간호사와 환자가 인지하는 환자존중 비교 연구

박연옥 ( Yon Ok Park ),문경선 ( Kyung Sun Moon ),정명숙 ( Myung Suk Chung ),김효심 ( Hyo Sim Kim ) 한국의료윤리학회 2006 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.9 No.2

A study was designed to compare patients` and nurses` views on the expectations and performance related to ``respect for patients.`` The subjects of this study, which was approved by an Institutional Review Board, were 276 nurses working in general wards or intensive care units and 172 patients admitted to the general ward of a university hospital in South Korea.?The instrument used in the study was based on the concept of Respect for Patients developed by Yoo Myoung-Ran. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0 with a paired t-test, independent t-test, and a one way ANOVA. The results were as follows. First, there was a statistically significant difference between nurses` views of the expectations and performance levels related to respect for patients (p=.000). Second, there was a statistically significant difference between patients` views of expectations and performance?levels related to respect for patients (p=.000). Third, the level of expectation concerning respect for patients as viewed by nurses and patients was 4.46 and 4.22 respectively. This was a statistically significant difference (p=.000). The level of performance related to respect for patients as viewed by nurses and patients was 3.48 and 3.82 respectively. This too was a statistically significant difference (p=.000). Fourth, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of expectations concerning respect for patients relative to the level of the nurses` education (p=.015) and a statistically significant difference in the level of performance related to respect for patients relative to the nurses` working place (p=.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the level of expectations concerning respect for patients relative to patients` income levels (p=.009) and a statistically significant difference in the level of performance concerning respect for patients relative to patients` income levels (p=.005) and religion (p=.037).

에이햅과 자본주의 문학시장

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2000 근대 영미소설 Vol.7 No.1

As numerous critics have argued, in Moby-Dick Melville presents, in addition to the narrator Ishmael, various other artist figures who represent meditations on the issues of authorship of concern in his essay "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Among them, in particular, Ahab embodies a version of Melville`s view of the male author, deep-diving masculine genius. When he insists on killing Moby Dick purely as a concrete personification of "all the subtle demonisms of life and thought," regardless of its commercial value, Ahab as an artist champions "meaning instead of money and pits himself against Starbuck, a practical commercialist who sees Moby Dick as a "dumb brute" and insists that whaling is a marketplace enterprise. In this paper I argue that Ahab is rendered as an author figure who is at once self-destructive and heroic; that Ahab`s masculine values are privileged over his feminine ones; and that this is proved through some textual evidence that shows not only Ahab`s gendered and hierarchical language but also Melville`s own which supports Ahab`s view. Melville`s use of gendered language and his defence of the Ahab`s masculine genius is a challenge to the current commercial literary marketplace in the l850s when Melville`s major novels including Moby-Dick were published, especially a challenge to the "feminized" literary marketplace. I also suggest that, in his characterization of Ahab, Melville does not treat masculine and feminine qualities as cultural products but rather as essentialized tendencies that exist in opposition within self; and those that Melville privileges as superior and masculine-the imagination and the intellect-seem to be the core of what he sees as the faculty of genius, which at some level he equates with "immaculate manliness" and sees as a kind of "gift" of the divine.

상이한 재료로 제조된 자연발효식초의 품질특성 비교

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2018 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.47 No.1

본 연구는 상이한 재료를 이용한 4종의 자연발효식초를 2단계 발효법으로 제조하여 각 식초의 이화학적 품질특성과 항산화 활성을 비교하여 기능성 발효식초의 품질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 각 식초의 pH, 총산도, 당도, 색도, 아미노산 함량, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 폴리페놀 성분, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 등을 분석하였다. 3종의 현미식초는 pH 3.3~3.4, 총산도 4.1~5.1%로 유의적으로 차이를 보였으며 전체적으로 저산도 식초였다. 당도는 해초현미식초가 유의적으로 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 현미식초의 명도가 가장 높았고 적색도는 배흑미식초, 황색도는 해초현미식초가 높아 식초 제조 시 첨가한 재료에 따라 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)를 보였다. 필수아미노산 함량은 울금현미식초의 valine, leucine, lysine, threonine 등이 유의적인 차이를 보이며 가장 많았고 전반적으로 현미식초가 배흑미식초보다 더 많이 함유하였다. 비필수아미노산은 전체적으로 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid의 함량이 많았으며, aspartic acid는 해초현미식초가 38.7 mg/100 mL로 유의적으로 가장 많았고 glutamic acid는 울금현미식초가 128.1 mg/100 mL로 가장 많았다(P<0.05). 총 폴리페놀 함량은 유의적으로 울금현미식초가 54.7 mg GAE/100 mL로 가장 많았으며 해초현미식초가 48.4 mg GAE/100 mL로 다음 순이었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 배흑미식초가 9.09 mg CE/100 mL로 가장 많았고 현미식초가 0.62 mg CE/100 mL로 현저하게 낮았다. 폴리페놀 성분은 해초현미식초의 protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid 등이 유의적으로 가장 많았고 재료에 따라 성분의 함량은 차이를 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 비례하여 울금현미식초의 소거 활성이 76%로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며 배흑미식초, 해초현미식초, 현미식초 순이었다(P<0.05). 즉 각 식초에 함유한 총 폴리페놀 함량에 따라 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성이 차이를 보였다. 결론적으로 상이한 재료를 이용하고 전통적인 2단계 발효법으로 제조한 4종의 자연발효식초 모두 품질특성이 우수하지만, 특히 울금현미식초는 저산도 식초로서 아미노산 함량도 풍부하고 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 성분과 함량이 많아서 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 등 항산화 활성이 우수하여 조미용뿐만 아니라 음료용으로 폭넓게 산업화로 개발한다면 국민건강 향상을 위한 새로운 기능성 식초로서 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다. This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of four kinds of natural fermented vinegars manufactured with different raw materials (PBV, pear black rice vinegar; BRV, brown rice vinegar; CBV, curcuma root brown rice vinegar; SBV, sea grass brown rice vinegar), including pH, total acidity, color, contents of sugar, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The total acidity of vinegars was significantly different and ranged from 4.1∼5.1% (P<0.05). L, a, and b values were the highest in BRV, PBV, and SBV, respectively. Among the four vinegars, essential amino acids were the highest in CBV in the order of valine, leucine, lysine, and threonine. Additionally, four kinds of natural fermented vinegars have many non-essential amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Aspartic acid content was highest in SBV while glutamic acid content was highest in CBV. The total polyphenol content was highest in CBV while total flavonoid content was highest in PBV. Polyphenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid were highest in SBV. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) was the highest in CBV. These results show that CBV manufactured using two-stage fermentation would be desirable to prepare high-quality vinegars and functional foods.

동양배 품종별 유과기와 수확기 과실의 항산화 활성

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park),최장전(Jang-Jeon Choi),최진호(Jin-Ho Choi),김명수(Myung-Su Kim),임순희(Sun-Hee Yim),이한찬(Han-Chan Lee) 한국원예학회 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.2

본 연구에서는 '원황', '황금배', '추황배' 등 신육성 품종을 이용하여 유과기와 수확기의 과실 및 부위별 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 품종별 총 폴리페놀 화합물과 플라보노이드 함량은 유과기 과실이 수확기 과실에 비해 1.5-2.5배 많았는데 특히 '추황배'의 함량이 높게 조사되었다. 수확기 과실의 부위별 총 폴리페놀 화합물과 플라보노이드의 함량은 과피, 과심, 과육의 순으로 측정되었다. DPPH radical 소거능과 ABTS 양이온 소거활성은 유과기가 수확기보다 활성이 높았으며 두 시기 모두 '추황배'의 라디칼 소거능이 가장 우수하였다. 또한 수확기 과실 부위별 DPPH radical 소거능과 ABTS+ 양이온 소거활성은 과피가 가장 높았고 과심, 과육 순으로 나타났다. This study was performed to compare antioxidant activities of 80% EtOH extracts from young and mature fruit of three pear cultivars ('Wonhwang', 'Whangkeumbae', and 'Chuwhangbae') classified by three parts (peel, core, and flesh) of mature fruit. The total phenolics compound and flavonoid contents of 80% EtOH extracts from young fruit were 1.5-2.5 times higher than the mature fruit with great cultivar difference. In particular, the contents of those compounds were highest in 'Chuwhangbae' pear. The total phenolics compound and flavonoid contents of 80% EtOH extracts from mature fruit were the most in the peel, core, and flesh respectively. DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS+ radical scavenging of 80% EtOH extracts from the young fruit were higher than the mature fruit of 'Chuwhangbae' pear. DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS+ radical scavenging of 80% EtOH extracts from mature fruit were the highest in the peel, core, and flesh respectively.

호손, 제노비아, 그리고 문학시장

박연옥(Yunok Park) 한국영미어문학회 2013 영미어문학 Vol.- No.109

This paper attempts to analyze the attitudes of the main characters in Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance to the 'separate spheres' as well as Hawthorne's attitude toward the contemporary women writers revealed in his private writings. Especially, the narrator Coverdale's and Hawthorne's attitudes may reflect male writers' anxiety on the "feminized" literary marketplace at the time. The poet narrator Coverdale is attracted by the female protagonist Zenobia's sexuality but also has repugnance against her popularity as a writer and reformer for women's rights. He discounts Zenobia's ability as a writer and maliciously describes her death. Coverdale's treatment of Zenobia reminds us of Hawthorne's description of Margaret Fuller's death in Ire French and Italian Notebooks. This paper concludes that Hawthorne punishes the strong female character Zenobia who resembles Fuller by putting her to death, for crossing the gender boundaries by becoming a writer and female reformer.

여성의 글쓰기에 대한 남성 작가들의 불안 : 19세기 미국소설 연구

박연옥(Yunok Park) 한국영미어문학회 2005 영미어문학 Vol.- No.75

In the 1850s while Hawthorne and Melville were producing their best literary works, a number of women writers were also producing lots of novels. Although most of the latter writers were excluded from the literary criticisms of the canonical American novel that had been published between 1940 and 1970, those women writers had achieved both commercial and critical success by writing domestic or sentimental novels. But their works had been depreciated by the major male critics who had published their major criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s, for the 'sentimentality' of their works. Since 1970s, however, the appearance of such feminist critics as Nina Baym and Jane Tompkins who persuasively supported the women writers' writings by arguing that the domestic/sentimental novel in the mid-nineteenth century had "intellectual complexity" and "subversion" enough to be appreciated as a cultural genre, has divested the male-centered myth of the few canonical male writers. Built on this fact, in this paper I attempt to argue that Hawthorne and Melville were not like modernist artists who surpassed their period in their thinking and were aloof from literary popularity. That is, they were not free from the responses of the literary marketplace in their time as has been rendered in literary history, even though they wanted to appear as such. Rather, it will be shown that Hawthorne and Melville actively responded to receptions from the literary marketplace on their works; and furthermore, that they were awed by the popularity of the contemporary women writers' works and their threatening productivity, and reacted to them very sensitively. Thus, by analyzing the letters and works written by Hawthorne and Melville, I try to find out their sometimes jealous and sometimes overwhelmed responses to the women's writings and the literary marketplace.

생명 윤리 : 연구 ; 말기환자의 연명치료 중단의 생명윤리적 고찰

박연옥 ( Yon Ok Park ) 연세대학교 간호정책연구소 2005 간호학탐구 Vol.13 No.1

추출용매에 따른 조릿대 잎 추출물의 항산화활성

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park),임현숙(Hyeon-Sook Lim) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.12

본 연구에서는 조릿대 잎의 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물 2종 및 70% 에탄올 조추출물의 분획 5종에 함유된 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 정량하고, 이들 조추출물과 분획의 항산화 활성을 검증하고자 전자공여능, SOD 유사활성, 환원력 및 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 측정하였다. 조추출물 2종의 수율은 물과 70% 에탄올 각각 8.5%와 11.4%이었다. 분획 5종의 수율은 5.1∼0.6%이었으며, aqueous, n-butanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate 분획 순으로 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 물과 70% 에탄올 추출물은 두 조추출물 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 총 플라보노이드 함량은 70% 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 유의하게 많았다. 분획 5종의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous, n-hexane 분획 순으로 많았고, chloroform 분획은 타 분획에 비해 유의성 있게 많았다. 각 분획별 총 플라보노이드 함량은 ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, n-butanol, aqueous 분획 순으로 함량이 높았으며, chloroform과 ethyl acetate 분획은 타 분획에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물은 모두 BHT에 비해, 유의성 있게 높거나 또는 같은 수준의 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 보였으며, 동일한 수준의 SOD 유사활성을 나타내었다. 다만, 전자공여능과 환원력은 BHT에 비해 낮았다. 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물 간에 이들 항산화 활성은 다르지 않았다. 다만, 전자공여능만 일부 농도에서 70% 에탄올 조추출물이 물 조추출물에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 분획 5종은 모두 BHT에 비해 유의성 있게 높거나 같은 수준의 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 보였다. Chloroform과 ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol의 세 분획은 전자공여능과 SOD 유사활성도 BHT에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 다만, 환원력은 분획 5종 모두 BHT보다 낮았다. 조추출물 2종과 분획 5종의 전자공여능이나 SOD 유사활성, 환원력 및 지질과산화물 생성억제능 모두 본 연구에서 실험한 농도 범위에서, 농도 의존적으로 증가했거나 또는 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과에 기초해 조릿대 잎의 물 또는 70% 에탄올의 조추출물이나 70% 에탄올의 조추출물의 chloroform과 ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol 분획은 천연 항산화제로서 특히, 지질의 과산화를 방지하는 용도로서의 활용 가치가 있다고 결론지을 수 있다. 또한 건강기능성 소재로서의 식품산업 분야에 특히, 지질과산화물 생성억제능과 SOD 유사활성이 BHT보다 우수했고, 전자공여능을 보인 점은 이들 추출물이나 분획이 생체 내에서 활성산소종을 제거하고 생체막의 구성성분의 과산화를 방지하는 등 건강기능성 작용을 수행할 것이란 점을 시사한다. This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extract by measuring electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Two crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and five fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous from the crude extract of 70% EtOH were prepared for this study. The crude extracts of water and 70% EtOH yielded 8.5% and 11.4%, respectively and the yields of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 5.1% to 0.6%. Total polyphenol contents of the water and the 70% EtOH crude extracts were not significantly different; however, their total flavonoid contents were significantly greater in the 70% EtOH than in the water crude extract. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in chloroform fraction followed by ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions and total flavonoid contents were the highest in ethyl acetate fraction followed by chloroform and n-hexane fractions. The two crude extracts as well as the five fractions showed election donating ability, SOD-like ability, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Most of the antioxidant activities of each crude extract or fractions increased proportionally with the concentration. These results indicate that bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extracts show antioxidant activities due to its substantial content of polyphenol including flavonoid. Thus, it could be concluded that crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and the fractions from the 70% EtOH extract, especially chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, would be useful as natural antioxidant substances.

"잘려나간" 굴뚝과 남성 작가의 좌절: 멜빌의 단편소설 연구

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2002 근대 영미소설 Vol.9 No.2

Among Melville`s magazine stories written between 1853 and 1855, many deal with figures for the "failed" male artist placed in a variety of domestic, social, and commercial settings. In this paper, I discuss his three later stories, "Jimmy Rose," "The Apple-Tree Table," and "I and My Chimney," in which the old-fashioned male householders and the female family members with more modern spirit in everything compete for the authority in the house. I argue that this lond of gender conflict between the male and the female m the domestic setting can be read as a projection of Melville`s conflict with the "feminized" literary marketplace at the time Therefore, mainly focusing on the last short story, I am trying to figure out Melville`s perspective on the marketplace and domestic relationship of the male protagonist and on the consequence for himself to his vision. "I and My Chimney" features, in the narrator`s relation to its central symbol, one of the author`s richest images for the need to defend masculine genius against the assaults of a feminizing world The "beheaded" chimney, which the narrator calls his "backbone," functions as a kind of phallic monument to Melville`s own literary career, damaged but not destroyed, and with its foundations still in place.

조릿대 잎 분획 추출물의 식중독균에 대한 항균활성

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park),임현숙(Hyeon-Sook Lim) 한국식품영양과학회 2010 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.39 No.12

본 연구에서는 조릿대 잎의 70% ethanol 조추출물과 이의 분획추출물 5종이 식품부패균과 식중독균 7종에 대해 나타내는 항균활성과 최소저해농도 및 생육억제효과를 수행하였다. 70% ethanol 조추출물과 분획추출물 모두 1% 농도에서는 항균활성을 보이지 않았으나 5% 농도에서는 aqueous 분획을 제외하고 대부분의 균주에 대해 항균활성이 나타났다. 즉 70% ethanol 추출물과 chloroform과 ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol 분획은 본 연구에서 실험한 7종의 모든 균에 대해 항균활성을 보였으며, 특히 chloroform 분획은 5종의 균에 대해, ethyl acetate 분획은 3종의 균에 대해 그리고 70% ethanol 추출물은 1종에 대해서 높은 항균활성을 보였다. 반면에 n-hexane 분획은 M. luteus와 B. subtilis 2종의 균에 대해서만 강한 항균활성을 나타냈다. 이들 조릿대 잎 추출물이 항균작용을 나타낸 최소저해농도는 70% ethanol 추출물은 S. aureus를 제외한 6종의 균에 대해 50 μL/disc이었고, n-hexane 분획은 항균활성을 나타낸 M. luteus와 B. subtilis에 대해서만 100 μL/disc의 최소저해농도를 보였으며, chloroform 분획은 3종의 균에 대해서는 35 μL/disc의 낮은 최소저해농도를 보였고 나머지 4종에 대해서는 50 μL/disc이었으며, ethyl acetate 분획은 7종 모든 균에 대해 50 μL/disc가 최소저해농도이었다. 한편 n-butanol 분획은 S. aureus에 대해서는 35 μL/disc가 그리고 나머지 6종에서는 50 μL/disc가 최소저해농도이었다. 항균활성이 보이지 않았던 aqueous 분획은 S. aureus와 L. monocytogens에 대해 200 μL/disc의 최소저해농도를 나타내었다. Ethyl acetate 분획의 생육저해효과는 0.1% 처리 시에는 2종의 균만 생육을 8시간 이상 저해하였고, 0.25% 처리는 2종에 대해서는 8시간까지 그리고 5종의 균에 대해서는 12시간까지 생육을 저해하였으며, 0.5% 처리는 7종 모든 균의 생육을 24시간까지 저해하였다. 이러한 생육저해효과는 용매로 사용된 70% ethanol의 기여도 있었지만 ethyl acetate 분획추출물에 함유된 항균물질의 작용임이 확인되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과는 조릿대 잎이 천연 항균 소재로서의 활용 가능성이 있음을 확인해주었다. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol (EtOH) extract and the five fractions of the crude extract from Sasa borealis leaves against seven food poisoning bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococus luteus, Listeria monocytogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The yield of 70% EtOH extract was 11.4% and those of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 3.0%, 1.1%, 0.6%, 1.3%, and 5.1%, respectively. The 70% EtOH extract and the four fractions except aqueous fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all the seven food poisoning bacteria at a concentration of 0.5%, although it was less compared to benzoic acid. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 70% EtOH extract against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus was 50 μL/disc. Moreover, chloroform fraction was 35 μL/disc against 3 food poisoning bacteria and 50 μL/disc against the other 4 food poisoning bacteria; ethyl acetate fraction was 50 μL/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria. In addition, n-butanol fraction was 50 μL/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus. Aqueous fraction, which did not show antimicrobial activity at 5%, was 200 μL/disc against only S. aureus and L. monocytogen. The 0.25%, and 0.5% of ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of all the food poisoning bacteria 8 to 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. These results indicate that the Sasa borealis leaves may be useful as a natural antimicrobial substance.