음화 현 상에 대해 비례적으로 실현율이 높아지지는 않는다. 이는 고급 학습자라고 하 더라도 경음화를 완전히 습득하기가 쉽지 않다는 것을 말해 준다. 또, 초급 학 습자라고 하더라도 평파열음 뒤와 자음군 뒤, 그리고 비음 뒤에서의 경음화는 비교적 높게 실현되었다. 또, 고급 학습자라고 하더라도 한자음 ㄹ뒤의 경음화 와 사이시옷에 따른 경음화는 실현율이 높지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 한국어의 경음화는 형태소 경계의 환경에서 먼저 습득하고, 그 후에 형태소 내부의 단어 들로 확대되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 특히, 형태소 내부의 단어들은 개별 단어에 따라 실현율이 달라지고, 또 개인별로 차이가 있다는 점에서 이에 대한 별도의 교육이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

EDAS-P R2 시스템에서의 Graphics ( The Graphics of EDAS-P R2 System )

배영환,강인,박인학,이철동,유영욱 한국통신학회 1988 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1 No.1

『字訓諺解』 에 나타난 ’釋’ 에 대하여

배영환 개신어문학회 2003 개신어문연구 Vol.20 No.-

발전소의 급수 제어 시스템의 개선 ( Improvement in Power Plant Feed Water System )

배영환,황재호,서진헌 대한전자공학회 1989 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1989 No.01

CIFER®를 이용한 무인 헬리콥터의 동특성 분석 (II) - 주파수 응답 해석 -

배영환,구영모 한국농업기계학회 2012 바이오시스템공학 Vol.36 No.6

The aerial application using an unmanned helicopter has been already utilized and an attitude controller would be developed to enhance the operational convenience and safety of the operator. For a preliminary study of designing flight controller, a state space model for an RC helicopter would be identified. Frequency sweep flight tests were performed and time history data were acquired in the previous study. In this study, frequency response of the flight test data of a small unmanned helicopter was analyzed by using the CIFER software. The time history flight data consisted of three replications each for collective pitch, aileron, elevator and rudder sweep inputs. A total of 36 frequency responses were obtained for the four control stick inputs and nine outputs including linear velocities and accelerations and angular velocities in 3-axis. The results showed coherence values higher than 0.6for every primary control inputs and corresponding on-axis outputs for the frequency range from 0.07 to 4 Hz. Also the analysis of conditioned frequency response showed its effectiveness in evaluating cross coupling effects. Based on the results, the dynamic characteristics of the model helicopter can further be analyzed in terms of transfer functions and the undamped natural frequency and damping ratio of each critical mode.

언간 연구의 국어사적 성과와 전망

배영환 한말연구학회 2019 한말연구 Vol.- No.53

The purpose of this study is to review the accomplishments of Eon'gan study in the Korean Language History based on Eon'gan data of Joseon Dynasty and to predict future studies. The main reasons of gathering interest in Eon'gan data are the excavation of family letters such as <Suncheo'ngimss'iEongan> and <Jinjuhass'iEongan> and the publication of translated books of Eon'gan. Furthermore, the interpretation book of Eon'gan has played a key role in enhancing the reliability of Eon'gan data. Regarding writing and phonographical matters, palatalization and liquid consonant along with ‘ㆍ’, ‘ㅸ’ and ‘ㅿ’ were main interest. The most active discussion among them is the phenomenon of palatalization, and it is noticeable that not only was the practice of palatalization discussed but also the change by various factors of sociolinguistics was discussed. The grammar part is the most actively discussed among Eon'gan studies. Especially, such matters as nominative marker and relative honorific expressions can be considered as the most meaningful accomplishments in Eon'gan data. In addition, there is active discussion on pronouns, individual ending words and individual morpheme. Studies on vocabulary based on Eon'gan data show high interest in Eon'gan's own vocabularies that do not appear in printed books. Recently, names of articles, disease related words, unit nouns and names of places are also objects of main interest. Meanwhile, the number of Eon'gan data introduced to the academic world is 3,296, and there is a need for expansion of Eon'gan data through deep learning. There should be active sociolinguistic discussion that can highlight the strengths of Eon'gan data while the necessity of computational linguistics for establishment of corpus is discussed. The difference between males and females can be a future research subject. It is necessary to elaboratize the details of the existing Korean language history through Eon'gan data, along with the description of tentatively named "Korean language history of Eon'gan'.

에어 덕트용 PET 니들펀칭 부직포의 제조 및 물성에 관한 연구

배영환,도성준,Bae, Younghwan,Doh, Song Jun 한국섬유공학회 2012 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.49 No.4

An air intake duct is an automotive part for transferring outside air to the internal combustion engine where the air and fuel are mixed and consumed. While this part has been primarily made of engineering plastics, many manufacturers are attempting to apply textile nonwovens due to their superior sound absorbing performance and lightweight characteristics. In this paper, we studied the manufacturing process of needle punched nonwoven fabric and analyzed various properties in order to investigate the applicability of textile nonwoven as a material for automobile air intake ducts. The nonwoven web was prepared by opening, mixing and carding PET staple fibers and binder fibers. The web was physically bonded by the needle punching process. In addition, we applied heated air through the nonwoven web to improve the mechanical properties of the needle punched nonwoven fabrics by the thermal bonding of interlocking constituent fibers. The results of the tensile test of the nonwoven demonstrated that the hot air treatment to the needle punched nonwoven decreased the elongation of nonwoven, which significantly affects the processability of the air duct production process. Also, the porous structure of the nonwoven improved the sound absorbtion property compared to normal PP plastic. Therefore, the air intake duct made of PET needle punched nonwoven could contribute to decreasing the noise level inside automobiles.

廣州 地域語의 음운론적 연구

배영환 개신어문학회 2009 개신어문연구 Vol.0 No.29

This study is made for the purpose to discuss on phonological characteristics of Gwangju regional dialect in the fields of the phonological phenomena in the vowels, the phonological phenomena in the consonants, and restructuring of word stems. 1. Among the phonological phenomena in the vowels in this dialect, we can find distinguished ones which are umlaut, vowel raising, high vowel fronting, vowel de-rounding, and vowel harmony. While umlaut is seen in many words, it is not realized in morphological boundary that it looks shrunken. We can assume two circumstances for vowel raising of word-initials and of non-word initials. It is observed in the word-initials that 어: and 에 are pronounced as 으: and 이, respectively. However, vowel raising to pronounce as 오:>우: is not seen. And in the non-word initials, we can find lots of examples in the grammatical morphemes. In the word-initials and non-word initials, we also have some examples of high vowel fronting from 으 located next to ㅅ and ㅆ to 이. Vowel de-rounding is also found in this dialect. Even in the case that the word stem is 아 or 오, it is likely to unify in vowel harmony into ‘-어’. 2. Among the phonological phenomena in the consonants in this dialect, we can find distinguished ones which are stem-final simplification, word-initial tensification, and palatalization. A variety of cases is seen in the stem-final simplification that ㄹ-line is being deleted according to the ending which comes next. The word stem of last pronunciation of ㄺ in substantives is restructured intoㄱ, while sometimes we find ㄺ in the case like 겨욹[冬]. We have many instances in word-initial tensification that ㄱ changes into ㄲ, which is related with the phonological characteristic of ‘ㆆ’. ㄷ-palatalization, ㄱ-palatalization, ㅎ-palatalization are seen in the palatalization, and realized type and unrealized type are co-existing in the ㄱ- palatalization and ㅎ- palatalization according to the forms of words. 3. We can divide restructuring into the cases for substntives and declinables. There are many cases in substantives that ㅌ-stem final is altered into ㅌ~ㅅ or ㅌ~ㅊ. And it is under process that ㅈ,ㅊ-stem finals are restructured into ㅅ. Furthermore, ‘ㅋ,ㅍ’-stem finals are under process of lenis into ㄱ and ㅂ. Different from the Standard Language, declinables has 줏-[拾], 짓-[哮], 해-[爲], etc. -르- type in standard language is restructured into -ㄹ르- type.

Layout 설계 자동화를 위한 Gate Array Global Router ( Gate Array Global Router for Layout Design Automation )

배영환,이건배,정정화 대한전자공학회 1986 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1986 No.1

청주지역어에서의 고모음화와 중모음화

배영환 한국방언학회 2009 방언학 Vol.0 No.10

This paper aims to examine the aspects of high-vowelization and mid-vowelization occurrences appearing in Cheongju Dialect and the reasons. The high-vowelization of Cheongju Dialect can be examined from two aspects - initials and non-initials. With respect to initials, most of word forms having a length in their initials went through this change. There are cases of high-vowelization of initials found with ‘으>어’ and ‘에>이’, but ‘오>우’ didn't go through this change. Additionally, now the length doesn't play a decisive role in high-vowelization, but both ‘으’ and ‘어’ forms, and both ‘에’ and ‘이’ forms still co-exist forming a dual-form relation. With respect to non-initials, there are ‘에>이’ and ‘오>우’ changes. Non-initials can be divided into cases related to lexical morpheme and cases related to grammatical morpheme. The mid-vowelization in Cheongju local language can be seen from the word forms that went through 으>어 change with their non-initials. The cases related to this change include ‘을>얼, 를>럴, 는>넌, 은>언, -들>-덜, -듯>-덧’, and etc. However, it seems that ‘-는’ is changed into ‘-넌’, but ‘-은’ is rarely the case, even though both of them are adnominal endings. Furthermore, such mid-vowelization doesn't occur with a present tense ‘-느-’. The reason why high-vowelization occurs with initials is because of a phonetic reason that according to the characteristics of the length, the degree of aperture for the vowel becomes smaller in the later part. The high-vowelization with non-initials also occurs because of the purpose for convenient articulation of non-initials which have little functional burden. With respect to mid-vowelization, the trace can be found from some word forms in this local language because of ‘ㅁ>어’ change, which occurred with non-initials and didn't comply with ‘ㅁ>으’ change according to the non-phoneticalization of ‘ㆍ’, Especially, the fact that there was already ‘ㅁ>어’ change in "Yeosohak" ≪女小學≫, which shows the characteristics of the Chungbuk dialect of the 19th century, signifies that this change is a trace of diachronic change. 이 글은 청주지역어에서 표면적으로 서로 다른 두 현상인 고모음화와 중모음화의 실현 양상과 그 이유에 대해 고찰한 것이다. 청주지역어의 고모음화 현상의 실현 환경은 어두와 비어두로 구분되는데 어두에서는 어두 장음을 가진 어형들이 대부분 이러한 변화를 겪었다. 어두 고모음화 현상 중 ‘으>어’, ‘에>이’의 예는 있지만, ‘오>우’의 변화는 나타나지 않는다. 또, 공시적으로는 장음이 고모음화에 결정적인 역할을 하지 않고, ‘으’형과 ‘어’형 그리고 ‘에’형과 ‘이’형이 공존하는 양상을 보여 주고 있다. 비어두에서의 고모음화 현상은 ‘에>이’의 변화와 ‘오>우’의 변화가 있다. 이들은 또 어휘형태소 내부에서 실현되는 예와 문법형태소에서 실현되는 예로 구분할 수 있다. 청주지역어에서 나타나는 중모음화는 비어두에서 ‘으>어’의 변화를 겪은 어형들에서 볼 수 있다. 여기에 해당되는 예들은 ‘을>얼, 를>럴, 는>넌, 은>언, -들>-덜, -듯>-덧’ 등이다. 고모음화가 실현되는 이유는 어두 장모음의 경우는 장음의 특성에 따라 해당 모음이 뒷부분으로 갈수록 개구도가 좁아지는 음성적인 이유에서 비롯된 것으로 보았고, 비어두에서의 고모음화 역시 기능부담량이 적은 비어두에서 조음의 편의성 때문에 빚어진 것으로 보았다. 중모음화는 이전 시기에 있었던 ‘ㆍ’의 비음운화에 따라 비어두에서 있었던 ‘ㅁ>으’의 변화를 겪지 않은 어형들이 그 후에 ‘ㅁ>어’의 변화를 겪었고 그 흔적으로 현재까지 남아 있는 것이다. 특히 19세기의 충북방언의 특징을 보이는 ≪女小學≫에서 이미 ‘ㅁ>어’의 변화를 보이는 예가 존재하는데, 이러한 변화가 통시적인 변화의 흔적임을 볼 수 있다.