오브라헤를 통해 살펴 본 스페인 식민지의 경제 체제: 누에바 에스파냐 부왕령을 중심으로

김희순 서울대학교 라틴아메리카연구소 2014 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.25 No.1

본고에서는 스페인 식민시기 스페인령 부왕령에서 발달한 대규모 모직 생산 양식인 오브라헤의 발달 배경 및 과정 쇠퇴를 통하여 스페인의 식민지 경제 체제에 대해 살펴보았다. 스페인은 식민지를 원료의 산지 및 공산품의 소비지로 삼고자 하였으나, 식민지의 수요를 충족할만한 공산품을 제공할 수 없었다. 또한 스페인 왕실은 식민지와의 무역 독점을 통해 세수입을극대화하고자 하였다. 이러한 과정을 통하여 스페인의 식민 지배 기간 동안 스페인령 아메리카는 상당 정도의 경제적 자립을 유지할 수 있었으며 식민지에서 어느 정도의 공산품을 생산할수 있었다. 식민지배 기간 동안 스페인령 아메리카에서 발달하였던 대규모 모직물 생산 양식인오브라헤는 식민지적인 특성이 강한 산업이었다. 우선 오브라헤는 스페인으로부터 건너온 기술자들이 역시 스페인으로부터 전래된 양모로 모직물을 만들면서 형성되었다. 스페인 왕실의무역 독점이라는 식민지 경제 체제로 인하여 유럽 및 스페인산 상품에 비해 가격 면에서의 경쟁력을 지닐 수 있었으며 이는 오브라헤의 발전 요인이 되었다. 나아가 오브라헤에 투입된 노동력은 엔꼬미엔다 및 레빠르띠미엔또 제도를 통해 충당되었으며, 식민지의 불완전한 노동시장으로 인해 오브라헤는 노예제와 강제적인 부채 노동력도 이용하였다. 누에바 에스파냐의 오브라헤는 스페인 식민지 전역에 수출될 정도로 발달하였으나, 스페인의 식민지 정책의 변화,즉 부르봉 개혁을 통한 자유 무역을 통해 붕괴되기 시작하였으며, 식민지배의 종식과 함께 사라졌다. This paper investigates economic system of Spanish colonies throughreviewing development background and process decline of Obraje that is aproduction mode of a large of woolen textile developed in vice loyalty at theperiod of Spanish colony. Spain tried to make a colony that can provide resourcesand consume products, but it could not afford the demand of colonies. Inaddition, Spanish loyal palace tried to maximize tax revenue through trademonopoly between colonies. Such a process contributes to continue economicindependence during Spanish colony control and colonies could make someproducts. Obraje has a colonial characteristics of industry developed in SpanishAmerica during colonial control. First of all, Obraje was formed to make a woolentextile with wool brought from Spanish. Due to colonial economic system thatSpanish loyal palace has a specialty on trade monopoly, Europe and Spanishproducts could have price competitiveness and those characteristics becamethe development factor. Furthermore, labor power input in Obraje was providedby the systems of Encomienda and Repartimiento and Obraje used slavery andmandatory debt labor force due to unstable labor market of Spanish colonies. The Obraje of Nueva España has been developed to export entire Spanishcolonies, however, due to the changes in Spanish colonial policy, that is to say,the break down of monopoly by free trade through Bourbon, Obraje hasdisappeared with the end of colonial control.

커뮤니티 기반 생태관광의 연구 : 멕시코 유카탄을 사례로

김희순 서울대학교 라틴아메리카연구소 2011 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.22 No.1

This study firstly reviews the definition and significance of ecotourism. It also investigates the significance of the community based ecotourism by considering the emergence of the community-centered development strategy. It further looks into the role, significance, and problem of tourism players in the process of implementation of community based ecotourism based on the experience of ecotourism in the northern peninsular of Yucatán in Mexico. The concept of ecotourism was suggested from the development process of Yucatán peninsular in Mexico in 1980s. It is argued that the ecotourism can satisfy the two goals of the creation of social and economic revenues for the community and the natural environment preservation. The ecotourism is focused on natural regions and customer’s satisfaction. It also centers on education, environment preservation, and cultural respect. The significance of ecotourism includes responsible tourism for the tourists and regional resident’s participation to tourism in the perspective of economy, environment and society. The wild creature management led by government was failed and new and innovative preservation policy was required. The policy was called as community based natural resource management or community preservation area. Such a policy assumes that providing the benefit for production community is connected to the preservation. In the effect of neoliberalism, most developing countries experienced retreat of government role and regional communities realized the responsibility for restoration of local life environment. Thus, the community based ecotourism was emerged as an alternative of existing models. The programs of ecotourism of northern Yucatán in Mexico include Pac-chen village for original residents, historic sites of Mayan culture, and tropical forest as tourism attraction. The practical implementing subjects of that program were tourism company, guides, and participant residents for supporting tourists. The tourists were foreigners from developed countries.

학령전기 아동의 사고실태

김희순,강규숙,이은숙 대한간호학회 아동간호학회 1999 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.5 No.3

오미자의 물 추출조건에 따른 shizandrin, gomisin A, gomisin N의 함량 비교

김희순,문현경,이영주,이춘영,황광호,김욱희,유인실,정권 한국식품위생안전성학회 2015 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.30 No.1

This study compared the content change of physiological active substances according to the extraction condition when we generally drink the extractive of Schisandra fruit with using water. Physiological active substances of the Schisandra fruit, schizandrin, gomisin A and gomisin N were analysed with HPLC. The results of extracting 1 dose of the Schisandra fruit tea, which is some as 1 g of Schisandra fruit, in 100 mL of water by differing the extraction type, extraction temperature and extraction time were of the followings. The total content of schizandrin, gomisin A and gomisin N of powder type in 26℃ leaching was the highest(p<0.05) as the leaching content of 24 hours(5.54 mg/g) showed difference with different times and the contents of raw type Schisandra fruit were less than 0.1 mg/g in all of extraction time. The contents of powder type Schisandra fruit in 60℃ heating extraction was over 4.50 mg/g except for the 5 minute(2.94 mg/g), and the contents of raw Schisandra fruit were less than 0.3 mg/g. In case of 100℃ heating extraction, the contents of powder type Schisandra fruit showed over 5.10 mg/g in every time zone, and the raw type Schisandra fruit was less than 1.0 mg/g.

Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro -J. E. Perlman, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010, p.412

김희순 한국도시지리학회 2012 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.15 No.2

국제학술회의 참관기 - 건강증진 국제학술회의

김희순,Kim, Hui-Sun 한국과학기술단체총연합회 2001 과학과 기술 Vol.34 No.6

어린이집 아동과 요보호 아동의 건강문제와 건강행위 실태

김희순,이정영,이태화,함옥경,Kim, Hui-Sun,Lee, Jeong-Yeong,Lee, Tae-Hwa,Ham, Ok-Gyeong 한국건강관리협회 2004 한국건강관리협회지 Vol.2 No.1

Purpose : This study was conducted to understand the health status and health behaviors of preschoolers to provide baseline data for developing health promotion programs. Method 'Parents of children attending day-care centers and guardians of preschoolers were recruited for the study. Data were collected from June to August2002 using a structured questionnaire. Result . Among 754 preschoolers, 17,3% were overweight, while 18.2% were underweight, while 15.9% and 23.2% were overweight and underweight respectively, among 85 children living with guardians. The most frequent infectious diseases that children have had previously were hand-foot-mouth disease, chicken pox, and measles. Current health conditions that children have frequently are respiratory disease and atopic dermatitis for bother groups. Only 54%-61% brush their teeth everyday at bedtime, 49%-54% wash their hands every time after returning home, 4.5%-8.8%wear bicycle helmets, 9,3%-11.1% use a child car seat, and 3.5%-8.1% eat fruits and vegetables five times a day, Children living with guardians were less likely toper form positive health behaviors compared with children in day-care centers. Conclusion 'Based on the study results, health professionals could plan and develop health promotion programs to change unhealthy behaviors of preschoolers targeting high-risk groups.

간호대학생을 위한 간호수행 능력측정도구 개발

김희순 연세대학교 간호정책연구소 1998 간호학탐구 Vol.7 No.2

제8주제 : 보건소 연계 학령전기 아동의 건강증진 사업구축

김희순 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2005 한국보건교육·건강증진학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

정보윤리교육 교사용 지침서 : 아름다운 사이버 문화교실

김희순 한국청소년문화연구소 2001 연수 및 교육용 자료집 Vol.2001 No.-

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